城市化对北京自生植物物种组成和多样性的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250501

林业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 62 ›› Issue (4): 118-129.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250501

城市化对北京自生植物物种组成和多样性的影响

赵丁洁^1,³,孙涛¹,贾宝全^4,⁵,张守红^2,³,许行^2,³,杨启盟⁶,孙明琦^2,³,薛雅文^2,³,刘宝华^2,³,张志强^2,^3,*()

1. 国家林业和草原局林草调查规划院　北京 100714
2. 山西吉县森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站　临汾 042299
3. 北京林业大学水土保持学院　北京 100083
4. 中国林业科学研究院林业研究所　北京 100091
5. 国家林业和草原局林木培育重点实验室　北京 100091
6. 河北省林业和草原调查规划设计院　石家庄 050081

收稿日期:2025-08-11 出版日期:2026-04-15 发布日期:2026-04-11
通讯作者: 张志强 E-mail:zhqzhang@bjfu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFF1302501）。

Effects of Urbanization on Species Composition and Diversity of Spontaneous Plants in Beijing

Dingjie Zhao^1,³,Tao Sun¹,Baoquan Jia^4,⁵,Shouhong Zhang^2,³,Hang Xu^2,³,Qimeng Yang⁶,Mingqi Sun^2,³,Yawen Xue^2,³,Baohua Liu^2,³,Zhiqiang Zhang^2,^3,*()

1. Academy of Forestry Inventory and Planning, National Forestry and Grassland Administration　Beijing 100714
2. Shanxi Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station　Linfen 042299
3. School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University　Beijing 100083
4. Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry　Beijing 100091
5. Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration　Beijing 100091
6. Forestry and Grassland Survey & Planning Institute of Hebei Province　Shijiazhuang 050081

Received:2025-08-11 Online:2026-04-15 Published:2026-04-11
Contact: Zhiqiang Zhang E-mail:zhqzhang@bjfu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究快速城市化、环境因子和人工栽培植物对城市植物群落中自生植物物种组成、空间分布格局和多样性的影响，为构建城市绿地低人工维护、近自然的植被群落提供科学依据。方法: 选取距市中心的距离和不透水地面百分比作为城市化强度的关键指标，采用十字样带法，在北京市六环内选取3285个植物样方和657个土壤样方进行植物调查和土壤理化性质测定。结果: 共记录到191种自生植物，分属61科172属，其中乔木28种、灌木16种、草本植物147种，自生植物物种组成和植物生活型均呈现植物群落早期更新演替状态。同时，记录到人工栽培植物337种，分属85科252属。北京快速城市化在促进自生木本植物多样性的同时，也降低自生草本植物多样性。自生木本植物多样性与土壤含水量（P<0.05）、全磷（P<0.05）、全氮（P<0.05）和人工栽培木本植物多样性（P<0.01）呈显著或极显著正相关关系，与绿地因子无显著相关关系。自生草本植物多样性与土壤全磷（P<0.05）、有机质（P<0.01）、人工栽培草本植物多样性（P<0.01）和绿地因子中人工干扰强度（P<0.01）呈显著或极显著负相关关系。自生草本植物在频繁人为干扰下能够快速定殖并成为先锋植物，对土壤水分和养分的依赖较小，如葎草。在绿地因子、土壤因子和人工栽培植物多样性的影响因素中，自生植物物种组成主要受绿地因子中人为干扰的影响（贡献率为32.1%）。结论: 通过改变城市绿地环境因子、土壤特征和人工栽培植物多样性，在不同类型的城市绿地和城市化强度地区可以改善自生植物物种组成并提高自生植物多样性，有利于增加城市绿地景观的弹性和可持续性。

