林业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (7): 115-127.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220331
柳帅1(),张德旭2,张安安2,李哲2,龙文兴1,2,3,*,臧润国4,张志东5,陈远2,冯广2,陈玉凯6
收稿日期:
2022-05-14
接受日期:
2023-07-25
出版日期:
2023-07-25
发布日期:
2023-09-08
通讯作者:
龙文兴
E-mail:21110713000012@hainanu.edu.cn
基金资助:
Shuai Liu1(),Dexu Zhang2,An'an Zhang2,Zhe Li2,Wenxing Long1,2,3,*,Runguo Zang4,Zhidong Zhang5,Yuan Chen2,Guang Feng2,Yukai Chen6
Received:
2022-05-14
Accepted:
2023-07-25
Online:
2023-07-25
Published:
2023-09-08
Contact:
Wenxing Long
E-mail:21110713000012@hainanu.edu.cn
摘要:
目的: 比较相同海拔海南长臂猿现有天然林栖息地与松树林潜在栖息地的林分结构、植物物种组成及多样性,探究二者生境质量差异,科学评估松树人工林恢复状况,为海南长臂猿种群生态空间扩展奠定基础。方法: 以海南热带雨林国家公园霸王岭片区海拔400~800 m区域长臂猿现有天然林栖息地和松树林潜在栖息地为对象,参照CTFS规范在2种生境分别建立59个400 m2样方,调查并分析2种类型生境内林分结构、森林植物及长臂猿食源植物的多样性特征及其差异。结果: 共调查到天然林栖息地植物93科259属450种,其中食源植物43科70属86种,茜草科植物占优势;松树林潜在栖息地植物74科186属301种,其中食源植物29科46属60种,山茶科植物占优势。天然林栖息地森林的树木平均胸径6.30±5.90 cm、平均树高6.02±4.92 m、平均冠幅5.21±12.52 m2、平均冠层厚度2.10±1.65 m和植株密度6 136±1 930株·hm?2,这些林分结构因子均高于松树林潜在栖息地(平均胸径5.19±4.19 cm,平均树高5.04±3.38 m,平均冠幅2.87±7.75 m2,平均冠层厚度1.99±1.62 m,植株密度5 517±1 901株·hm?2);随着径级和树高增大,松树林潜在栖息地森林的树木密度相较天然林栖息地明显减少。在整体尺度上,天然林栖息地内森林群落植物物种的Shannon-Wiener指数与丰富度指数最高(H'=4.37, S=452);松树林潜在栖息地内大型食源植物物种Shannon-Wiener指数与丰富度指数最低(H'=4.37, S=452),但均匀度指数最高(E=0.83)。在20 m×20 m样方尺度上,天然林栖息地不同类型植物的物种丰富度均显著高于松树林潜在栖息地(森林群落植物: t=4.72, P=0.02; 食源植物: t=4.61, P=0.01; 小型食源植物: t=2.03, P=0.02),大型食源植物Shannon-Wiener指数及物种丰富度指数均极显著高于松树林潜在栖息地(Shannon-Wiener指数: t=5.03, P<0.001; 物种丰富度:t=4.58, P<0.001)。2种生境间的森林群落植物相似性在科水平上最高(CJ=0.76);在物种水平上以小型食源植物最高(CJ=0.67),大型食源植物最低(CJ=0.31);植物物种β多样性差异为大型食源植物(F=1.64, P<0.001)>森林群落植物(F=48.10, P<0.001)>食源植物(F=7.72, P=0.01)>小型食源植物(F=7.72, P=0.01)。结论: 与天然林栖息地相比,松树林潜在栖息地缺乏适合海南长臂猿夜宿的大型阔叶乔木和大型食源植物,森林群落植物和大型食源植物的物种多样性显著低于天然林栖息地,目前不能满足海南长臂猿种群的生存需求;但松树林内小型食源植物的物种组成与天然林栖息地相近,具有发展成为长臂猿栖息地的潜力;大型食源植物是当前松树林潜在栖息地恢复所需的生态关键种。
中图分类号:
柳帅,张德旭,张安安,李哲,龙文兴,臧润国,张志东,陈远,冯广,陈玉凯. 海南长臂猿现有天然林栖息地与松树林潜在栖息地的植物物种多样性比较[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(7): 115-127.
