北京市银杏古树心腐特征及其影响因素

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220481

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 揭示银杏古树心腐特征及其影响因素，针对性提出银杏古树资源管护策略，为银杏古树的健康管护提供科学依据，为城市社会文化传承和城市生态系统稳定提供科学理论。方法: 随机选取北京市100株银杏古树，利用ARBOTOM应力波树干断层扫描仪进行心腐测定和实地调查，探究银杏古树心腐特征；采用线性回归模型分析银杏古树心腐与生长指标、健康指标、形态指标和环境指标的关系，探讨银杏古树心腐的相关影响因素。结果: 北京市银杏古树心腐等级数量占比从大到小依次为3级>2级>1级>4级；树干3个区域心腐始点出现的频率从高到低依次为边材（Y）>髓心（S）>中部（X）；心腐频率排序为髓心（48.75%）>中部（41.63%）>边材（37.06%），呈从内到外逐渐降低的趋势；影响因素中胸径（R²=0.376）、树龄（R²=0.237）、树高（R²=0.038）、主干病害（R²=0.268）、主干虫害（R²=0.230）、树皮损伤（R²=0.224）和土壤紧实度（R²=0.024）与心腐指数关系极显著（P<0.01），冠高比、根系生长空间和树冠生长空间与心腐指数具有显著相关性（P<0.05）。结论: 银杏古树心腐最初主要发生在树干的髓心和边材区域，虽然初期心腐主要是因树干边材受到侵害造成的心腐，但髓心出现的心腐危害更严重；银杏古树树干健康随树木生长逐渐衰退，且当树干出现腐烂或空洞时，树干衰退速度加快。银杏古树心腐与生长指标和健康指标具有极显著相关性，环境指标在一定程度上影响银杏古树心腐。管理者应及时评估银杏古树健康状态，加强古树树干健康检测；可以银杏古树生长指标为参考，评估内部健康状态，以高效评估银杏古树群体健康状态；管护时应注意银杏古树病虫害防治和树皮损伤修复，以降低外界环境侵害发生，在可实现范围内应扩大银杏古树生长空间，并及时松土保证其充足的生长空间和养分补给。

关键词: 银杏古树, 树干心腐, 心腐特征, 北京市

Abstract:

Objective: Ancient ginkgo trees are an important part of social culture and urban ecosystem. This study aims to reveal the centre rot characteristics and influence factors of ancient ginkgo trees, to put forward targeted resource management and protection strategies of ancient ginkgo trees, and hence maintain the ecological and cultural heritage and the health of ancient tree resources. Method: In this paper, an ARBOTOM tree trunk tomography scanner was used to randomly select 100 ancient ginkgo trees in Beijing for heart rot measurement and on-site investigation. The images of the heart rot were divided and calculated, and the characteristics of the trunk heart rot were analyzed. The correlations between rot and growth index, health index, morphological index and environmental index were studied, to explore the relevant influencing factors of heart rot of ancient ginkgo trees. Result: The result showed that the number of different centre rot grades of ancient ginkgo trees in Beijing from large to small was grade 3 > grade 2 > grade 1 > grade 4 successively. The frequency of centre rot initial points in three different positions of the trunk from high to low was sapwood (Y) > pith (S) > middle part (X). The probability of centre rot area at different locations was pith (48.75%) followed by the middle part (41.63%) and then sapwood (37.06%), showing a gradual decline from inside to outside. Among the influence factors, the diameter at breast height ( R²=0.376), tree-age grade (R²=0.217), tree height (R²=0.038), trunk disease (R²=0.268), trunk insect pest (R²=0.230), bark damage (R²=0.224) and soil density (R²=0.024) had a significant correlation with centre rot (P < 0.01). The crown height ratio, root system growing space and crown growth space had significant correlation with the heart rot index ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: The centre rot of ancient ginkgo trees occurs mainly in the pith and sapwood regions of the trunk. Although the initial centre rot is mainly caused by the infection of trunk sapwood, the harm caused by heart rot occurred in the pith is more serious. The trunk health of ancient ginkgo trees gradually declines as the trees grow, and the decline will accelerate when the rot or hollow happens to the trunk. Furthermore, the centre rot of ancient ginkgo tree is significantly correlated with diameter at breast height, tree height, tree-age grade, trunk diseases and pests and bark damage, and the environmental indexes (soil density, root system and canopy growth space) may influence the centre rot of ancient ginkgo trees to some extent. Therefore, it's necessary for managers to timely evaluate the health status of ancient ginkgo trees and strengthen the internal centre rot detection of ancient ginkgo trunk health. The growth status of ancient trees can to a certain extent be used as a reference to evaluate the internal health status, so as to efficiently evaluate the health status of the ginkgo tree population. In addition, in terms of management, it is necessary to pay attention to prevention and control of diseases and pests on ancient ginkgo trees and repair of bark damage, reduce the occurrence of environmental damage, expand the growth space of ancient ginkgo trees within the achievable scope and timely loosen the soil to ensure adequate growth space and nutrient supply.

Key words: ancient ginkgo tree, trunk heart rot, heart rot characteristics, Beijing

中图分类号:

符庆成,邱尔发,张媛,王慧超,黄岚虹. 北京市银杏古树心腐特征及其影响因素[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(6): 130-140.

Qingcheng Fu,Erfa Qiu,Yuan Zhang,Huichao Wang,Lanhong Huang. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Heart Rot of Ancient Ginkgo biloba Trees in Beijing[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(6): 130-140.

