六盘山华北落叶松优势木径向生长及主要环境因子的坡向差异

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230583

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究六盘山半干旱区不同坡向华北落叶松人工林优势木径向生长对气象和土壤因子的响应差异，为未来气候变化背景下的森林生长预测和适应性管理提供科学依据。方法: 在六盘山叠叠沟小流域生长华北落叶松人工林的不同坡向（西北坡—北坡—东北坡—东南坡）设置11块样地，测定优势木单株平均胸高断面积年增长量（BAI），采用皮尔逊相关分析和结构方程模型，探究BAI在气候平缓期（1995—2004年）、迅速增温期（2005—2015年）和降水迅速增多期（2016—2020年）的坡向差异及主要影响因子。结果: 1）迅速增温期，干旱胁迫限制使得大龄（23~26年）优势木BAI在西北半阴坡和北坡阴坡快速减小（平均速率为–57.2 cm²·a^?1, P<0.01）；小龄（9~14年）优势木BAI受迅速增温影响较小，在东北半阴坡和东南半阳坡增大（平均速率为125.43 cm²·a^?1, P<0.01）。2）气候平缓期，温度在坡向间影响差异较大，与西北阴坡呈负相关，与其他坡向呈正相关，但相关程度有所差异；迅速增温期，BAI在东北半阴坡和东南半阳坡与降水正相关，在西北半阴坡和北坡阴坡与温度负相关，此时土壤厚度与各坡向BAI相关性较高；降水迅速增多期，各坡向BAI多与标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）显著正相关，半阴坡BAI还与降水显著正相关，阴坡和东南半阳坡BAI还与温度显著负相关（P<0.05）。3）在气候平缓期，温度是主要影响因子，其直接和间接影响系数分别为0.55和–0.221；在迅速增温期，土壤因子对BAI生长的影响更大，其中土壤厚度与BAI呈显著正相关，总影响系数为0.533；在降水迅速增多期，BAI仅受SPEI显著正向影响，总影响系数为0.29。结论: 华北落叶松BAI在气候平缓期坡向间径向生长差异较小，且不同坡向受温度影响较大；在迅速增温期坡向间径向生长差异较大，此时不同坡向更受土壤厚度的影响；在降水迅速增多期后，坡向间径向生长差异开始减小，此时SPEI是主导坡向之间BAI生长差异的主要因子。可通过调整林分结构，提高六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松人工林抵御灾害胁迫的能力，实现长远可持续森林经营。

关键词: 六盘山, 华北落叶松, 径向生长, 坡向差异, 环境因子

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to explore the the differences in the response of dominant tree radial growth of Larix principis-rupprechtii growing on different slope aspects in the semi-arid area of Liupan Mountine to meteorological and soil factors, so as to provide a scientific foundation for predicting forest growth and adaptation forestry management strategies under future climate change. Method: The research focused on L. principis-rupprechtii plantations growing in Diediegou small watershed of Liupan Mountain. Eleven sample plots were established along the different slope orientations (northwest slope-north slope-northeast slope-southeast slope). The annual average basal area increment (BAI) of individual dominant trees was determined. Pearson correlation analysis and structural equation model were used to analyze the impact of slope aspect difference on dominant tree’s BAI during 3 distinct periods: a climate-stable period (1995—2004), a rapid warming period (2005—2015) and a rapid precipitation increase period (2016—2020). Result: 1) In the period of rapid warming, drought stress resulted in a rapid decrease in BAI of older dominant trees (23–26 a) on the northwest semi shady slope and north shady slope (average rate was –57.2 mm²·a^?1, P<0.01). However, the younger dominant trees (9–14 a) were hardly influenced by rapid warming, the BAI on the northeast semi shady slope and the southeast semi sunny slope showed an obvious increase (the average rate was 125.43 mm²·a^?1, P<0.01). 2) During the climate-stable period, the temperature difference of slope aspects had a greater impact, showing a negative correlation with the northwest shady slope and a positive correlation with other slopes, but the correlation degree was different. During the rapid warming period, BAI showed a positive correlation with precipitation on the northeast semi shady slope and southeast semi sunny slope, a negative correlation with temperature on the northwest semi shady slope and north slope, and the soil thickness had a greater correlation with BAI on all slopes. During the rapid precipitation increase period, BAI in major slope aspects showed a significant positive correlation with standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and the BAI on the semi shady slopes also showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the BAI on the shady and southeast semi sunny slopes showed a significant negative correlation with temperature (P<0.05). 3) During the climate-stable period, temperature was the main influencing factor, with direct and indirect influence coefficients of 0.55 and –0.221, respectively. During the rapid warming period, soil factors had a greater impact on BAI growth, and there was a significant positive correlation between soil thickness and BAI, with a total influence coefficient of 0.533. During the rapid precipitation increase period, BAI was only significantly positively influenced by SPEI, with a total influence coefficient of 0.29. Conclusion: In the climate-stable period, the difference in radial growth of L. principis-rupprechtii between slope aspects is relatively small, and the different slope aspects are more affected by temperature. In the rapid warming period, there is significant difference in radial growth between slope aspects, and at this time, different slope aspects are more affected by soil thickness. After the rapid precipitation increase period, the radial growth difference between slope aspects begin to decrease, and SPEI is the main factor affecting the radial growth difference between slope aspects. These findings suggest that adjusting the stand structure can improve the power of L. principis-rupprechtii plantations in Liupan Mountain’s semi-arid region to withstand disaster stress and achieve long-term sustainable forest management.

