黑龙江兴凯湖水鸟多样性变化及其影响因素

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220437

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 分析我国东部水鸟重要迁徙通道——黑龙江兴凯湖保护区不同年度水鸟群落结构特征和多样性变化趋势，为保护区水鸟保护和管理提供基础数据。方法: 对2014—2015年和2021年兴凯湖43个监测点的水鸟调查数据进行对比分析，结合兴凯湖气温和水位等信息，利用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和TBI指数，比较2次调查期间不同区域和不同栖息地水鸟的丰度变化和群落结构差异，并探讨该差异与气候的相关性。结果: 兴凯湖共记录水鸟7目12科71种665 504只，与2014—2015年相比，种类无明显差异，水鸟个体数量增加近1倍，主要是雁鸭类和鸥类水鸟数量增加，鹤类、鸻类和秧鸡类水鸟数量呈下降趋势。3—4月和9—11月迁徙期水鸟种类、数量较高，5—8月繁殖期则较低。兴凯湖4个区域水鸟群落结构相近但有一定差异：龙王庙水鸟种类和数量最多，物种呈增加趋势；湖岗和东北泡子水鸟均匀度较低，物种呈增加趋势；青山水库水鸟数量最少，但多样性和均匀度均最高，物种呈减少趋势。在7种栖息地类型中，沼泽水鸟种类最多，混合生境水鸟数量最大且多样性也最高，农田水鸟均匀度最低，以上3种栖息地水鸟种类和数量均增多；灌丛、草甸和水域栖息地水鸟种类和数量均下降，其中水域水鸟数量下降最多。结论: 兴凯湖水鸟数量增多与近年来保护区加强管理以及气温、水位升高等因素有关。兴凯湖目前仍面临农田增多、沼泽减少的压力，建议采用标准化方法进行长期水鸟监测，针对不同时期水鸟分布状况对重点区域加强管护。

关键词: 水鸟, 多样性, 气候变化, 迁徙, 兴凯湖

Abstract:

Objective: Xingkai Lake located in Heilongjiang Province is an important international migration corridor for waterbirds in eastern China. Comparative analysis on the changes in waterbird community structure in different years can aid in providing basic data for waterbird conservation in Xingkai Lake. Method: The waterbird data collected from 43 monitoring stations in 2014—2015 and 2021 were comparatively analyzed. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, and TBI index were used to compare the differences in richness and community structure of waterbirds in different areas and habitats between the two periods. In combination with temperature and water level data, the relationship between these differences and climate was examined. Result: The results showed that a total of 665 504 waterbirds were found in Xingkai Lake, belonging to 71 species, 12 families, and 7 orders, totaling 665 504 individuals. While there was no significant difference in the number of species between 2014—2015 and 2021, the number of total individuals almost doubled, mainly due to increase of geese, ducks and gulls, and however the number of cranes, plovers, and rails showed a decreasing trend. Waterbird species and individual numbers were higher during the migration periods, in March-April and September-November, and lower during the breeding period. The four areas of Xingkai Lake had similar community structures, but with some differences: Longwang Temple had the highest number of species and individuals, showing an increasing trend. Hugang and Dongbeipaozi had relatively lower evenness, but increasing number of species. Qingshan Reservoir had the lowest number of waterbirds but the highest diversity and evenness, albeit with a decreasing trend of species. Marshes had the highest number of species, whereas mixed habitats had the highest diversity and number of waterbirds. Farmlands had the lowest evenness, and the number of species and individuals increased in the above three habitats. In contrast, the species and number of waterbirds in shrubs, grasslands, and wetlands all decreased, with the number of individuals in wetlands decreasing the most. Conclusion: Overall, the increase in the numbers of waterbirds in Xingkai Lake is a positive sign, and related to the better management of the reserve in recent years, as well as the increase in temperature and water level. But Xingkai Lake is still under the pressure of increasing farmland and decreasing marsh. It is suggested to adopt standardized methods for long-term waterbird monitoring, and strengthen the management and protection of key areas in response to the distribution of waterbirds in different periods.

