不同经营方法对秦岭华北落叶松林分生长和林下植被的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220856

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探讨不同经营方法对秦岭华北落叶松林分生长和林下植被的影响，以期提高生态系统生产力，优化该地区华北落叶松人工林经营技术，为实现森林可持续经营提供理论和实践依据。方法: 以西北农林科技大学教学实验林场平河梁华北落叶松人工林为研究对象，根据近自然经营指导下的抚育间伐技术措施，设置间伐处理（T1，间伐强度20%）和林窗处理（T2，只留下少许保留木，伐出其他乔木，形成32 m×32 m的方形林窗），以未经营样地为对照（CK），间伐和林窗经营7年后，调查不同经营方法对人工林林分生长及林下植被更新和生长的影响。结果: 间伐后的林木平均胸径、单株材积、总蓄积量均显著高于对照组，但树高变化较小；间伐和林窗处理下的林下幼苗生长发育与对照组均存在显著差异(P<0.05)；间伐处理中，华山松和云杉幼苗的成活率较高，但人工补植的红桦幼苗全部死亡；间伐和林窗处理既促进了人工补植幼苗生长，又促进了幼苗天然更新；间伐和林窗处理后林下灌草的物种多样性显著提高；间伐和林窗处理后林下灌草的种类和盖度提高，物种丰富度也显著增加，以间伐处理效果最佳；对照样地和经营后样地之间共有植物种少，而间伐处理和林窗处理之间共有种较多，相似性系数高。结论: 间伐和林窗2种经营方法对华北落叶松人工林生长均有促进作用，间伐经营对华北落叶松人工林生长和幼苗更新的促进效果更为明显，灌草的物种多样性也在间伐后显著提高，在秦岭其他区域的华北落叶松人工林中采用间伐经营更加合理。

关键词: 华北落叶松人工林, 近自然经营, 林窗, 林分生长, 物种多样性, 更新

Abstract:

Objective: Effects of different management methods on stand growth and understory vegetation of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Qinling Mountains were discussed in order to improve ecosystem productivity, optimize management technology of Larix principis-rupprechtii in this area, and provide theoretical and practical basis for sustainable forest management. Method: Taking the Larix principis-rupprechtii in Pingheliang, a teaching experimental forest farm of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, as the research object, according to the technical measures of tending and thinning under the guidance of close to natural management, two management treatments were set: thinning (T1, thinning intensity 20%) and window (T2, only a few reserved trees are left, and other trees are cut out to form a square forest window of 32 m×32 m.), and the unmanaged sample plot was taken as the control (CK). After 7 years of thinning and window management, the effects of different management methods on stand growth and understory regeneration and growth were investigated. Result: After thinning, the average DBH, volume per tree, and total stock of trees were significantly higher than those of control group, but the tree height changed little. The growth and development of understory seedlings under thinning and window treatment were significantly different from those in control group (P<0.05). In the thinning treatment, the survival rate of Pinus armandii and Picea asperata seedlings was higher, but the Betula albosinesis seedlings were all dead. Thinning and window treatment not only promoted the growth of artificial replanting seedlings, but also promoted the natural regeneration of seedlings. Species diversity of understory shrub increased significantly after thinning and window treatment. After thinning and window treatment, the species and coverage of understory shrub increased, and the species richness also increased significantly. The thinning treatment had the best effect. There are fewer common plant species between normal plots and post-management plots, but there are more common species between thinning treatment and forest window treatment, and the similarity coefficient is high. Conclusion: The two management methods of thinning and forest window can promote the growth of Larix principis-rupprechtii, and the effect of thinning management on the growth and seedling renewal of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation is more obvious, and the species diversity of shrub and grass is also significantly increased after thinning. It is more reasonable to adopt thinning management in the artificial forest of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in other regions of Qinling Mountains.

Key words: Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation, close-to-nature forest management, forest gap, stand growth, diversity of species, renewal

中图分类号:

S791.22

黄栋才,郭鑫,王得祥,王韵淑,张欣,霍雪莹. 不同经营方法对秦岭华北落叶松林分生长和林下植被的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(8): 57-66.

Dongcai Huang,Xin Guo,Dexiang Wang,Yunshu Wang,Xin Zhang,Xueying Huo. Effects of Different Management Methods on Stand Growth and Understory Vegetation of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Qinling Mountains[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(8): 57-66.

