小兴安岭红松胸高断面积生长随树龄的变化规律及主要影响因素

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20210721

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 揭示红松胸高断面积生长随树龄的变化规律，探究其在不同生长阶段的主要影响因素，为理解树龄、环境因子和功能性状在树木生长和经营中的重要性提供科学依据。方法: 于黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区内采集不同树龄（16~285年）红松样树65株，采用胸高断面积生长率（BAGR）表征树木径向生长，测定树木所处的环境因子（光照强度、土壤养分、土壤含水量、土壤pH）和功能性状（叶、枝、根性状），探究红松胸高断面积生长随树龄的变化规律及主要影响因素。结果: 1）红松BAGR随树龄增加呈先增大后减小的变化趋势，树龄小于220年时BAGR随树龄增加而增大，大于220年时BAGR随树龄增加而减小；2）树龄、光照强度和土壤pH对红松幼龄树（16~100年）BAGR存在正向影响，比叶面积对幼龄树BAGR存在负向影响；3）土壤氮含量和木质密度对红松中龄树（100~220年）BAGR存在显著负向影响；4）树龄显著抑制红松老龄树（大于220年）胸高断面积生长，根氮含量及多年生针叶单位质量氮和磷含量促进老龄树胸高断面积生长，且根氮含量的影响更加显著。结论: 树龄、环境因子和功能性状共同驱动红松径向生长，影响效果随树龄变化而异；限制红松生长的资源条件随树龄增加由光照转为土壤养分和自身生理因素。

关键词: 红松, 胸高断面积, 径向生长, 树龄, 光照强度, 土壤养分, 比叶面积

Abstract:

Objective: This study was aimed to understand the age-related tree basal area growth pattern of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), and explore the main factors affecting the radial growth in different growth stages, in order to provide a scientific basis for understanding the importance of tree age, environmental factors and functional traits in forest development and management. Method: 65 sample trees of P. koraiensis were selected from Liangshui National Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, and the radial growth of tree stems was studied using the basal area growth rate (BAGR). We determined the environmental factors (light intensity, soil nitrogen content, soil water content, soil pH) and functional traits of leaves, branches, and roots. Then we analyzed the radial growth variation and explored how tree age, environmental factors, and functional traits affect the radial growth at different growth stages. Result: 1) The BAGR of P. koraiensis first increased and then decreased with rising tree age: when the age was less than 220 years, the BAGR increased with rising tree age. When it was more than 220 years old, the BAGR decreased with rising tree age. 2) For young trees (16-100 a), tree age, light intensity and soil pH had a positive effect on BAGR, the specific leaf area of needles had a negative effect on BAGR. 3) For middle-age trees (100-220 a), soil nitrogen content and wood density (WD) significantly and negatively affected the BAGR. 4) For old trees (220-285 a), tree age significantly inhibited the BAGR, the nitrogen content of roots, the nitrogen and phosphorus content per unit mass of needles promoted the BAGR, and the effect of root nitrogen content was more significant. Conclusion: Tree age, environmental factors and functional traits jointly drive the basal area growth of P. koraiensis trees, and the relative effects change with tree age. The factors limiting tree growth change from light to soil nutrient contents and physiological factors of trees with rising age.

Key words: Pinus koraiensis, basal area, radial growth, tree age, light intensity, soil nutrients, specific leaf area

中图分类号:

S758

马颢铜,金光泽,刘志理. 小兴安岭红松胸高断面积生长随树龄的变化规律及主要影响因素[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(7): 96-105.

Haotong Ma,Guangze Jin,Zhili Liu. Changes of Basal Area Growth of Pinus koraiensis with Tree Ages and Impact Factors in Xiaoxing’ anling Mountains, Northeast China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(7): 96-105.

图/表 6

图1

表1

不同树龄红松胸高断面积生长率、树龄、环境因子（光照强度、土壤含水量、土壤氮含量、土壤pH）和功能性状（叶、枝、根性状）的统计信息①"