Key words: waterbird, diversity, climate change, migration, Xingkai Lake

中图分类号:

韦雪蕾,张国钢,贾茹,姬云瑞,徐红英,杨泽玉,刘化金,刘宇霖,杨培宇. 黑龙江兴凯湖水鸟多样性变化及其影响因素[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(6): 118-129.

Xuelei Wei,Guogang Zhang,Ru Jia,Yunrui Ji,Hongying Xu,Zeyu Yang,Huajin Liu,Yulin Liu,Peiyu Yang. Variation of Waterbird Diversity and Its Affecting Factors in Xingkai Lake, Heilongjiang Province[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(6): 118-129.

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科 Family	种类 Number of species	个体总数量 Total number of individuals	占总个体数比例 Proportion of total number(%)	香农-威纳多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H′ )	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou Evenness index(J)
鸭科 Anatidae	26	517 966	77.83	2.217	0.681
鹬科 Scolopacidae	13	2 145	0.32	1.177	0.459
鹭科 Ardeidae	11	15 746	2.37	1.323	0.552
鸥科 Laridae	6	94 508	14.20	1.382	0.771
??科 Podicipedidae	5	5 960	0.90	0.871	0.541
秧鸡科 Rallidae	2	25 246	3.79	0.031	0.044
鹤科 Gruidae	2	685	0.10	0.272	0.393
鸻科 Charadriidae	2	250	0.04	0.446	0.644
鸬鹚科 Phalacrocoracidae	1	1 743	0.26	0	—
鹳科 Ciconiidae	1	902	0.14	0	—
反嘴鹬科 Recurvirostridae	1	240	0.04	0	—
鹮科 Threskiornithidae	1	113	0.02	0	—

区域 Area	种类 Number of species	个体总数量 Total number of individuals	占总个体数比例 Proportion of total number(%)	香农-威纳多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H′)	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index(J)
湖岗 Hugang	55^ab	163 729^a	24.60	2.288^a	0.571^a
东北泡子 Dongbeipaozi	60^ab	220 586^a	33.15	2.434^a	0.594^a
龙王庙 Longwang Temple	67^a	256 024^a	38.47	2.875^a	0.684^ab
青山水库 Qingshan Reservoir	52^b	25 165^b	3.78	3.176^a	0.804^b

栖息地 Habitat	种类 Number of species	个体总数量 Total number of individuals	占总个体数比例 Proportion of total number(%)	香农-威纳多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity Index(H′)	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index(J)
林地 Forest	1^a	11^ab	0.002	0.000^a	—
灌丛 Shrub	2^ab	7^ab	0.001	0.598^a	0.863^a
草甸 Grassland	5^a	44^a	0.007	1.369^a	0.850^a
沼泽 Marsh	61^c	78 543^abc	11.802	2.656^bc	0.646^a
水域 Wetland	49^bc	162 396^bc	24.402	2.610^b	0.671^a
农田 Farmland	46^ab	172 931^abc	25.985	1.454^ac	0.380^a
混合生境 Mixed habitat	57^c	251 572^c	37.802	2.894^b	0.716^a

区域 Area	物种减少 Species losses (B)	物种增加 Species gains (C)	TBI	变化 Change (C–B)*^①	P^#②
湖岗 Hugang	0.113	0.391	0.504	+	0.442
东北泡子 Dongbeipaozi	0.136	0.400	0.537	+	0.219
龙王庙 Longwang Temple	0.027	0.441	0.469	+	0.657
青山水库 Qingshan Reservoir	0.274	0.085	0.359	?	0.975

栖息地 Habitat	物种减少 Species losses (B)	物种增加 Species gains (C)	TBI	变化 Change (C–B)*^①	P^#②
林地 Forest	0.083	0.917	1.000	+	0.001
灌丛 Shrub	0.987	0.013	1.000	–	0.001
草甸 Grassland	0.952	0.007	0.959	-	0.001
沼泽 Marsh	0.075	0.554	0.628	+	0.502
水域 Wetland	0.306	0.077	0.383	–	0.961
农田 Farmland	0.083	0.511	0.594	+	0.575
混合生境 Mixed habitat	0.001	0.954	0.955	+	0.001