东北中温带森林树种多样性和环境因子对土壤多功能性的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250360

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究东北中温带森林树种多样性和环境因子对土壤多功能性的驱动机制，深化对自然条件下环境因子影响土壤多功能性的认识，明晰树种多样性?土壤多功能性关系的变化规律，为森林保护与管理提供科学依据。方法: 基于东北中温带森林279块样地数据，选取土壤总有机碳含量、总氮含量、总磷含量、有效氮含量和有效磷含量5个土壤功能指标，采用平均值法计算土壤多功能性指数，运用多元线性回归和结构方程模型探讨大气氮沉降通量、气候和地形等环境因子对树种多样性?土壤多功能性关系的影响及土壤多功能性的驱动机制，分析树种多样性与上述环境因子的交互效应。结果: 1）树种多样性对土壤总有机碳含量、总磷含量、总氮含量、有效氮含量和土壤多功能性指数产生显著正效应（β=0.31、0.27、0.34、0.34、0.22，P<0.05），对土壤有效磷含量产生显著负效应（β=?0.16，P<0.05）；氮沉降通量与土壤总有机碳含量、总磷含量、总氮含量、有效氮含量和土壤多功能性指数呈显著负相关（β=?0.14、?0.35、?0.17、?0.22、?0.18，P <0.05）；土壤pH值与总磷含量、有效磷含量和土壤多功能性指数呈显著正相关（β=0.17、0.44、0.15，P<0.05）；土壤碳氮比与总有机碳含量、总氮含量和土壤多功能性指数呈显著正相关（β=0.38、0.16、0.13，P<0.05）；2）树种多样性与部分土壤单功能指标和土壤多功能性指数的关系受氮沉降通量和土壤碳氮比交互作用的调控，表现为树种多样性对土壤总有机碳含量、总磷含量、总氮含量和土壤多功能性指数的正效应在中高氮沉降环境下随土壤碳氮比增加而减弱，在低氮沉降环境下则随土壤碳氮比增加而增强；3）结构方程模型表明，氮沉降通量既可对土壤多功能性指数直接产生负效应（β=?0.19，P <0.01），也可通过土壤pH值和碳氮比间接产生负效应；气候因子主要通过树种多样性和土壤pH值间接影响土壤多功能性指数，地形因子则通过树种多样性、土壤pH值和碳氮比间接影响土壤多功能性指数；土壤pH值通过影响树种多样性间接调控土壤多功能性指数。结论: 树种多样性、氮沉降通量、土壤pH值和碳氮比是驱动土壤多功能性的关键直接因子，气候和地形因子通过调控生物与非生物因子产生间接影响，树种多样性对土壤多功能性的正效应受氮沉降通量与土壤碳氮比的调节。本研究结果强调大气氮沉降背景下应注重对土壤pH值和土壤碳氮比的调控，这有助于生物多样性的保护和森林生态系统功能的维持。

关键词: 土壤多功能性, 树种多样性, 环境因子, 土壤碳氮比, 土壤pH值

Abstract:

Objective: This study investigated the driving mechanisms of tree species diversity and environmental factors on soil multifunctionality in the mid-temperate forests of northeast China, and further elucidated the variations in the relationship between tree species diversity and soil multifunctionality along environmental gradients, aiming to provide a scientific basis for forest conservation and management in this region. Method: In this study, based on data from 279 sample plots in mid-temperate forests of northeast China, five soil function indicators, including total organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, available nitrogen content, and available phosphorus content, were selected. The averaging method was used to calculate the soil multifunctionality index. Multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling were employed to investigate the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux, climate, and topographic factors on the relationship between tree species diversity and soil multifunctionality, as well as the driving mechanisms of soil multifunctionality. Additionally, the interactive effects of tree species diversity and the aforementioned environmental factors were analyzed. Result: 1) Tree species diversity had a significant positive effect on soil total organic carbon content, total phosphorus content, total nitrogen content, available nitrogen content, and soil multifunctionality index (β=0.31、0.27、0.34、0.34、0.22, P<0.05), but a significant negative effect on soil available phosphorus content (β=?0.16, P<0.05). Nitrogen deposition flux showed a significant negative correlation with soil total organic carbon content, total phosphorus content, total nitrogen content, available nitrogen content, and soil multifunctionality index (β=?0.14、?0.35、?0.17、?0.22、?0.18, P<0.05). Soil pH was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorus content, available phosphorus content, and soil multifunctionality index (β=0.17、0.44、0.15, P<0.05). Soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio exhibited a significant positive correlation with total organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, and soil multifunctionality index (β=0.38、0.16、0.13, P<0.05). 2) The relationship between tree species diversity and certain soil single-functionality indicators and soil multifunctionality index was regulated by the interaction between nitrogen deposition flux and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. It was manifested that the positive effects of tree species diversity on soil total organic carbon content, total phosphorus content, total nitrogen content, and soil multifunctionality index weakened with increasing soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio under medium-to-high nitrogen deposition environments, but strengthened under low nitrogen deposition environments. 3) The structural equation model revealed that nitrogen deposition flux was able to directly negatively affect soil multifunctionality index (β=?0.19, P<0.01), and soil pH and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio also exerted indirect negative effects on the soil multifunctionality index. Climate factors primarily indirectly influenced soil multifunctionality index via tree species diversity and soil pH, while topographic factors indirectly influenced soil multifunctionality index through tree species diversity, soil pH and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and soil pH indirectly regulated soil multifunctionality index by affecting tree species diversity. Conclusion: This study reveals that tree species diversity, nitrogen deposition flux, soil pH, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio are key direct drivers of soil multifunctionality. Climate and topographic factors exert indirect influences by regulating both biotic and abiotic components. Notably, the positive effect of tree species diversity on soil multifunctionality is regulated by nitrogen deposition flux and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. The findings of this study highlight the importance of regulating soil pH and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio under the context of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, which contributes to biodiversity conservation and the maintenance of forest ecosystem functions.