关键词: 自生植物, 多样性, 物种组成, 自生与栽培植物, 城市化

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to explore the impacts of rapid urbanization, environmental factors, and cultivated plants on the species composition, spatial distribution patterns, and diversity of spontaneous plants in urban plant communities, providing crucial scientific basis for constructing low artificial maintenance, near-natural vegetation communities in urban green spaces. Method: The distance from the city center and the percentage of impervious surface area were selected as key indicators of urbanization intensity. The cross zone method was used to select 3285 spontaneous plants plots and 657 soil plots within the sixth ring road of Beijing for plant investigation and soil physicochemical property determination. Result: A total of 191 spontaneous plant species were recorded in this study, belonging to 172 genera and 61 families, including 28 trees, 16 shrubs and 147 herbs. The species composition and life form of spontaneous plants showed early regeneration and succession of the spontaneous plant communities. Meanwhile, 337 species of cultivated plants were recorded, belonging to 252 genera and 85 families. It was found that higher urbanization intensity increased spontaneous woody plant diversity, while decreased herbaceous plant diversity. In addition, spontaneous woody plant diversity was significantly positively correlated with the soil water content (P=0.043), total phosphorus (TP) (P<0.05), total nitrogen (TN) (P<0.05), and cultivated woody plants diversity (P<0.001), while not significantly correlated with green space factors. However, spontaneous herbaceous plant diversity was significantly negatively correlated with the soil TP (P<0.05), organic matter (OM) (P<0.01), the cultivated herbaceous plants diversity (P<0.01), and the intensity of disturbance in green space factors (P<0.01). Herbaceous species were able to quickly colonize and became pioneer plants under frequent human disturbance, and reduced the relying on the soil water and nutrition, such as Humulus scandens. Among the influencing factors of green space factors, soil factors and the diversity of cultivated plants, spontaneous species composition was mainly influenced by intensity of disturbance (contribution=32.1%). Conclusion: By altering the environmental factors, soil characteristics and the cultivated plants diversity in urban green spaces, the species composition and diversity of spontaneous plants can be improved in different types of urban green spaces and areas with urbanization intensity, which is conducive to increasing the resilience and sustainability of urban green space landscapes.

Key words: spontaneous plants, diversity, species composition, cultivated and spontaneous plants, urbanization

中图分类号:

S732
Q958.15

赵丁洁,孙涛,贾宝全,张守红,许行,杨启盟,孙明琦,薛雅文,刘宝华,张志强. 城市化对北京自生植物物种组成和多样性的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2026, 62(4): 118-129.

Dingjie Zhao,Tao Sun,Baoquan Jia,Shouhong Zhang,Hang Xu,Qimeng Yang,Mingqi Sun,Yawen Xue,Baohua Liu,Zhiqiang Zhang. Effects of Urbanization on Species Composition and Diversity of Spontaneous Plants in Beijing[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(4): 118-129.

图/表 8

表1

表2

图1

图2

表3

自生植物Shannon-Wiener多样性和Pielou均匀度指数与环境变量关系的多元回归①"

