红树林保护碳汇项目碳信用计量方法——以深圳市福田红树林保护区为例

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220624

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探索我国红树林保护碳汇项目碳信用计量方法，促进可测量、可报告、可核查的红树林保护碳汇项目碳信用进入碳市场进行交易。方法: 提出综合考虑碳效益、生物多样性效益及社区效益的红树林保护碳汇项目碳信用计量方法，以深圳市福田红树林保护区为例，运用PLUS模型Markov链方法，确定红树林保护碳汇项目基线情景及其各碳库碳储量、温室气体排放量的变化情况，选用缺省因子计算自福田红树林保护区建立起即1988—2060年（我国实现碳中和目标年）的红树林保护碳汇项目碳效益。通过参与式乡村评估、实地走访、文献资料调查等方法，评定福田红树林保护区的生物多样性与社区效益。结果: 1988—2060年，福田红树林保护区红树林保护碳汇项目碳效益为350 231.91 t，年均4 864.33 t?a^?1。生物多样性与社区效益评定结果表明，福田红树林保护区红树林保护碳汇项目为A类项目，无需对碳效益进行调整。结论: 福田红树林保护区的碳信用有效体现了保护活动的多重效益，即项目活动除具有固碳减排增汇能力外，还协同应对与解决其他全球性问题。红树林保护活动碳信用核算方法的开发，有助于利用碳市场机制实现资源的有效配置，为红树林保护活动拓宽融资渠道，进一步加强对红树林生态系统的保护。

关键词: 红树林保护, 碳信用, 生物多样性, 社区, 保护区

Abstract:

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the carbon credits measurement method of mangrove protection carbon sink project activities in China, to promote measurable, reportable, and verifiable carbon credits of mangrove protection carbon sink projects into the carbon market for trading. Method: This paper proposed a carbon credits measurement method for mangrove conservation carbon sink projects that takes carbon benefits, biodiversity benefits, and community benefits into consideration. Futian Mangrove Reserve in Shenzhen was taken as an example, the PLUS model Markov chain method was used to determine the baseline scenario of the mangrove protection carbon sink project and the changes in carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions of each carbon pool. The default factor was used to calculate the carbon benefits of the mangrove conservation carbon sink project in the Futian Mangrove Reserve from 1988 to 2060 (the target year for achieving carbon neutrality in China). The biodiversity and community benefits of Futian Mangrove Reserve were evaluated using participatory village assessment, field visit and literature survey. Result: From 1988 to 2060, the carbon benefits of the mangrove protection carbon sink project in Futian Mangrove Reserve was 350 231.91 t, and the annual carbon benefits was 4 864.33 t?a^?1. According to the assessment results of biodiversity and community benefits, the mangrove conservation carbon sink project in Futian Mangrove Reserve was classified as a Class A project, and it was not necessary to adjust the carbon benefits. Therefore, the carbon credits of the mangrove protection carbon sink project in Futian Mangrove Reserve were the same as the carbon benefits. Conclusion: The carbon credits of Futian Mangrove Reserve effectively reflect the multiple benefits of conservation activities, that is, in addition to the ability of sequestration, emission reduction and sink increase, the project activities also synergistically respond to and solve other global problems. The development of carbon credits accounting methods for mangrove conservation activities is conducive to the effective allocation of resources through the carbon market mechanism, broadening financing channels for mangrove conservation activities, and further strengthening the protection of mangrove ecosystems.

Key words: mangrove conservation, carbon credits, biodiversity, community, reserve area

中图分类号:

陆日,王晨,陈烨,许茜茜,胡玥,陈峥,曹镓玺,武曙红,李玲,高鹤. 红树林保护碳汇项目碳信用计量方法——以深圳市福田红树林保护区为例[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(3): 44-53.

Ri Lu,Chen Wang,Ye Chen,Xixi Xu,Yue Hu,Zheng Chen,Jiaxi Cao,Shuhong Wu,Ling Li,He Gao. Carbon Credit Measurement Method for Mangrove Conservation Carbon Sink Project: a Case Study of Futian Mangrove Nature Reserve in Shenzhen[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(3): 44-53.