Shuai Liu,Dexu Zhang,An'an Zhang,Zhe Li,Wenxing Long,Runguo Zang,Zhidong Zhang,Yuan Chen,Guang Feng,Yukai Chen. Comparison of Plant Species Diversity between the Existing Natural Forest Habitat of Hainan Gibbon’s and the Potential Habitat in Pine Forest[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(7): 115-127.
表1
样地基本概况①"
森林类型 Forest types | 样方数量 No. of plots | 面积 Area/hm2 | 海拔 Altitude/m | 坡向 Aspect | 经度 Longitude | 纬度 Latitude | 样方位置 Location |
NF | 59 | 2.36 | 340~795 | 北 North | 109.1985°― 109.2642° | 19.0854°― 19.1938° | 苗村后山、东崩岭、南叉河斧头岭管护点、十字路、子保村、红河谷、葵叶岗Miaocun Houshan, Dongbengling, Nanchahe Futouling, Shizilu, Zibaochun, Honghegu, Kuiyegang |
PF | 59 | 2.36 | 415~790 | 北 North | 109.1965°― 109.2553° | 19.1121°― 19.1668° | 南叉河、南雅村、子宰林场、苗村后山、东崩岭、南叉河斧头岭管护点、南班河Nanchahe, Nanyacun, Zizai forest farm, Miaocun Houshan, Dongbengling, Nanchahe Futouling, Nanbanhe |
表1
海南长臂猿栖息地与松树林潜在栖息地植物科属种重要值(IV)"
科Family | IV (%) | 属Genus | IV (%) | 种Species | IV (%) | |
栖息地群落植物Plants in habitat community | ||||||
1 | 茜草科Rubiaceae | 17.41 | 九节属Psychotria | 11.78 | 九节Psychotria asiatica | 11.75 |
2 | 樟科Lauraceae | 8.99 | 松属Pinus | 7.09 | 鸭脚木Schefflera heptaphylla | 5.17 |
3 | 松科Pinaceae | 7.09 | 鹅掌柴属Schefflera | 5.17 | 南亚松Pinus latteri | 5.11 |
4 | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 5.92 | 黄杞属Engelhardia | 4.16 | 枫香Liquidambar formosana | 4.09 |
5 | 壳斗科Fagaceae | 5.39 | 枫香树属Liquidambar | 4.09 | 黄杞Engelhardia roxburghiana | 3.99 |
6 | 五加科Araliaceae | 5.31 | 黄牛木属Cratoxylum | 3.48 | 黄牛木Cratoxylum cochinchinense | 3.48 |
7 | 山茶科Theaceae | 4.64 | 木姜子属Litsea | 3.39 | 细齿叶柃Eurya nitida | 2.97 |
8 | 胡桃科Juglandaceae | 4.16 | 翅子树属Pterospermum | 3.07 | 水锦树Wendlandia uvariifolia | 2.42 |
9 | 金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae | 4.09 | 柃木属Eurya | 2.97 | 黄椿木姜子Litsea variabilis | 2.33 |
10 | 梧桐科Sterculiaceae | 3.53 | 润楠属Machilus | 2.48 | 翻白叶Pterospermum heterophyllum | 2.18 |
松树林群落植物Plants in pine community | ||||||
11 | 松科Pinaceae | 54.32 | 松属Pinus | 39.04 | 南亚松Pinus latteri | 29.50 |
12 | 茜草科Rubiaceae | 8.74 | 黄牛木属Cratoxylum | 8.90 | 思茅松Pinus kesiya | 9.53 |
13 | 金丝桃科Hypericaceae | 7.44 | 九节属Psychotria | 6.50 | 黄牛木Cratoxylum cochinchinense | 8.90 |
