林业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (4): 1-17.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220859
收稿日期:
2022-12-05
出版日期:
2023-04-25
发布日期:
2023-07-05
通讯作者:
于澎涛
E-mail:wangyh@caf.ac.cn
基金资助:
Yanhui Wang(),Pengtao Yu*,Ao Tian,Xinsheng Han,Jia Hao,Zebin Liu,Xiao Wang
Received:
2022-12-05
Online:
2023-04-25
Published:
2023-07-05
Contact:
Pengtao Yu
E-mail:wangyh@caf.ac.cn
摘要:
目的: 面对实施黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略、推进“山水林田湖草”系统治理的国家要求,黄土高原等旱区的林业发展和植被恢复必须改变传统方式,增加考虑水资源的限制和对水资源的影响,关注森林的多种功能优化,探索如何克服长期存在的忽视水资源承载力、造林成活率低和生长不良、减少河川径流危及区域供水安全、整体功能低下等问题,实现森林多功能性的整体提升。方法: 针对深入理解林水关系和进行森林多功能管理的科技需求,自2000年以来在黄土高原的泾河流域和作为黄土高原区域重要水源地的六盘山土石山区,围绕“结构”、“格局”、“过程”、“耦合”、“尺度”等关键内容,在从单株到区域的多个空间尺度上,采用观测对比、统计分析、模型模拟等多种手段,长期开展旱区森林生态水文和多功能管理研究。结果: 1)林业高质量发展的本质是森林多功能优化的定量精准管理,为此需深入理解和准确量化立地环境与林分结构对多种功能形成的影响,在考虑多种功能的相互作用和供需关系基础上明确各功能的重要性差异,通过科学设计和合理调控森林的数量、质量(结构)和空间格局而权衡优化相互竞争的多种功能,在保证森林本身稳定的前提下尽可能同时满足对主导功能及其他功能的需求。2)提出了旱区林水协调多功能管理的实现途径,即在管理决策时除继续考虑可造林土地面积、立地质量、可用造林苗木等限制外,增加水资源管理及多功能管理的决策内容,并嵌入到传统的森林单功能经营决策过程中,这涉及流域森林覆盖率(造多少?)、森林空间分布(在哪造?)、植被类型和树种组成(造什么?)、林分结构(怎么管?)4个决策层。3)按决策层梳理总结了相关技术成果,在确定黄土区流域合理森林覆盖率方面,将仅考虑年降水量限制的潜在森林覆盖率提升为同时考虑降水量与产流要求限制的合理森林覆盖率,这可藉助于有关统计关系及率定过的流域水文模型模拟;在确定流域内的森林合理空间分布方面,提出相关决策需增加考虑立地类型的产流差别及其造林响应,这可借助于分布式流域水文模型模拟结果或研发的区域植被承载力计算系统;在林分尺度的森林多功能管理方面,提出了5个决策步骤,即进行立地质量分类、确定各地类的主要功能及优先性、调查现有林分结构特征、诊断现有林分的结构与功能、编制面向结构与功能的管理计划;为给森林多功能管理提供参照和目标,提出了不同详细程度的多功能水源林理想结构,包括表示为“3×0.7+X”的一般化理想结构(郁闭度0.7左右,0.6~0.8;地表覆盖度0.7以上;林木高径比0.7 m/cm以下,至少不超过0.9;X表示其他要求)、通过权衡多种功能和林分稳定的需求而确定的华北落叶松中龄林多功能合理密度、基于主要功能的变化规律和重要性排序而确定的不同海拔和林龄时的华北落叶松林多功能合理密度。结论: 本文证实了林水协调多功能管理的理论先进性和技术可行性,是旱区林业高质量发展的可行途径。通过深入认识和定量分析森林多种功能的变化规律,结合应用本文提出的管理技术,就可以科学设计和合理调节森林的数量(覆盖率)、质量(结构)和分布格局,整体提升森林的多种功能,更好地满足社会发展需求。但是,现有成果还有局限性,仍需针对各地情况开展更多理论与技术研究,助力“山水林田湖草”生命共同体治理及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展。
中图分类号:
王彦辉,于澎涛,田奥,韩新生,郝佳,刘泽彬,王晓. 黄土高原和六盘山区的林水协调多功能管理[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(4): 1-17.