图/表 8

表1

表2

表3

基线情景生物多样性概况描述"

状况描述要素 Elements of the profile description	描述内容及其调查方法 Describe the content and investigation methods
项目开始前，项目区内野生生物生存状况及其受到的威胁 The survival status and received threats of wildlife in the project area before launching	应用关键物种生境分析、通道分析等方法描述项目开始前项目边界内的野生生物生存状况及其受到的威胁 The habitat analysis and channel analysis of key species are used to describe the survival of wildlife within the boundaries and expose the threats before launching the project
项目区域内被列入IUCN红皮书的濒危物种名录（包括濒危种和易危种）以及被列入国家和地方保护的珍稀濒危物种名录的物种 Endangered species listed in the IUCN Red Book (including endangered and vulnerable species) and species listed in the National and Local List of Rare and Endangered Species in the project area	开展濒危物种调查。可以采用已有的历史文献和科研成果进行文献调研以及实地访谈，调查项目所在地区在项目开始前是否有被列入IUCN红色名录或被列为国家和地方重点保护的珍稀濒危物种 Conduct surveys of endangered species, and use available historical literature and scientific research for literature study and on-site interviews to investigate whether there are rare and endangered species listed in the IUCN Red List or listed as national and local key protections in the project area
基线情景下，项目区域的生物多样性将受到哪些因素的威胁 Threatening factors for biodiversity in the project area under the baseline scenario	基于历史文献、实地访谈以及航空影像资料的收集，调查例如以下各项，对项目所在地区威胁生物多样性的因素 Survey the following factors that threaten biodiversity in the project area through collecting historical documents, on-site interviews, and aerial imagery: a. 住宅及商业发展：调查商业服务业用地、工矿用地、住宅用地、公共管理与公共服务用地、特殊用地和交通运输用地等情况与范围 Residential and commercial development: investigate the situation and scope of commercial service land, industrial and mining land, residential land, public management and public service land, special land, and transportation land; b. 能源生产和采矿：调查采矿、挖石、石油和天然气钻井勘探等情况 Energy production and mining: survey the mining, rock dredging, oil and gas drilling exploration; c. 生物资源利用：调查以商业、娱乐、研究为目的的人为捕猎与采集等情况 Utilization of biological resources: investigate artificial hunting and collection for commercial, recreational, and research purposes; d. 人为侵扰干扰：调查娱乐活动（旅游、野营、携带宠物等）、军事演练等情况 Human intrusion and interference: investigate recreational activities (travel, camping, petting, etc.), military drills, etc.; e. 自然生态系统的改变：火灾情况、水坝修建及使用等情况 Changes in natural ecosystems: Fire conditions, dam construction, and use 根据实际情况，还可开展外来入侵物种的引进途径调查，调查项目所在地是否存在列入我国及国际组织、其他国家或地区的外来入侵物种名录、检疫性有害生物、危险性有害生物或其他有害生物名单的情况，同时调查项目所在地区的社会经济活动中所有可能引进外来物种的途径，包括外来物种的引种、生产、加工、经营、进口和出口等以及其他贸易、交通运输和旅游等 According to the actual situation, survey the introduction routes of invasive alien species, to investigate whether the project site is included in the list of invasive alien species in China and international organizations, other countries or regions, quarantine pests, dangerous pests, or other harmful organisms, also explore all possible ways of introducing alien species in the socio-economic activities of the project area, including the introduction, production, processing, operation, import and export of alien species, as well as other trade, transportation, and tourism
基线情景下，项目区域内生物多样性总体评价 Overall assessment of biodiversity in the project area under the baseline scenario	应用物种的丰富度和多样性、景观的连通性、栖息地破碎状况等指标，对基线情景下项目区域内生物多样性状况进行评价 Evaluate the biodiversity status in the project area under the baseline scenario by using indicators such as species richness and diversity, landscape connectivity, and habitat fragmentation

表3

表4

基线情景社区状况描述内容"