图/表 9

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不同经营方法下草本优势种的重要值和盖度①"

科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	重要值Important value			盖度Coverage
科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	CK	T1	T2	CK	T1	T2
菊科Compositae	风毛菊属Saussurea	风毛菊S. japonica	0.193 9	0.075 4	0.164 8	0.102 9	0.039 9	0.074 8
	蒿属Artemisia	蒿A. annua	0.047 5	0.037 6		0.004 9	0.011 9	0.010 1
	蓟属Cirsium	魁蓟C. leo	0.016 3	0.058 0	0.052 2	0.006 0	0.017 0	0.014 0
	泽兰属Eupatorium	佩兰E. fortunei	0.040 1	0.050 5	0.157 5	0.020 0	0.021 5	0.103 0
禾本科 Gramineae	燕麦属Avena	野燕麦A. fatua	0.158 2	0.198 3	0.210 0	0.107 7	0.121 8	0.102 1
	早熟禾属Poa	早熟禾P. annua	0.282 1	0.179 0	0.320 6	0.191 8	0.064 8	0.173 7
	狗尾草属Setaria	狗尾草S. viridis			0.095 4			0.074 3
藤黄科Guttiferae	金丝桃属Hypericum	贯叶连翘H. perforatum			0.057 8			0.020 2
藤黄科Guttiferae	金丝桃属Hypericum	金丝桃H. monogynum			0.021 3			0.011 0
败酱科Valerianaceae	败酱属Patrinia	败酱草P. scabiosaefolia		0.068 7			0.037 4
伞形科Umbelliferae	峨参属Anthriscus	峨参A. sylvestris			0.019 2			0.004 6
唇形科Labiatae	风轮菜属Clinopodium	风轮草C. chinense	0.039 9	0.041 5	0.156 0	0.010 1	0.019 9	0.058 8
凤仙花科Balsaminaceae	凤仙花属Impatiens	凤仙花I. balsamina	0.238 3	0.018 0	0.082 3	0.143 6	0.005 6	0.042 9
蕨科Pteridiaceae	蕨属Pteridium	蕨P. aquilinum	0.068 1	0.065 1	0.022 4	0.040 8	0.031 6	0.013 0
菊科 Compositae	蒿属Artemisia	蒌蒿A. selengensis	0.024 6	0.062 7	0.018 8	0.025 6	0.021 3	0.023 8
桔梗科Campanulaceae	风铃草属Campanula	紫斑风铃草C. punctata			0.015 0			0.032 3
茜草科Rubiaceae	茜草属Rubia	茜草R. cordifolia	0.061 0	0.100 3	0.119 9	0.029 3	0.135 0	0.183 7
莎草科Cyperaceae	莎草属Cyperus	莎草C. digitata	0.406 3	0.225 3	0.367 3	0.330 0	0.351 8	0.242 9
蔷薇科Rosaceae	蛇莓属Duchesnea	蛇莓D. indica	0.054 1		0.039 2	0.018 4	0.012 9	0.026 1
兰科Orchidaceae	天麻属Gastrodia	天麻G. elata			0.027 4			0.002 6
报春花科Primulaceae	珍珠菜属Acorus	香草A. gramineus	0.010 5	0.075 9	0.080 9	0.002 1	0.006 8	0.024 1
豆科Leguminosae	黄耆属Astragalus	紫云英A. sinicus		0.013 6			0.011 9

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样地序号 No. of sample plot	处理 Treatment	海拔 Altitude/m	林龄 Stand age/a	坡向 Slope direction	坡位 Slope position	坡度Slope/ (°)	郁闭度 Canapy density
1	CK	2 123	40	东南Southeast	下 Lower	4.1	0.9
2	T1	2 127	40	东南Southeast	下 Lower	11.3	0.7
3	T2	2 120	40	东南Southeast	下 Lower	9.5	0
4	CK	2 138	40	南 South	下 Lower	6.3	0.9
5	T1	2 145	40	南 South	下 Lower	8.5	0.7
6	T2	2 130	40	南 South	下 Lower	6.7	0
7	CK	2 130	40	东南Southeast	下 Lower	11.8	0.9
8	T1	2 132	40	东南Southeast	下 Lower	6.9	0.7
9	T2	2 137	40	东南Southeast	下 Lower	11.7	0

指标 Index	经营方法 Operation method	经营前 Pre-operation	经营后 After operation	经营7年 7 years of operation	7年增长量 7 years of amount of growth	年平均增长率 Average annual growth rate (%)
DBH/cm	CK	17.50a	17.50a	18.68a	1.18a	0.963a
	T1	18.70a	19.30a	20.97b	1.67b	1.236b
	T2	18.10a	18.90a	21.3b	1.40a	1.058a
树高 Tree height/m	CK	19.84a	19.84a	20.35a	0.51a	0.367a
	T1	18.46a	18.81a	19.44a	0.63a	0.478a
	T2	17.70a	18.72a	19.31a	0.59a	0.450a