14 | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 6.53 | 柃木属Eurya | 4.62 | 九节Psychotria asiatica | 6.50 |
15 | 山茶科Theaceae | 5.38 | 银柴属Aporosa | 3.39 | 细齿叶柃Eurya nitida | 4.62 |
16 | 樟科Lauraceae | 2.97 | 黄杞属Engelhardia | 2.63 | 银柴Aporosa dioica | 3.38 |
17 | 野牡丹科Melatomataceae | 1.79 | 樟属Cinnamomum | 2.43 | 黄杞Engelhardia roxburghiana | 2.63 |
18 | 胡桃科Juglandaceae | 1.66 | 杨桐属Adinandra | 1.89 | 海南杨桐Adinandra hainanensis | 1.89 |
19 | 壳斗科Fagaceae | 1.33 | 野牡丹属Melastoma | 1.84 | 毛稔Melastoma sanguineum | 1.74 |
20 | 桃金娘科Myrtaceae | 1.28 | 翅子树属Pterospermum | 1.62 | 樟树Cinnamomum camphora | 1.61 |
栖息地食源植物Food plants in habitat | ||||||
21 | 茜草科Rubiaceae | 26.08 | 九节属Psychotria | 25.47 | 九节Psychotria asiatica | 25.47 |
22 | 五加科Araliaceae | 11.89 | 鹅掌柴属Schefflera | 11.89 | 鸭脚木Schefflera heptaphylla | 11.89 |
23 | 金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae | 10.36 | 枫香树属Liquidambar | 10.36 | 枫香Liquidambar formosana | 10.36 |
24 | 山茶科Theaceae | 9.97 | 柃木属Eurya | 6.91 | 细齿叶柃Eurya nitida | 6.91 |
25 | 樟科Lauraceae | 6.57 | 橄榄属Canarium | 5.17 | 橄榄Canarium album | 5.06 |
26 | 橄榄科Burseraceae | 5.17 | 山胡椒属Lindera | 3.51 | 广东山胡椒Lindera kwangtungensis | 3.51 |
27 | 壳斗科Fagaceae | 3.33 | 锥属Castanopsis | 3.33 | 海南杨桐Adinandra hainanensis | 2.91 |
28 | 桃金娘科Myrtaceae | 3.28 | 杜英属Elaeocarpus | 3.04 | 白颜树Gironniera subaequalis | 2.77 |
29 | 榆科Ulmaceae | 3.10 | 杨桐属Adinandra | 2.91 | 红锥Castanopsis hystrix | 2.20 |
30 | 杜英科Elaeocarpaceae | 3.04 | 榕属Ficus | 2.83 | 山杜英Elaeocaepus sylvestris | 1.61 |
松树林食源植物Food plants in pine forest | ||||||
31 | 山茶科Theaceae | 30.92 | 九节属Psychotria | 22.88 | 九节Psychotria asiatica | 22.88 |
32 | 茜草科Rubiaceae | 24.14 | 柃木属Eurya | 21.72 | 细齿叶柃Eurya nitida | 21.72 |
33 | 桃金娘科Myrtaceae | 8.41 | 杨桐属Adinandra | 9.19 | 海南杨桐Adinandra hainanensis | 9.19 |
34 | 杜英科Elaeocarpaceae | 7.00 | 杜英属Elaeocarpus | 7.00 | 山杜英Elaeocaepus sylvestris | 6.57 |
35 | 金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae | 5.92 | 蒲桃属Syzygium | 6.24 | 枫香Liquidambar formosana | 5.92 |
36 | 壳斗科Fagaceae | 5.64 | 枫香树属Liquidambar | 5.92 | 乌墨Syzygium cumini | 5.86 |
37 | 樟科Lauraceae | 3.16 | 锥属Castanopsis | 5.64 | 红锥Castanopsis hystrix | 4.57 |
38 | 五加科Araliaceae | 2.94 | 鹅掌柴属Schefflera | 2.94 | 鸭脚木Schefflera heptaphylla | 2.94 |