状况描述要素 Elements of the profile description	描述内容及其调查方法 Describe the content and investigation methods
项目开始前，项目地及其周边社区的状况 The status of the site and its surrounding communities before launching	应用参与式乡村评估和生计框架等方法，调查和评估项目区内及其周边社区的状况，主要内容包括居民的人口数量、年龄结构、家庭结构、性别比、教育背景、年均收入和来源以及支出用途等项目区居民基本信息，以及项目区居民目前使用或具有潜在用途的资源种类、分布状况以及使用程度等社区资源信息 Use participatory rural assessment and the livelihood framework methods to investigate and assess the situation of the project area and its surrounding communities, including basic information on the population size, age structure, family structure, sex ratio, educational background, average annual income and source, and expenditure purposes of the residents of the project area, as well as information on community resources such as the type, distribution, and degree of use of resources currently used or potentially used by the residents in the project area
项目开始前，项目地的土地利用和权属状况 Land use and tenure status of the project site before launching	调查和描述项目地的土地利用情况以及土地所有权、使用权及使用期等权属情况 Investigate and describe the land use of the project site and the ownership of the land, the right to use, and the tenure of the land
项目开始前，野生生物对社区居民生活的影响 The impact of wildlife on the lives of community residents before launching	调查和描述在经济发展、人身安全等方面，野生生物对项目区域内及其周边社区居民生活的影响 Investigate and describe the impact of wildlife on the lives of residents in and around the project area in terms of economic development and personal safety

表4

表5

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表7

保护区生物多样性效益评估"

额外指标 Additional indicators	评述 Evaluation and description
项目活动仅使用了本地种，或能论证项目使用的任何外来种在生物多样性效益方面优于本地种 Only native species are used in project activities, or any alien species used in the project could be demonstrated to be superior to native species in terms of biodiversity benefits	项目活动引种了海桑（Sonneratia caseolaris）以及无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala ）作为先锋造林树种，利用其促淤抬高滩涂高程等优势营造出了适合乡土红树植物生存生长的生境，促进了乡土红树林的更新扩散 The project activities have introduced Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratia apetala as pioneer afforestation tree species and used their advantages such as promoting siltation and raising the elevation of the beach to create a habitat suitable for the survival and growth of native mangrove plants and promoting the renewal and diffusion of local mangrove forests
项目活动有效降低了外来入侵种的危害 Project activities have effectively reduced the hazards of invasive alien species	项目活动有效应对和控制了薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha ）等外来入侵种的入侵和扩张 Project activities have effectively limited the invasion and expansion of invasive alien species such asMikania micrantha
项目活动能增强项目区域内水土保持性 Project activities have enhanced soil and water conservation within the project area	项目保护红树林的活动有助于增强水土保持 Project activities to protect mangroves have contributed to enhancing soil and water conservation
项目活动有助于增强项目区域林分质量 Project activities have contributed to enhancing the quality of forest stands in the project area	项目活动有助于红树林天然更新，区域内林分质量将得到提升 Project activities have contributed to the natural regeneration of mangroves and the quality of the stand in the area has been improved
描述项目实施有助于修复破碎化栖息地和增强景观连通性 Describe how project implementation can help restore fragmented habitats and enhance landscape connectivity	项目活动区域位处深圳华侨城湿地公园的生态廊道上，有助于连通项目区域内外破碎化的栖息地，增强景观连通性 The project activity area is located on the ecological corridor of Hua Qiao Cheng Wetland Park in Shenzhen, which helps to connect the fragmented habitat inside and outside the project area and enhance landscape connectivity

表7

表8

保护区社区效益评估"