图/表 11

图1

表1

银杏古树调查指标标准"

指标类型 Indicator type	调查指标 Survey indicators	测量标准 Measurement standard
生长指标 Growth index	胸径 DBH/cm	采用胸径尺测量胸径（1.3 m处） The DBH (at 1.3 m) was measured with a DBH ruler and recorded
	树高 Tree height/m	利用昕锐 XR850 红外线激光测距测高仪测量树高 Tree height measurement with Xinrui XR850 infrared laser range finder
	冠高比 Crown height ratio	树冠与树高比值作为冠高比 Canopy to tree height ratio as crown to height ratio
	树龄 Tree age/a	以古树树牌的树龄记录 Record the age of the tree with the old tree tag
健康指标 Health indicators	树皮损伤 Bark damage	树干无损伤记为5；0~1/6 树干周长损伤记为4；1/6~1/3 树干周长损伤记为3；1/3~1/2 树干周长损伤记为2；> 1/2 树干周长损伤记为1 No trunk damage was recorded as 5; 0-1/6 trunk circumference damage was recorded as 4; 1/6-1/3 damage was recorded as 3; 1/3-1/2 damage was recorded as 2; > 1/2 damage was recorded as 1
	主干病害 Trunk diseases	心腐检测处上下20 cm范围内，树干受害>75%记为1；树干受害>50%且≤75%记为2；树干受害>25%且≤50%记为3；树干受害>5%且≤25%记为4；树干受害≤5%记为5 Within 20 cm above and below the heart rot detection, trunk damage >75% was recorded as 1; >50% and ≤75% was recorded as 2; >25% and ≤50% was recorded as 3; >5% and ≤25% was recorded as 4; ≤5% was recorded as 5
	主干虫害 Trunk pests	心腐检测处上下20 cm范围内，树干受害>75%记为1；树干受害>50%且≤75%记为2；树干受害>25%且≤50%记为3；树干受害>5%且≤25%记为4；树干受害≤5%记为5 Within 20 cm above and below the heart rot detection, trunk damage >75% was recorded as 1; >50% and ≤75% was recorded as 2; >25% and ≤50% was recorded as 3; >5% and ≤25% was recorded as 4; ≤5% was recorded as 5
形态指标 Morphological Indicators	主干倾斜 Trunk tilt	以林木树干主体与水平地面的夹角为准。树干倾斜角>30°记为1；树干倾斜角20°~30°记为2；树干倾斜角10°~20°记为3；树干倾斜角5°~10°记为4；树干倾斜角0°~5°记为5 The angle between the main body of the tree trunk and the horizontal ground is used. The trunk tilt angle >30° is recorded as 1; trunk tilt angle in 20°–30° is recorded as 2; in 10°–20° is recorded as 3; in 5°–10° is recorded as 4; in 0°–5° is recorded as 5
形态指标 Morphological Indicators	冠形 Crown shape	树冠不规则，树枝极为不均匀记为1；树冠缺失严重，枝叶分布凌乱记为2；树冠一定程度缺失，形状不规则记为3；树冠少许缺失，较为规则记为4；树冠均匀对称，冠形优美记为5 The crown is irregular and the branches are unevenly distributed, which is 1; the crown is seriously missing and the distribution of branches and leaves is messy, which is 2; the crown is missing to some extent and the shape is irregular, which is 3; the crown is missing a little and is more regular, which is 4; the crown is even and symmetrical and the crown is beautifully shaped, which is 5
环境指标 Environmental indicators	根系生长空间 Root growth space	古树周围5 m以上无建筑物、水泥以及岩石等阻碍记为5；古树周围4~5 m有建筑物、水泥以及其他硬化阻碍记为4；古树周围3~4 m有建筑物、水泥以及其他硬化阻碍记为3；古树周围2~3 m有建筑物、水泥以及其他硬化阻碍记为2；古树周围2 m之内有建筑物、水泥以及其他硬化阻碍记为1 No buildings, cement and rocks around the tree for more than 5 m was recorded as 5; buildings, cement and other hardened obstacles around the tree for 4-5 m was recorded as 4; for 3–4 m was recorded as 3; for 2–3 m was recorded as 2; buildings, within 2 m around the tree was recorded as 1
	树冠生长空间 Canopy growth space	古树正常生长空间无限制记为5；能满足80%以上的生长空间记为4；能满足60%~80%的生长空间记为3；能满足30%~60%生存空间记为2；只能满足30%以下的生长空间记为1 The normal growth space of old trees without restriction is recorded as 5; can meet more than 80% of the growth space is recorded as 4; can meet 60%–80% is recorded as 3; can meet 30%–60% is recorded as 2; can only meet less than 30% is recorded as 1
	土壤紧实度 Soil compaction	土壤疏松，稍加压力很容易使土块碎散记为5；较疏松，稍加压力便可将刀插入2~3 cm记为4；坚实，不用很大力可把刀插入土体2~3 cm记为3；较坚实，用很大力可把刀插入土体2~3 cm记为2；坚硬，用很大力也难把刀插入土体记为1 Soil loose, a little pressure is easy to make the soil fragmentation recorded as 5; loose, a little pressure can be inserted into the knife 2–3 cm recorded as 4; solid, without very strong recorded as 3; more solid, with very strong recorded as 2; hard, with very strong also difficult to insert the knife into the soil recorded as 1

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心腐等级 Heart rot level	1级 Level 1	2级 Level 2	3级 Level 3	4级 Level 4
阈值 Threshold	A<0.06	0.06 ≤ A<0.08	0.08 ≤ A<0.22	A ≥ 0.22
阈值 Threshold	A<0.06	0.06 ≤ A<0.08	0.08 ≤ A<0.22	A ≥ 0.22
样本数量 Sample size	22	25	35	18
样本数量 Sample size	22	25	35	18

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