Key words: soil multifunctionality, tree species diversity, environmental factors, soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, soil pH

中图分类号:

S750

毛慧,赵飞飞,李杰,张春雨. 东北中温带森林树种多样性和环境因子对土壤多功能性的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2026, 62(2): 40-52.

Hui Mao,Feifei Zhao,Jie Li,Chunyu Zhang. Impacts of Tree Species Diversity and Environmental Factors on Soil Multifunctionality in the Middle Temperate Forests of Northeast China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(2): 40-52.

图/表 6

图1

图2

表1

图3

土壤多功能性指数（A）和单功能指标（B–F）的多元线性回归结果模型显示变量及其交互作用对土壤多功能性指数和单功能指标的影响。每张图左侧展示各类解释变量的相对重要性，黄色、蓝色、紫色、粉色和绿色条分别代表交互作用类、土壤因子类、海拔、氮沉降通量和树种多样性；右侧为模型参数估计。图中“×”表示交互作用，圆圈和短线分别表示标准化回归系数及其95%置信区间，其中实心圆圈代表显著参数（P<0.05），空心圆圈代表不显著参数（P>0.05）。The models show the effects of variables and their interactions on soil multifunctionality index and individual functions indicators. On the left side of each graph is the relative importance of each type of explanatory variable. The yellow, blue, purple, pink, and green bars represent the categories of interaction terms, soil factors, elevation, nitrogen deposition flux, and tree species diversity, respectively. On the right side is the parameter estimates of the model. In the figure, the “×” indicates an interaction effect. The circles and short lines represent the standardized regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals, respectively, and solid circles and hollow circles represent significant parameters (P<0.05) and non-significant parameters (P>0.05), respectively. SMF：土壤多功能性指数 Soil multifunctionality index；TOC：总有机碳含量 Total organic carbon content；TP：总磷含量 Total phosphorus content；TN：总氮含量 Total nitrogen content；AN：有效氮含量 Available nitrogen content；AP：有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content；TD：树种多样性 Tree species diversity；ND：氮沉降通量Nitrogen deposition flux；pH：土壤pH值 Soil pH；C∶N：土壤碳氮比 Soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio；E：海拔 Elevation."

图3

图4

图5

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统计量 Statistic	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum	平均值 Mean value	标准差 Standard deviation	标准误差 Standard error
土壤多功能性指数Soil multifunctionality index	2.45	?2.77	0.00	0.79	0.05
总有机碳含量Total organic carbon content (%)	25.96	0.05	4.26	3.11	0.19
总氮含量Total nitrogen content (%)	1.85	0.02	0.33	0.21	0.01
总磷含量Total phosphorus content/(g·kg^?1)	2.25	0.18	0.79	0.38	0.02
有效氮含量Available nitrogen content/(g·kg^?1)	2.47	0.06	0.45	0.28	0.02
有效磷含量Available phosphorus content/(mg·kg^?1)	85.84	1.99	13.77	14.44	0.87
土壤pH值Soil pH	7.78	4.07	5.59	0.59	0.04
土壤碳氮比Soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio	18.32	2.39	12.75	1.77	0.11
树种多样性Tree species diversity	20.00	1.00	7.39	4.23	0.25
氮沉降通量Nitrogen deposition flux/(kg·hm^?2 a^?1)	59.82	17.70	28.26	4.70	0.28
海拔Elevation/m	1 255.00	79.00	409.27	197.46	11.82
坡度Slope/(°)	47.00	0.00	13.24	10.94	0.66

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