Key words: Liupan Mountain, Larix principis-rupprechtii, radial growth, slope difference, environmental factor

中图分类号:

S716

王巍樾,万艳芳,王冬梅,于澎涛,王彦辉,白雨诗. 六盘山华北落叶松优势木径向生长及主要环境因子的坡向差异[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(1): 26-36.

Weiyue Wang,Yanfang Wan,Dongmei Wang,Pengtao Yu,Yanhui Wang,Yushi Bai. Slope Aspect Differences of Both the Radial Growth of Dominant Trees of Larix principis-rupprechtii and Main Environmental Influence Factors in Liupan Mountain[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(1): 26-36.

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样地编号 Plot No.	坡向 Aspect	海拔 Altitude/ m	坡度 Slope/ (°)	土壤厚度 Soil thickness/ m	土壤密度 Soil bulk density/ (g·cm^?3)	田间持水量Field capacity (%)	总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	林龄 Stand age/ a	林冠郁闭度 Canopy density	林分密度 Stand density/ hm^?2	平均胸径 Mean DBH/cm	平均树高 Mean tree height/m
A1	北偏西64° 64° west from north	2110	33	1.3	1.13	38.83	55.99	24	0.81	1250	11.0	8.8
A2	北偏西50° 50° west from north	2110	24	1.4	1.13	37.24	54.35	24	0.73	1750	10.9	8.7
A3	北偏西31° 31° west from north	2095	35	1.4	1.02	49.26	59.42	25	0.87	1475	12.6	9.4
A4	正北0° 0° north	2095	26	>2.0	1.05	44.61	57.01	26	0.75	1150	13.5	10.4
A5	北偏东24° 24° east from north	2095	32	>2.0	1.06	39.47	57.31	23	0.63	1250	12.2	9.4
A6	北偏东30° 30° east from north	2095	32	1.4	0.97	45.03	59.49	26	0.73	1550	12.7	10.6
A7	北偏东35° 35° east from north	2095	22	1.8	1.02	47.38	56.28	24	0.83	1350	12.9	10.6
A8	北偏东72° 72° east from north	2095	24	1.2	1.06	44.60	57.13	13	0.72	1500	8.4	7.4
A9	北偏东77° 77° east from north	2110	25	1.0	1.11	41.71	55.42	14	0.58	850	9.1	6.7
A10	东偏南4° 4° south from east	2110	25	0.9	1.09	42.56	54.65	11	0.38	575	7.5	5.7
A11	东偏南11° 11° south from east	2110	26	0.8	1.03	45.16	57.75	9	0.21	475	6.6	4.3

坡向分组 Slope aspect groups	样地编号 Sample plot number	坡向 Aspect	样地内优势木株数 Number of dominant trees in the sample plot	胸径 DBH/cm	树高 Tree height/m	冠幅直径 Crown width diameter/m
半阴坡 Semi shady slope (NW)	A1	北偏西64° 64° west from north	8	16.1 ± 2.7	11.5 ± 2.0	4.3 ± 0.8
半阴坡 Semi shady slope (NW)	A2	北偏西50° 50° west from north	13	15.4 ± 1.7	11.1 ± 1.5	4.3 ± 0.8
阴坡 Shady slope (NW)	A3	北偏西31° 31° west from north	7	16.9 ± 1.7	9.8 ± 2.3	4.1 ± 0.7
阴坡 Shady slope (NW)	A4	正北0° 0° north	10	17.3 ± 3.1	12.4 ± 1.8	4.5 ± 0.9
阴坡 Shady slope (NE)	A5	北偏东24° 24° east from north	8	17.8 ± 1.8	11.9 ± 1.3	3.9 ± 0.9
	A6	北偏东30° 30° east from north	9	17.1 ± 2.4	12.2 ± 1.8	4.1 ± 0.7
	A7	北偏东35° 35° east from north	11	17.3 ± 2.1	13.3 ± 0.3	4.1 ± 1.0
半阴坡 Semi shady slope (NE)	A8	北偏东72° 72° east from north	21	12.1 ± 2.6	9.8 ± 0.9	3.4 ± 1.0
半阴坡 Semi shady slope (NE)	A9	北偏东77° 77° east from north	14	11.8 ± 1.7	7.7 ± 1.1	3.4 ± 0.7
半阳坡 Semi shady slope (SE)	A10	东偏南4° 4° south from east	6	7.6 ± 1.3	5.6 ± 0.8	3.1 ± 0.6
半阳坡 Semi shady slope (SE)	A11	东偏南11° 11° south from east	9	7.2 ± 0.7	5.1 ± 0.4	2.6 ± 0.5

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