39 | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 2.86 | 橄榄属Canarium | 2.84 | 橄榄Canarium album | 2.84 |
40 | 橄榄科Burseraceae | 2.84 | 土蜜树属Bridelia | 2.29 | 禾串树Bridelia balansae | 2.29 |
栖息地1 cm≤DBH<10 cm食源植物Food plants in habitat (1 cm≤DBH<10 cm) | ||||||
41 | 茜草科Rubiaceae | 33.80 | 九节属Psychotria | 33.16 | 九节Psychotria asiatica | 33.16 |
42 | 山茶科Theaceae | 16.55 | 鹅掌柴属Schefflera | 15.22 | 鸭脚木Schefflera heptaphylla | 15.22 |
43 | 五加科Araliaceae | 15.22 | 柃木属Eurya | 11.53 | 细齿叶柃Eurya nitida | 11.53 |
44 | 樟科Lauraceae | 4.27 | 杨桐属Adinandra | 4.89 | 海南杨桐Adinandra hainanensis | 4.89 |
45 | 橄榄科Burseraceae | 3.79 | 橄榄属Canarium | 3.79 | 橄榄Canarium album | 3.64 |
46 | 桃金娘科Myrtaceae | 3.33 | 杜英属Elaeocarpus | 3.09 | 广东山胡椒Lindera kwangtungensis | 2.80 |
47 | 杜英科Elaeocarpaceae | 3.09 | 山胡椒属Lindera | 2.80 | 白颜树Gironniera subaequalis | 2.37 |
48 | 榆科Ulmaceae | 2.56 | 蒲桃属Syzygium | 2.55 | 肉实树Sarcosperma laurinum | 2.07 |
49 | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 2.54 | 白颜树属Gironniera | 2.37 | 枫香Liquidambar formosana | 1.98 |
50 | 肉实科Sarcospermataceae | 2.07 | 肉实属Sarcosperma | 2.07 | 山杜英Elaeocaepus sylvestris | 1.91 |
松树林1 cm≤DBH<10 cm食源植物Food plants in pine forest (1 cm≤DBH<10 cm ) | ||||||
51 | 山茶科Theaceae | 41.15 | 柃木属Eurya | 29.69 | 细齿叶柃Eurya nitida | 29.69 |
52 | 茜草科Rubiaceae | 27.91 | 九节属Psychotria | 26.19 | 九节Psychotria asiatica | 26.19 |
53 | 桃金娘科Myrtaceae | 6.69 | 杨桐属Adinandra | 11.46 | 海南杨桐Adinandra hainanensis | 11.46 |
54 | 五加科Araliaceae | 3.63 | 蒲桃属Syzygium | 3.99 | 乌墨Syzygium cumini | 3.64 |
55 | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 3.47 | 鹅掌柴属Schefflera | 3.63 | 鸭脚木Schefflera heptaphylla | 3.63 |
56 | 杜英科Elaeocarpaceae | 2.75 | 杜英属Elaeocarpus | 2.75 | 橄榄Canarium album | 2.74 |
57 | 橄榄科Burseraceae | 2.74 | 橄榄属Canarium | 2.74 | 子楝树Decaspermum gracilentum | 2.70 |
58 | 壳斗科Fagaceae | 2.68 | 子楝树属Decaspermum | 2.70 | 禾串树Bridelia balansae | 2.69 |
59 | 樟科Lauraceae | 2.59 | 土蜜树属Bridelia | 2.69 | 红锥Castanopsis hystrix | 2.45 |
60 | 夹竹桃科Apocynaceae | 1.14 | 锥属Castanopsis | 2.68 | 山杜英Elaeocaepus sylvestris | 2.16 |
栖息地DBH≥10 cm食源植物Food plants in habitat (DBH≥10 cm) | ||||||
61 | 金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae | 22.91 | 枫香树属Liquidambar | 22.91 | 枫香Liquidambar formosana | 22.91 |