Yanhui Wang,Pengtao Yu,Ao Tian,Xinsheng Han,Jia Hao,Zebin Liu,Xiao Wang. Forest-Water Coordinated and Multifunctional Management of Forests in the Liupan Mountainous Area and Loess Plateau Region of China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(4): 1-17.
表1
林水协调多功能管理的多层决策途径"
决策过程 Decision processes | 传统决策依据 Traditional decision basis | 综合管理决策依据(水分稳定、水文功能、多功能管理) Integrated decision basis (drought stability, hydrological functions, multifunctional management) |
1. 流域/区域的森林覆盖率? Acceptable forest cover in a basin/region? | 可用土地面积 Available land area for forests | 最低降水量要求、森林覆盖率与径流的关系、生态水文模型模拟结果 Required minimum precipitation, relations between runoff and forest coverage, simulation results of ecohydrological models |
2. 区域/流域内森林空间分布? Optimal spatial distribution of forests in a basin/region? | 土地、侵蚀、立地生产力的分布 Spatial distribution of land, erosion, and productivity | 立地的产流差别、流域内森林空间分布的多种情景模拟结果 Using the runoff difference among site types, the simulation results of spatial distribution scenarios of forests within a basin |
3. 给定立地的树种组成? Selection of site-specific tree species composition? | 树种抗旱性、可用的造林苗木 Drought resistance of tree species, and available seedlings | 不同立地的植被承载力、植物耗水差别和水分利用策略、水量平衡模拟结果对比 Vegetation carrying capacity of site types, differences in water consumption and water use strategy of plants, simulation results of water balance |
4. 林分结构管理? Design and regulation of site-specific stand structure? | 生产木材能力、树木个体营养空间要求 Timber productivity, space and nutrition requirements of individual trees | 间伐节水效果、森林多功能利用、水资源可承载叶面积指数与林木密度的转换关系、多功能森林理想结构、动态管理 Water saving effect of thinning, multifunctional use of forests, relationship between leaf area index and tree density which can be carried by water resource, ideal structure of multifunctional forest, dynamic management |
六盘山模式 = Liupan Mountains mode = | 适地适树、因害设防 Matching species with the site, and defencive measures due to hazards | + 以水定产、功能最佳 + Determining production based on available water, and pursuing the best multifunctionality |
表2
黄土高原流域林地和非林地年均蒸散量公式拟合结果(Wang et al., 2011 )"
年均降水量 Mean annual precipitation (P)/mm | 林地 蒸散率 Ratio of annual evapotranspiration (ET) to P for forestland (af) | 非林地 蒸散率 Ratio of annual ET to P for non-forestland (anf) | 林地 年蒸散量 Annual ET for forestland (P·af) /mm | 非林地 年蒸散量 Annual ET for non-forestland (P·anf) /mm | R2 | 林地增加的 年蒸散量 Increased annual ET by forestland [P·(af ?anf)] /mm | 林地 年径流量 Annual runoff of forestland [P·(1?af)] /mm | 非林地 年径流量 Annual runoff of non-forestland [P·(1?anf)] /mm | 林地增加的 年蒸散率 Increased annual ET ratio by forestland (af ?anf) |
463 (317~639) | 0.966 | 0.917 | 447 (306~617) | 424 (291~586) | 0.98 | 23 (16~31) | 16 (11~22) | 39 (26~53) | 0.049 |
394 (317~448) | 1.064 | 0.903 | 419 (337~477) | 356 (286~405) | 0.91 | 63 (51~72) | ?25 ?(20~29) | 38 (31~44) | 0.161 |