额外指标 Additional indicators	评述 Evaluation and description
能力建设覆盖了社区内广泛群体 Capacity-building has covered a wide range of groups within the community	项目活动对社区全体成员都进行了相关知识科普和培训 All members of the community have been educated and trained
能力建设针对妇女并促进参与 Capacity-building has targeted and facilitated women's participation	项目未专门开展针对妇女的相关活动 No activities specifically target at women
能力建设旨在加强社区对项目的参与性 Capacity-building aims to strengthen community participation in projects	项目活动在开展时公开采纳社区居民对项目的建议，并积极邀请居民参与项目活动 Community residents' suggestions for the project have been adopted and they have been invited to participate in the project activities
项目设计时充分了解当地风俗且相关的项目活动与当地风俗习惯相容 The project design fully understand local customs and ensure that the relevant project activities are compatible with local customs and habits	项目活动尊重了当地风俗和生产生活习惯 Project activities have respected local customs, production, and living habits
表明当地的利益相关群体将获得所有的就业岗位（包括管理岗位） Indicate that local stakeholder groups will have access to all jobs (including management positions) arisen from project activities	项目活动聘用了当地利益相关群体承担保护区管理员、巡护监测员等包含相关管理岗位在内的岗位 Have employed local stakeholder groups to undertake positions including reserve administrators, patrol monitors, and relevant management positions
项目业主明确告知了雇员其拥有的权利且这些权利不违反相关法律法规 The project participants have been clearly informed of their rights and that the rights do not violate relevant laws and regulations	项目活动涉及到的所有聘用人员，如管护员，在聘用前均已明确告知其工作内容与权利 All recruits involved in project activities in the protected area, such as stewards, have been informed of their work content and rights before being hired
综合评估了对雇员安全带来风险的环境和职业并明确告知雇员可能面临的风险并解释将如何最大限度地降低风险 A comprehensive assessment of the environment and occupations that pose a risk to the safety of the employees has been provided and the employees have been informed of the risks that they may face and explained how to minimize the risks	开展项目活动前，已综合评估聘用人员工作中可能会面临的自然灾害以及恶劣环境等风险，并对聘用人员进行了专业知识培训，培养野外避险能力 Before the project activities, a comprehensive assessment has been conducted on the risks such as natural disasters and harsh environments that the hired personnel may face in their work, and professional knowledge training has been provided to the hired personnel to cultivate the ability to avoid risks in the wild

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碳库 Carbon pool	是否选择 Whether selected	理由或解释 Justification/explanation
地上生物质 Aboveground biomass	是 Yes	产生碳汇量的主要碳库 The major carbon pool that generates carbon sequestration
地下生物质 Underground biomass	是 Yes	产生碳汇量的主要碳库 The major carbon pool that generates carbon sequestration
枯死木 Dead wood	是/否 Yes/No	项目活动实施会增加该碳库，可根据保守性原则不计算该碳库 The implementation of project activities can increase this carbon pool, however it may not be calculated according to the principle of conservation
枯落物 Litter	否 No	枯落物会因海洋潮汐流的影响存在迅速周转及位移的情况，项目活动不会降低枯落物累积速率，因而不计入该碳库 Litter can be rapidly rotated and displaced due to the influence of ocean currents, and project activities do not reduce the rate of debris accumulation and therefore it is not included in this carbon pool
土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon	是 Yes	产生碳汇量的主要碳库 The major carbon pool that generates carbon sequestration

情景类型 Scenario type	温室气体排放源 Sources of greenhouse gas emissions	气体种类 Gas	是否选择 Whether selected	理由或解释 Justification/explanation
基线情景 Baseline scenario	土地利用方式转变 Land use modes shift	CO₂	是 Yes	红树林转变为其他土地利用方式会带来碳排放。为避免过高估计碳效益，仅计算红树林地转变为其他地类产生的排放，不再计量转变为其他地类后人类活动的排放 The transformation of mangroves to other land-use modes will bring carbon emissions. To avoid overestimating carbon benefits, emissions from the conversion of mangrove land to other land-use types are calculated only, and emissions from human activities following conversion to other land-use types are no longer measured
基线情景 Baseline scenario	红树林生态系统 Mangrove ecosystem	CH₄	是 Yes	红红树林生态系统微生物会对土壤有机质进行厌氧分解，并释放甲烷br/>Microorganisms in mangrove ecosystems anaerobically decompose soil organic matter and release methane
项目情景 Project scenario	自然灾害 Natural disaster	CO₂	否 No	海啸、病虫害等自然灾害导致的 CO₂ 排放已在碳储量变化中考虑 The emissions of CO₂ from natural disasters such as tsunamis, pests, and diseases have been taken into account in changes in carbon stocks
项目情景 Project scenario	红树林生态系统 Mangrove ecosystem	CH₄	是 Yes	红树林生态系统的微生物会对土壤有机质进行厌氧分解，并释放甲烷 Microorganisms in mangrove ecosystems anaerobically decompose soil organic matter and release methane

生物多样性评级结果 Biodiversity rating results	社区效益评级结果 Community rating results
生物多样性评级结果 Biodiversity rating results	优Excellent	良Good	合格Qualified	不合格Unqualified
优 Excellent	A	B	C	D
良 Good	B	B	C	D
合格 Qualified	C	C	C	D
不合格 Unqualified	D	D	D	D

项目类别Project categories	折扣系数Discount factors
A	1
B	0.01
C	0.05
D	0.1

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