62 | 樟科Lauraceae | 11.41 | 鹅掌柴属Schefflera | 9.86 | 鸭脚木Schefflera heptaphylla | 9.86 |
63 | 五加科Araliaceae | 9.86 | 锥属Castanopsis | 8.50 | 广东山胡椒Lindera kwangtungensis | 6.38 |
64 | 壳斗科Fagaceae | 8.50 | 山胡椒属Lindera | 6.38 | 红锥Castanopsis hystrix | 5.75 |
65 | 山茶科Theaceae | 7.11 | 橄榄属Canarium | 5.57 | 橄榄Canarium album | 5.57 |
66 | 橄榄科Burseraceae | 5.57 | 柃木属Eurya | 5.06 | 细齿叶柃Eurya nitida | 5.06 |
67 | 桃金娘科Myrtaceae | 4.38 | 蒲桃属Syzygium | 4.38 | 白颜树Gironniera subaequalis | 4.29 |
68 | 榆科Ulmaceae | 4.29 | 白颜树属Gironniera | 4.29 | 乌墨Syzygium cumini | 3.36 |
69 | 桑科Moraceae | 4.18 | 榕属Ficus | 3.96 | 假柿木姜子Litsea monopetala | 2.97 |
70 | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 3.51 | 杜英属Elaeocarpus | 3.43 | 海南锥Castanopsis hainanensis | 2.75 |
松树林DBH≥10 cm食源植物Food plants in pine forest (DBH≥10 cm) | ||||||
71 | 杜英科Elaeocarpaceae | 19.60 | 杜英属Elaeocarpus | 19.60 | 山杜英Elaeocaepus sylvestris | 19.60 |
72 | 金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae | 19.06 | 枫香树属Liquidambar | 19.06 | 枫香Liquidambar formosana | 19.06 |
73 | 壳斗科Fagaceae | 16.14 | 锥属Castanopsis | 16.14 | 乌墨Syzygium cumini | 13.85 |
74 | 桃金娘科Myrtaceae | 15.30 | 蒲桃属Syzygium | 14.59 | 红锥Castanopsis hystrix | 12.60 |
75 | 山茶科Theaceae | 8.80 | 杨桐属Adinandra | 5.37 | 海南杨桐Adinandra hainanensis | 5.37 |
76 | 樟科Lauraceae | 5.27 | 柃木属Eurya | 3.43 | 海南锥Castanopsis hainanensis | 3.54 |
77 | 漆树科Anacardiaceae | 3.18 | 润楠属Machilus | 3.09 | 细齿叶柃Eurya nitida | 3.43 |
78 | 橄榄科Burseraceae | 2.42 | 橄榄属Canarium | 2.42 | 粗壮润楠Machilus robusta | 3.09 |
79 | 藤黄科Guttiferae | 2.30 | 藤黄属Garcinia | 2.30 | 橄榄Canarium album | 2.42 |
80 | 五加科Araliaceae | 1.72 | 山胡椒属Lindera | 2.18 | 岭南山竹子Garcinia oblongifolia | 2.30 |
图4
2种生境内不同类型植物离散程度比较 图①—④分别表示2种生境内森林群落植物、食源植物、小型食源植物和大型食源植物β多样性差异;图中点与质心距离表示2种生境内样方间的离散度。Number ① – ④ above separately indicate the difference of beta diversity of forest community plants, edible plants, small edible plants and large edible plants in two types of habitats. The distance between the point and the centroid represents the dispersion between different plots in the two habitats. NF:海南长臂猿天然林栖息地Hainan gibbons’ natural forest habitats; PF:松树林潜在栖息地 Pine forest potential habitats."
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