522 (455~639) | 0.962 | 0.925 | 502 (438~618) | 483 (421~591) | 0.96 | 19 (17~24) | 20 (17~24) | 39 (34~48) | 0.037 |
表3
六盘山宜林区(自然保护区)立地类型的主要服务功能和适宜造林树种"
立地 类型 Site types | 海拔 Elevation/m | 坡向 Slope aspect | 土壤类型 Soil type | 土壤厚度 Soil thickness/cm | 主要服务功能 Main services/functions | 主要造林树种 Main afforestation tree species |
1 | >2500 | 阴坡、半阴坡Shady, semi-shady | 亚高山草甸土 Subalpine meadow soil | 35~50 | 生产木材、产水、保护土壤、物种多样性保护、固碳 Timber production, water yielding, soil protection, plant species diversity protection, carbon sequestration | 青海云杉、红桦、白桦,等 Picea crassifolia, Betula albosinensis, B. platyphylla, etc. |
2 | >2500 | 阳坡、半阳坡 Sunny, semi-sunny | 同上。The same above. | 30-45 | 青海云杉、华山松、红桦、沙棘,等P. crassifolia, P. armandii, B. albosinensis, Hippophae rhamnoides, etc. | |
3 | 2000~2500 | 阴坡 Shady | 淋溶灰褐土 Leached grey-cinnamon soil (Cambisols) | 40~50 | 生产木材、保护土壤、产水、物种多样性保护、固碳 Timber production, soil protection, water yielding, plant species diversity protection, carbon sequestration | 华北落叶松、油松、白桦、红桦、元宝枫、辽东栎、青海云杉Larix principis-rupprechtii, P. tabuliformis, B. platyphylla, B. albosinensis, Acer truncatum, Quercus liaotungensis, P. crassifolia |
4 | 2000~2500 | 半阴坡 Semi-shady | 山地灰褐土 Grey-cinnamon soil | 35~50 | 同上。The same above. | 华北落叶松、华山松、油松、红桦、辽东栎、青海云杉 L. principis-rupprechtii, P. armandii, P. tabuliformis, B. albosinensis, Q. liaotungensis, P. crassifolia |
5 | 2000~2500 | 半阳坡 Semi-sunny | 同上。The same above. | 35~45 | 保护土壤、产水、生产木材、物种多样性保护、固碳 Soil protection, water yielding, Timber production, plant species diversity protection, carbon sequestration | 华北落叶松、青海云杉、油松、白桦、红桦、元宝枫、华山松 L. principis-rupprechtii, P. crassifolia, P. tabuliformis, B. platyphylla, B. albosinensis, A. truncatum, P. armandii, |
6 | 2000~2500 | 阳坡 Sunny | 同上。The same above. | 30~45 | 保护土壤、产水、物种多样性保护、固碳 Soil protection, water yielding, plant species diversity protection, carbon sequestration | 华北落叶松、樟子松、油松、青海云杉、白桦、元宝枫 L. principis-rupprechtii, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, P. tabuliformis, P. crassifolia, B. platyphylla, A. truncatum |
7 | 1500~2000 | 阴坡 Shady | 同上。The same above. | 40-50 | 生产木材、保护土壤、产水、物种多样性保护、固碳 Timber production, soil protection, water yielding, plant species diversity protection, carbon sequestration | 华北落叶松、青海云杉、白桦、辽东栎、油松、少脉椴L. principis-rupprechtii, P. crassifolia, B. platyphylla, Q. liaotungensis, P. tabuliformis, Tilia paucicostata |
8 | 1500~2000 | 半阴坡 Semi-shady | 同上。The same above. | 30~45 | 保护土壤、产水、生产木材、物种多样性保护、固碳 Soil protection, water yielding, timber production, plant species diversity protection, carbon sequestration | 辽东栎、华北落叶松、油松、青海云杉、少脉椴Q. liaotungensis, L. principis-rupprechtii, P. tabuliformis, P. crassifolia, Tilia paucicostata |
9 | 1500~2000 | 半阳坡 Semi-sunny | 同上。The same above. | 30~40 | 保护土壤、产水、物种多样性保护、固碳 Soil protection, water yielding, plant species diversity protection, carbon sequestration | 樟子松、油松、青海云杉 P. sylvestrisvar.mongolica, P. tabuliformis, P. crassifolia |