因子 Factors	幼龄树 Young tree (n=19)		中龄树 Middle-aged tree (n=35)		老龄树 Old tree (n=11)
因子 Factors	平均值(标准差) Mean (SD)	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值(标准差) Mean (SD)	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值(标准差) Mean (SD)	变异系数 CV (%)
胸高断面积生长率BAGR/ (cm²·a^?1)	2.54 (2.45)	97	23.29 (18.25)	78	35.84 (14.79)	41
树龄Tree age/ a	49 (27)	54	157 (29)	18	251 (22)	9
光照强度Light intensity/ (mol·m^?2d^?1)	3.77 (1.30)	34	4.93 (1.28)	26	5.42 (2.12)	39
土壤氮含量Soil N content/ (mg·g^?1)	5.91 (2.13)	37	7.52 (2.37)	31	6.42 (2.05)	32
土壤磷含量Soil P content/ (mg·g^?1)	0.81 (0.45)	59	1.09 (0.33)	31	0.94 (0.28)	30
土壤pH Soil pH	4.58 (0.70)	15	4.79 (0.57)	12	4.57 (0.68)	15
土壤含水量Soil water content/ (g·g^?1)	0.61 (0.23)	37	0.69 (0.26)	38	0.67 (0.23)	34
针叶寿命Needle longevity/ a	4.01 (1.07)	27	3.50 (1.07)	31	3.16 (1.08)	34
多年生针叶比叶面积Specific leaf area of old leave(SLA_old)/ (cm²·g^?1)	98.25 (11.33)	12	84.28 (8.09)	10	77.77 (5.00)	6
当年生针叶比叶面积Specific leaf area of current leave(SLA_current)/ (cm²·g^?1)	128.77 (22.15)	17	98.73 (12.61)	13	91.62 (12.39)	14
多年生针叶氮含量Nitrogen content of old leaves(LN_mass-old)/ (mg·g^?1)	15.87 (1.17)	7	16.32 (1.13)	7	16.10 (1.81)	11
当年生针叶氮含量Nitrogen content of current leaves(LN_mass-current)/ (mg·g^?1)	17.78 (1.27)	7	17.80 (1.18)	7	18.59 (2.13)	11
多年生针叶磷含量Phosphorus content of old leaves(LP_mass-old)/ (mg·g^?1)	2.14 (0.28)	13	2.06 (0.27)	13	2.22 (0.22)	9
当年生针叶磷含量Phosphorus content of current leaves(LP_mass-current)/ (mg·g^?1)	2.72 (0.43)	16	2.39 (0.34)	14	1.89 (0.17)	10
多年生枝木质密度Wood density of old branch(WD_old)/ (g·cm^?3)	0.43 (0.06)	15	0.49 (0.06)	13	0.53 (0.05)	9
当年生枝木质密度Wood density of current branch(WD_current)/ (g·cm^?3)	0.34 (0.08)	24	0.39 (0.11)	29	0.51 (0.14)	27
根氮含量Root nitrogen content(Root N)/ (mg·g^?1)	12.04 (1.82)	15	11.38 (1.06)	9	10.63 (1.33)	12
一级根比根长Specific root length(SRL)/ (m·g^?1)	34.08 (5.75)	17	39.41 (5.05)	13	40.65 (5.46)	13

表1

图2

表2

表3

表4

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变量 Variable		幼龄树 Young tree (n=19)		中龄树 Middle-aged tree (n=35)		老龄树 Old tree (n=11)
变量 Variable		PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2
环境因子 Environment factors	光照强度Light intensity	0.17	?0.72	?0.20	?0.67	0.17	?0.72
	土壤氮含量Soil N content	?0.53	?0.22	?0.58	0.12	?0.47	?0.33
	土壤磷含量Soil P content	?0.52	?0.38	?0.56	?0.10	?0.56	?0.07
	土壤pH Soil pH	?0.34	0.53	0.19	?0.73	?0.26	?0.66
	土壤含水量Soil water content	?0.55	0.02	?0.52	?0.04	?0.52	0.28
解释变异 Explained variation (%)		54.9	27.1	40.9	21.1	56.8	27.6
累计变异 Cumulative variation (%)		54.9	82.0	40.9	62.0	56.8	84.4

变量 Variable		幼龄树 Young tree (n=19)		中龄树 Middle-aged tree (n=35)		老龄树 Old tree (n=11)
变量 Variable		PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2
功能性状 Functional traits	多年生针叶比叶面积SLA_old	0.39	0.12	?0.05	?0.04	0.07	0.58
	当年生针叶比叶面积SLA_current	0.45	0.10	?0.24	0.17	0.11	0.56
	多年生针叶氮含量LN_mass-old	?0.22	?0.11	?0.21	0.45	0.41	0.01
	当年生针叶氮含量LN_mass-current	?0.07	?0.31	?0.26	0.32	0.24	?0.32
	多年生针叶磷含量LP_mass-old	0.22	0.39	0.30	0.52	0.38	?0.10
	当年生针叶磷含量LP_mass-current	0.33	0.42	0.34	0.45	0.27	?0.16
	针叶寿命Needle longevity	?0.06	0.49	0.31	?0.03	0.24	?0.30
	多年生枝木质密度WD_old	?0.36	0.37	0.53	0.02	?0.35	0.10
	当年生枝木质密度WD_current	?0.39	0.17	0.47	?0.10	?0.15	?0.20
	根氮含量Root N	0.24	?0.32	?0.14	0.20	0.44	0.08
	一级根比根长SRL	?0.29	0.19	?0.05	0.39	0.38	0.26
解释变异 Explained variation (%)		36.3	18.6	34.4	18.1	35.4	21.4
累计变异 Cumulative variation (%)		36.3	54.9	34.4	52.5	35.4	56.9

因子 Factors	幼龄树 Young tree (n=19)		中龄树 Middle-aged tree (n=35)		老龄树 Old tree (n=11)
因子 Factors	回归系数Regression coefficient	P	回归系数Regression coefficient	P	回归系数Regression coefficient	P
树龄Tree age	0.030	0.036*	0.003	0.092	?0.013	< 0.001***
环境因子PC1轴 Environment factors PC1	?0.749	0.799	?0.520	< 0.001***	0.008	0.911
环境因子PC2轴 Environment factors PC2	?0.053	0.006**	?0.055	0.403	?0.244	0.063
功能性状PC1轴 Functional traits PC1	?0.432	0.031*	?0.522	< 0.001***	0.475	0.003**
功能性状PC2轴 Functional traits PC2	0.076	0.667	0.051	0.289	0.496	< 0.001***
截距Intercept	?1.057	0.191	2.531	< 0.001***	6.881	< 0.001***

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