枣疯病对枣树茎叶水力性状和碳代谢的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230561

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究枣疯病对枣树水力结构和碳代谢的影响，揭示枣疯病的病理机制及其对枣树生理的影响，同时为制定有针对性的管理措施提供理论依据。方法: 以壶瓶枣树为研究对象，测定健康枣树、轻度枣疯病树、重度枣疯病树的叶片和枝条的最大水力学导度（K_max）、水力脆弱性（P₅₀）和茎叶导水组织的形态解剖特征，并比较3种类型枣树冬春季（11月—次年4月）和生长季（6月）的水势、枝条导水损失率（PLC）、气体交换参数、非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量。结果: 随着症状的加重，枣树的枝条和叶片K_max均明显降低，P₅₀均明显升高，轻度枣疯病树和重度枣疯病树的枝条K_max较健康枣树分别降低40.75%和80.61%，其叶片K_max较健康枣树分别降低12.25%和29.44%；轻度枣疯病树和重度枣疯病树的枝条P₅₀较健康枣树分别上升0.18 MPa和0.63 MPa，其叶片P₅₀较健康枣树分别上升0.15 MPa和0.31 MPa。随着病情的加重，枝条导管壁厚度和抗塌陷指数均呈显著降低，重度枣疯病树的枝条木材密度和导管直径均显著低于健康枣树。在冬春季和生长季，随着病情的加重，枝条PLC显著增加，枝条韧皮部含水量、韧皮部细胞活力、枝条韧皮部和木质部NSC含量均显著降低；生长季叶片的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著降低，轻度枣疯病树和重度枣疯病树的叶净光合速率较健康枣树分别下降25.68%、52.98%。结论: 枣疯病树的枝条和叶片水力学导度降低主要与导管直径减小有关，水力安全性降低主要与导管壁厚度、导管抗塌陷指数和木材密度降低有关，这可能由碳供应不足引起；水分输导能力和安全性降低影响冬春季和生长季的树体水分状况，限制光合作用，造成碳限制，进一步限制枣树的生长和对逆境的适应能力。碳限制和水力限制的共同作用是导致发病枣树生长变差、出现枯死的重要原因。

关键词: 枣疯病, 水力性状, 解剖结构, 非结构性碳水化合物

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of witches’ broom disease on the hydraulic architechture and carbon metabolism of jujube trees to reveal the pathophysiological mechanism of witches’ broom disease, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of targeted management measures. Method: The healthy, mild diseased and severe diseased Ziziphus jujuba cv. ‘Huping’ trees were used as the research object. The maximum hydraulic conductivity (K_max), hydraulic vulnerability to embolism (P₅₀), and morphological and anatomical characteristics of the jujube branches and leaves were measured. The water potential, branch percentage loss of conductivity (PLC), gas exchange parameters and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) contents of the three types of jujube trees in winter-spring period (November to April of the following year) and growing season (June) were also compared. Result: With the aggravation of the disease, the K_max of the jujube branches and leaves significantly decreased, and the P₅₀ of the branches and leaves significantly increased. The branch K_max of mild and severe diseased jujube trees was reduced by 40.75% and 80.61%, and the leaf K_max of mild and severe diseased jujube trees was reduced by 12.25% and 29.44%, respectively, compared to that of healthy jujube trees. The branch P₅₀ of mild and severe diseased jujube trees increased by 0.18 MPa and 0.63 MPa, and the leaf P₅₀ of mild and severe diseased jujube trees increased by 0.15 MPa and 0.31 MPa, respectively, compared to that of healthy jujube trees. With the aggravation of the disease, the thickness of vessel wall and collapse resistance index of the branches decreased significantly, and the wood density and vessel diameter of the branches of the severe diseased trees were significantly lower than those of the healthy ones. During winter-spring period and growing season, with the aggravation of the disease, branch PLC increased significantly, and phloem water content, phloem cell viability, and NSC content in phloem and xylem of branches decreased significantly. The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of leaves decreased significantly in the growing season, with photosynthetic rate of leaves of mild and severe diseased jujube trees being reduced by 12.25% and 29.44% compared to that of healthy jujube trees, respectively. Conclusion: The decrease in maximum hydraulic conductivity of leaves and branches is mainly related to the decrease of vessel diameter, and the decrease in hydraulic safety is mainly related to the decrease of vessel wall thickness, vessel collapse resistance and wood density, which may be caused by insufficient carbon supply. The decrease in water transport capacity and safety affects the water status of trees in the winter-spring period and growing seasons, limiting photosynthesis and resulting in carbon limitation, which further constrains the growth and the adaptability of jujube trees to adversity. Hydraulic limitation and carbon limitation are an important reason for the poor growth and dieback of diseased jujube trees.