变量 Variables		自生木本植物 Spontaneous woody plant				自生草本植物 Spontaneous herb plant
		Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数^a Shannon-Wiener diversity index		Pielou均匀度指数^b Pielou evenness index		Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数^c Shannon-Wiener diversity index		Pielou均匀度指数^d Pielou evenness index
		系数Coefficients	P	系数Coefficients	P	系数Coefficients	P	系数Coefficients	P
绿地因子 Greenspace factor	绿地类型Greenspace type	–0.076	0.354	–0.043	0.618	–0.026	0.734	–0.155	0.020^*
	绿化覆盖率 Greenspace area percentage	–0.060	0.463	–0.084	0.341	0.001	0.991	–0.061	0.368
	木本植物冠层郁闭度 Woody plant canopy density	0.008	0.914	0.060	0.458	0.048	0.518	0.069	0.284
	植物群落结构Community structure of planted plants	0.043	0.631	0.150	0.108	–0.101	0.199	0.072	0.285
	人工干扰强度Intensity of disturbance	–0.042	0.642	0.029	0.759	–0.271	0.001^^	–0.188	0.015^*
	绿地坡度和朝向 Slope andaspect of greenspace	–0.007	0.927	–0.074	0.369	–0.094	0.193	–0.012	0.849
土壤因子 Soil characteristics	土壤含水量 Soil water content	0.166	0.043^*	0.157	0.066	0.014	0.856	0.065	0.349
	土壤密度 Soil bulk density	–0.062	0.425	0.072	0.373	0.19	0.009^^	0.081	0.196
	全磷 Total phosphorus	0.170	0.036^*	0.134	0.113	–0.174	0.026^*	–0.080	0.229
	全氮 Total nitrogen	0.185	0.042^*	0.106	0.286	0.029	0.739	0.002	0.980
	有机质 Organic matter	–0.219	0.013^*	–0.176	0.060	0.059	0.483	–0.252	0.001^^
	有效磷 Available phosphorus	–0.006	0.938	0.037	0.666	–0.070	0.372	0.017	0.808
栽培植物多样性 Diversity index of cultivated plant	木本栽培植物香农多样性 Shannon-Wiener of cultivated woody plants	0.368	<0.001^^^*	—	—	—	—	—	—
	草本栽培植物香农多样性 Shannon-Wiener of cultivated herb plants	—	—	—	—	–0.212	0.003^^	—	—
	木本栽培植物均匀度 Pielou of cultivated woody plants	—	—	–0.047	0.591	—	—	—	—
	草本栽培植物均匀度 Pielou of cultivated herb plants	—	—	—	—	—	—	–0.497	<0.001^^^*

表3

表4

图3

表5

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绿地因子指标 Greenspace factor indicators	分类或定义 Classification or definition
木本植物冠层郁闭度 Tree canopy density （%）	低木本冠层郁闭度 Low canopy density：0≤CD≤25
	较低木本冠层郁闭度 Relatively low canopy density：25<CD≤50
	中木本冠层郁闭度 Medium canopy density：50<CD≤75
	高木本冠层郁闭度 High canopy density：75<CD≤100

植物群落结构 Community structure of planted plants	乔木?灌木?草地结构 Arbor-shrub-herb structure
	乔木?草地结构 Arbor-herb structure
	灌木?草地结构 Shrub-herb structure
	仅草地植被群落结构 Single-layered herbaceous structure

人工干扰强度 Intensity of disturbance	轻度干扰：即绿地边缘有围栏或绿化隔离带，人类较难进入的绿地，无法在此类型绿地中游憩或休息 Low disturbance level: greenspaces enclosed by fencing or vegetated buffer strips， preventing public entry for recreation or rest
	中度干扰：即绿地周围仅有较矮的围栏或无围栏，游客不宜进入 Medium disturbance level: greenspaces with low or no perimeter fencing， where public access is discouraged or physically restricted
	高度干扰：即绿地周围无任何围栏，可直接进入绿地休息或游憩 High disturbance level: greenspaces with no perimeter barriers， allowing and accommodating direct public access for recreation and rest

绿地坡度和朝向 Slope and aspect of greenspace	绿地有坡度朝阴（即朝北）Greenspace with slope facing shade （north-facing slope）
	绿地无坡度 Greenspace nearly no slope
	绿地有坡度并朝阳（即朝南） Greenspace with slope and sunrise （south-facing slope）

植物区系、来源和生活型 Plant flora, origin and lifeform		自生植物 Spontaneous plant		栽培植物 Cultivated plant
植物区系、来源和生活型 Plant flora, origin and lifeform		数量 Number	百分比 Percentage (%)	数量 Number	百分比 Percentage (%)
科 Family		61	—	85	—
属 Genus		172	—	252	—
种 Species	本土植物 Native plant species	134	70.2	180	53.4
种 Species	外来植物 Exotic plant species	57	29.8	157	46.6
乔木 Arbor species	本土植物 Native plant species	21	11.0	52	15.4
乔木 Arbor species	外来植物 Exotic plant species	7	3.7	43	12.8
灌木 Shrub species	本土植物 Native plant species	8	4.2	31	9.2
灌木 Shrub species	外来植物 Exotic plant species	8	4.2	56	16.6
草本 Herb species	本土植物 Native plant species	105	54.9	97	28.8
草本 Herb species	外来植物 Exotic plant species	42	22.0	58	17.2
1年生草本Annual herb species		70	36.9	64	19.0
多年生草本 Perennial herb species		97	50.8	103	30.6