指标 Index	经营方法 Operation method	经营前 Pre-operation	经营后 After operation	经营7年 7 years of operation	7年增长量 7 years of amount of growth	年平均增长率 Average annual growth rate (%)
株数 Individual number	CK	75a	75a	66a	?9a	?1.714a
	T1	100a	81a	70a	?11a	?1.940a
	T2	88a	5b	5b	0a	0a
单株材积Individual volume/m³	CK	0.234a	0.234a	0.271a	0.036a	2.190a
	T1	0.275a	0.262a	0.315b	0.052b	2.860b
	T2	0.261a	0.281a	0.326b	0.045a	2.290a
总蓄积量Stocking/ (m³·hm^?2)	CK	17.605a	17.605a	17.869a	0.264a	0.214a
	T1	26.175b	21.291b	22.078b	0.787b	0.528b
	T2	22.968b	1.405c	1.630c	0.225a	2.290a

指标 Index	经营方法 Management method	华山松 Pinus armandii	云杉 Picea asperata	红桦 Betula albosinesis	天然更新幼苗 Natural regeneration seeding
株数 Individual number	CK	12b	18a	0	28ab
	T1	19c	21a	0	33a
	T2	4a	18a	0	17b
成活率 Survival rate(%)	CK	14.81b	22.22a	0	34.57b
	T1	23.46c	25.93a	0	40.74a
	T2	4.94a	22.22a	0	40.99a
苗高 Seedling height/cm	CK	83.08±5.41a	53.38±15.17a	0	130.20±23.60a
	T1	85.08±10.61a	53.48±10.81a	0	132.95±25.13a
	T2	108.14±12.43b	88.70±7.33b	0	140.76±47.26a
基径 Basal diameter/cm	CK	9.33±3.28a	4.23±1.93a	0	6.45±1.27a
	T1	10.05±4.45a	6.33±0.48ab	0	7.92±1.68a
	T2	20.47±3.82b	8.78±5.60b	0	8.28±2.98a

科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	重要值Important value			盖度Coverage
科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	CK	T1	T2	CK	T1	T2
蔷薇科Rosaceae	山楂属Crataegus	山楂C. pinnatifida	0.195 0	0.086 1	0.029 3	0.078 1	0.049 3	0.136 3
	花楸属Sorbus	陕甘花楸S. koehneana		0.017 5	0.029 3		0.009 3	0.082 8
	蔷薇属Rosa	峨眉蔷薇R. omeiensis	0.020 3	0.338 2	0.060 7	0.015 3	0.040 9	0.070 4
	绣线菊属Spiraea	绣线菊S. salicifolia	0.047 4	0.162 4	0.068 4	0.028 7	0.108 0	0.061 0
	悬钩子属Rubus	悬钩子R. piluliferus	0.491 7	0.338 2	0.342 7	0.344 3	0.263 5	0.321 0
	李属Cerasus	野樱桃C. clarofolia	0.075 8	0.032	0.029 3	0.049 1	0.018 0	0.034 7
	珍珠梅属Sorbaria	珍珠梅S. sorbifolia		0.163 7	0.062 9		0.098 9	0.060 3
忍冬科Caprifoliaceae	荚蒾属Viburnum	荚蒾V. dilatatum	0.020 3	0.077 2	0.037 3	0.012 1	0.041 6	0.033 8
忍冬科Caprifoliaceae	忍冬属Lonicera	忍冬L. tragophylla	0.134 6	0.048 9	0.023 5	0.057 8	0.030 7	0.038 1
鼠李科Rhamnaceae	勾儿茶属Berchemia	勾儿茶B. sinica	0.028 1		0.102 7	0.017 8		0.101 9
百合科Liliaceae	菝葜属Smilax	菝葜S. china		0.015 2			0.006 8
五加科Araliaceae	楤木属Aralia	楤木A chinensis	0.043 5		0.029 3	0.022 5		0.026 7
桦木科Betulaceae	榛属Corylus	榛子C. heterophylla	0.013 8	0.042 1	0.062 7	0.009 0	0.019 2	0.052 3
禾本科Gramineae	箭竹属Fargesia	箭竹F. spathacea		0.030 8			0.017 3
卫矛科Celastraceae	卫矛属Euonymus	栓翅卫矛E. phellomanus	0.060 7	0.071 5	0.077 8	0.029 9	0.033 6	0.056 4
木兰科Magnoliaceae	五味子属Schisandra	五味子S. chinensis	0.087 9	0.115 7	0.029 3	0.069 4	0.080 5	0.082 8
小檗科Berberidaceae	小檗属Berberis	小檗B.circumserrata	0.056 2	0.040 8	0.040 5	0.037 8	0.027 2	0.050 8