10 | 1500~2000 | 阳坡 Sunny | 同上。The same above. | 10~30 | 同上。The same above. | 华山松、油松、青海云杉P. armandii, P. tabuliformis, P. crassifolia |
11 | — | 沟谷 Valley | 新积土 Neo alluvial soil | >50 | 美化景观、净化水质、生产木材、保护土壤、物种多样性保护、固碳 Beautify landscape, purify water quality, timber production, soil protection, plant species diversity protection, carbon sequestration | 华山松、油松、青海云杉 白桦P. armandii, P. tabuliformis, P. crassifolia, B. platyphylla |
表4
六盘山半干旱区主要植被类型和主要树种人工林的生长季蒸散占同期降水量比值(王彦辉等,2006)"
植被类型 Vegetation types | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 地表覆盖度 Ground coverage | 降水量 Precipitation (P)/mm | 蒸散 Evapotranspiration (ET)/mm | 蒸散/降 水 ET/P |
半阴坡草地 Semi-shady grassland | — | 0.96 | 378 | 204.2 | 0.54 |
阳坡草地 Sunny grassland | — | 0.9 | 378 | 237.8 | 0.63 |
沙棘灌丛 Shrubs of Hippophae rhamnoides | 0.75 | — | 418.7 | 362.8 | 0.87 |
柠条灌丛 Shrubs of Caragana korshinskii | — | — | 346.3 | 328.5 | 0.95 |
山桃林 Prunus davidiana forest | 0.76 | — | 418.7 | 399.7 | 0.95 |
沙棘灌丛 Shrubs of Hippophae rhamnoides | 0.15 | 0.98 | 378 | 374.1 | 0.99 |
阴坡华北落叶松林 Shady forest of Larix principis-rupprechtii | 0.49 | 0.99 | 378 | 384.3 | 1.02 |
人工种植紫花苜蓿 Planted Medicago sativa | — | 0.90 | 382 | 411.8 | 1.08 |
阴坡华北落叶松林 Shady forest of Larix principis-rupprechtii | 0.70 | — | 410.1 | 449.1 | 1.10 |
阴坡坡脚华北落叶松林 Shady forest of Larix principis- rupprechtii at slope foot | 0.72 | 0.98 | 378 | 415.6 | 1.10 |
表5
六盘山半湿润区基于立地指数划分的立地类型和其华北落叶松林多功能定位(王彦辉等,2020)"
立地 类型 Site types | 海拔 Elevation/m | 立地指数(30年优势木高)Site index (dominant tree height at 30 years) / m | 立地质量评述 Site quality assessment | 主要服务功能的重要性排序 Priority of main functions of forests |
Ⅰ | 2 300~2 400、2 400~2 500 | 19.5(19.3、19.7) | 水热组合条件最佳,有生产优质大径材的可能 The best water-heat combination with a possibility of producing high quality timber of big dimension | 生产木材=林地产水>植物多样性保护>固碳 Timber production = water yielding > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration |
Ⅱ | 2 200~2 300、2 500~2 600 | 18.7(18.6、18.7) | 水热组合条件较好,比较适宜生产木材 A better water-heat combination and relatively suitable to produce timber | 林地产水=生产木材>植物多样性保护>固碳 Water yielding = timber production > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration |
Ⅲ | 2 600~2 700 | 17.8 | 海拔升高使降水增加,但低温限制显现,水热组合条件中等,生产木材及其他功能表现中等 A medium combination of water-heat conditions due to enriched precipitation but low temperature limit at high elevation, with medium timber production and other functions | 林地产水>生产木材>植物多样性保护>固碳 Water yielding > timber production > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration |
Ⅳ | 2 000~2 100、2 100~2 200; >2 700 | 16.3(16.0、16.7、16.2) | 低海拔区的较干气候限制增强,树木只能生长在阴坡半阴坡;高海拔区的偏低温度限制树木生长作用增强 Trees grow only on shady/semi-shady slopes due to a dry climate limit at low elevation, and tree growth restricted by low temperature at high elevation | 林地产水>生产木材>植物多样性保护>固碳 Water yielding > timber production > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration |
Ⅴ | <2 000 | 13.2 | 气候干热,不宜树木生长和木材生产,树木仅能在阴坡、半阴坡生长 A dry-hot climate, not suitable for tree growth and timber production, trees grow only on shady/semi-shady slopes | 林地产水>植物多样性保护>森林固碳>生产木材 Water yielding > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration > timber production |
表6
六盘山半湿润区不同海拔和林龄时的华北落叶松林多功能合理密度区间(田奥,2019;王彦辉等,2020)"
海拔 Elevation/m | 特征 Characters | 多功能排序 Priority of multiple functions | 20年 20 years | 30年 30 years | 40年 40 years | 50年 50 years |
1 800 | 气候干旱,不宜木材生产 Dry climate, not suitable for timber production | 产水>物种保护>固碳>木材生产 Water yielding > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration > timber production | 1 300~2 600 | 1 050~1 700 | 900~1 300 | 630~800 |
2 100 | 降水较多,较湿润,较宜生产木材 Wetter climate with more precipitation, relatively suitable for timber production | 产水>木材生产>物种保护>固碳 Water yielding > timber production > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration | 1 300~1 700 | 900~1 400 | 850~1 100 | 680~800 |
2 400 | 水热组合最佳,适宜生产优质大径材 The best water-heat combination, suitable for producing high quality timber with big dimension | 木材生产=产水>物种保护>固碳 Timber production = water yielding > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration | 1 300~1 600 | 900~1 300 | 640~800 | 470~600 |
2 700 | 湿冷,各功能中等,产流高,较宜生产木材 Wet-cold, medium functions, high water yield, relatively suitable for timber production | 产水>木材生产>物种保护>固碳 Water yielding > timber production > plant species diversity protection > carbon sequestration | 1 500~2 200 | 1 250~1 700 | 850~1 000 | 580~700 |
表7
华北落叶松林多功能合理密度与传统高密度经营效果对比(田奥,2019;王彦辉等,2020)"
海拔 Elevation/m | 30年生的 30-years-aged | 密度 Density/ (tree?hm?2) | 产水 Water yield/ mm | 林下植物种数 Quantity of understory plant species | 林分蓄积量生长 Stand timber volume growth/(m3?hm?2a?1) | 单株材积生长 Single tree timber volume growth/(m3?tree?1 a?1) | 固碳速率 Carbon sequestration rate/(t?hm?2 a?1) |
1 800 | 过密林 Over-dense stand | 3 600 | 254 | 32 | 2.90 | 0.000 8 | 4.34 |
多功能林 Multifunctional | 1 375 | 270 | 30 | 4.26 | 0.002 9 | 4.47 | |
优化效果 Thinning effect | ?62% | +6% | ?6% | +47% | +248% | +3% | |
2 100 | 过密林 Over-dense stand | 3 600 | 176 | 34 | 6.94 | 0.002 7 | 8.40 |
多功能林 Multifunctional | 1 150 | 204 | 34 | 10.09 | 0.011 0 | 9.04 | |
优化效果 Thinning effect | ?68% | +16% | 0% | +45% | +307% | +8% | |
2 400 | 过密林 Over-dense stand | 1 800 | 151 | 31 | 15.0 | 0.013 8 | 14.54 |
多功能林 Multifunctional | 1 100 | 165 | 32 | 14.4 | 0.018 9 | 12.47 | |
优化效果 Thinning effect | ?39% | +9% | +3% | ?4% | +37% | ?14% | |
2 700 | 过密林 Over-dense stand | 3 600 | 143 | 31 | 8.75 | 0.003 9 | 9.74 |
多功能林 Multifunctional | 1 475 | 168 | 33 | 12.78 | 0.013 2 | 11.14 | |
优化效果 Thinning effect | ?59% | +17% | +6% | +46% | +238% | +14% |
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