生活型 Lifeform	物种 Species	本土 Native	外来 Exotic	落叶木本植物/1年生草本 Deciduous vegetation/ annual herbs	常绿木本植物/多年生草本 Evergreen vegetation/ perennial herbs	相对多度 Relative abundance (%)	相对频度 Relative frequency (%)	相对盖度 Relative canopy coverage (%)	优势度/ 重要值 Dominant index/ important value(%)
木本植物 Woody plant	忍冬 Lonicera japonica		√		√	47.05	34.59	—	40.82
	栾 Koelreuteria paniculata	√		√		32.70	17.97		25.33
	枸杞 Lycium chinense	√		√		26.92	16.04		21.48
	榆 Ulmus pumila	√		√		18.33	19.24		18.78
	桑 Morus alba	√		√		9.78	17.97		13.87
	构 Broussonetia papyrifera	√		√		10.66	10.86		10.76
	荆条 Vitex negundo var. heterophylla	√		√		14.36	2.26		8.31
	臭椿 Ailanthus altissima	√		√		5.74	9.59		7.67
	白蜡 Fraxinus chinesis	√		√		3.29	4.33		3.81
	槐 Styphnolobium japonicum	√		√		2.87	4.68		3.78
草本植物 Herb plant	黎 Chenopodium album	√		√		12.95	9.22	7.08	9.75
	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	√		√		7.45	5.00	4.41	5.62
	假还阳参 Crepidiastrum lanceolatum	√			√	6.31	5.23	4.24	5.26
	紫花地丁 Viola philippica	√			√	2.31	5.76	3.81	3.96
	苦荬菜 Ixeris polycephala	√		√		4.29	4.48	2.84	3.87
	独行菜 Lepidium apetalum	√		√	√	4.03	3.18	2.40	3.20
	葎草 Humulus scandens	√			√	2.56	2.37	1.84	2.26
	早熟禾 Poa annua	√		√		3.07	1.77	1.88	2.24
	打碗花 Calystegia hederacea	√			√	1.81	2.53	1.82	2.05
	蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum	√			√	0.60	3.79	1.77	2.05

环境因子 Environmental factor	解释度 Explains (%)	贡献率 Contribution (%)	F	P
绿地类型 Greenspace type	0.5	3.5	1.3	0.19
绿化覆盖率 Greenspace area percentage	0.3	2	0.7	0.764
木本植物冠层郁闭度 Woody plant canopy density	0.5	3	1.1	0.334
植物群落结构 Community structure of planted plants	0.7	4.3	1.6	0.056
人工干扰强度 Intensity of disturbance	4.9	32.1	11.2	0.002^**
绿地坡度和朝向 Slope and aspect of greenspace	0.7	4.8	1.8	0.052
土壤含水量 Soil water content	0.8	5.2	1.9	0.022^*
土壤密度 Soil bulk density	0.4	2.8	1	0.42
全磷Total phosphorus	1.1	7.1	2.5	0.004^**
全氮Total nitrogen	1.1	6.9	2.5	0.004^**
有机质Organic matter	1.4	8.9	3.1	0.002^**
有效磷Available phosphorus	0.4	2.5	0.9	0.512
栽培木本植物多样性Shannon-Wiener of cultivated woody plants	1.1	7.1	2.5	0.006^**
栽培草本植物多样性Shannon-Wiener of cultivated herb plants	0.7	4.8	1.8	0.038^*
栽培木本植物均匀度Pielou of cultivated woody plants	0.3	1.9	0.7	0.802
栽培草本植物均匀度Pielou of cultivated herb plants	0.5	3	1.1	0.322

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城市化对北京自生植物物种组成和多样性的影响

Effects of Urbanization on Species Composition and Diversity of Spontaneous Plants in Beijing

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