Key words: witches’ broom disease, hydraulic traits, anatomic structure, nonstructural carbohydrates

中图分类号:

S763.14

宋雯,刘永强,姚雪宁,师振萍,杭宇杰,郭红彦,王林. 枣疯病对枣树茎叶水力性状和碳代谢的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(5): 120-130.

Wen Song,Yongqiang Liu,Xuening Yao,zhenping Shi,Yujie Hang,hongyan Guo,Lin Wang. Effects of Witches’ Broom Disease on Hydraulic Properties and Carbon Metabolism of Jujube Branches and Leaves[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(5): 120-130.

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类型Type	叶leaves		茎Branches		P₅₀差值
类型Type	K_max / (mmol·m^–1s^–1 MPa^–1)	P₅₀ / MPa	K_max / (kg·m^–1s^–1 MPa^–1×10^?5)	P₅₀ / MPa	P_{50 leaf-branch} / MPa
健康枣树 Healthy Jujube trees	51.26	?1.36	5.57±0.62 a	?1.95	?0.59
轻度枣疯病树 Mild diseased Jujube trees	44.98	?1.21	3.30±0.58 b	?1.77	?0.56
重度枣疯病 Severe diseased Jujube trees	36.17	?1.04	1.08±0.23 c	?1.33	?0.28

测定指标Measurement	健康枣树 Healthy Jujube trees	轻度枣疯病 Mild Diseased Jujube trees	重度枣疯病 Severe Diseased Jujube trees
单叶面积 Leaf area /mm²	1367.55±270.30a	725.16±102.21b	245.44±41.70c
比叶质量 LMA /(×10^?5g·cm²)	5.98±0.55c	6.60±0.77b	7.68±1.05a
叶脉导管直径 Leaf vessel diameter /μm	18.21±2.38a	13.92±1.98b	9.08±1.69c
木材密度 Wood density /(g·cm³)	0.67±0.03a	0.65±0.04a	0.47±0.03b
枝条导管直径 Branch vessel diameter /μm	29.41±1.41b	33.95±0.91a	13.62±0.72c
枝条导管密度 Branch vessel density /×10^?5mm²	11.7±2.57b	9.16±0.30b	21.8±2.31a
枝条导管壁厚度 Branch vessel wall thickness /μm	4.56±0.76a	2.49±0.53b	1.35±0.26c
枝条导管抗塌陷指数 Branch (t/b)³ /×10^?3	15.86±0.27a	7.62±0.91b	2.84±0.50c
枝条射线薄壁细胞面积 Area of ray parenchyma cell /μm²	209.58±31.66a	159.71±22.84b	33.22±6.86c
枝条轴向薄壁细胞面积 Areas of axial parenchyma cell /μm²	75.68±9.83a	71.06±12.05a	19.23±4.21b
纤维细胞面积 Areas of fiber cell /μm²	60.69±10.21a	74.81±12.88a	27.78±7.14b
枝条纤维细胞壁厚 Branch fiber cell wall diameter /μm	1.73±0.40a	0.97±0.12b	0.48±0.06c
枝条导管面积占比 Proportion of vessel area (%)	8.17±1.36b	7.88±0.87b	1.08±0.76a
枝条薄壁细胞面积占比 Proportion of parenchyma area (%)	24.99±1.39b	25.35±1.99b	39.40±1.92a
枝条纤维细胞面积占比 Proportion of fiber area (%)	66.83±1.83a	66.77±2.64a	49.51±1.16b

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