In this paper, spatial structure (including aggregation index, mingling, neighborhood comparison, competition index and open degree) of a typical recreation forest in Jiangle state-owned forest farm of Fujian was analyzed by using the method of Voronoi diagram and the Delaunay triangulation to establish the spatial structure unit. The results indicated that: It was a common form with one subject tree with 6 nearest neighbor trees in Cunninghamia lanceolata recreational forest. The average aggregation index of the stand was 1.05. The spatial pattern of forest trees was uniformly distributed. The average mingling of the stand was 0.48. The degree of spatial segregation among tree species was not high with the intermediate mixed state. The average neighborhood comparisons based on DBH and tree height were 0.49 and 0.51. The differentiation of DBH and height was not significant, indicating a middle level of competition. Among superiority species, the competition index of Cunninghamia lanceolata was 346.27. The competitiveness was strong. The average open degree of the stand was 0.21. Thus, there is insufficient space for the trees' growing. On this basis, stand spatial structure and recreation value can be optimized through increasing open degree of the stand.

We measured the changes of δ¹⁵N in the mineral soil (0-40 cm layers) in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations which were subjected to five harvest residue management treatments in subtropical China between 1999 and 2011. These treatments included: burning residue, whole tree harvest plus forest floor removal, whole tree harvest, stem only harvest and double residue. The results showed that there were no significant differences in soil δ¹⁵N at any age of the plantation among treatments. Soil δ¹⁵N in 0-10 cm layers presented significantly positive correlation with litter production, and significantly negative correlation with microbial biomass nitrogen, respectively. There were no significant differences in foliar δ¹⁵N, foliar ¹⁵N enrichment factors (δ¹⁵N_foliar-δ¹⁵N_soil), foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and nitrogen/phosphorus ratio at age of 15 years among treatments. Soil and foliar δ¹⁵N presented significantly negative correlations with soil total nitrogen(TN), and hot water extractable nitrogen in 0 to 10 cm layers, respectively. But, ANOVA showed that harvest residue management had no significant effects on soil TN, hot water extractable nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen in the 15-years-old plantation, and litter production at any age of years. These observations suggested that the long-term effect of harvest residue management on nitrogen cycling in soil was not significant in subtropical China.

Based on continuously measured biomass and calorific values of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations in a national key scientific experimental station in Huitong, the energy productivity and energy storage and distribution in different components in a Chinese fir plantation at different ages were studied. The results showed that the calorific values of the stand components in Chinese fir plantations at the same age were ranked as tree layer > shrub layer > herb layer > litter layer. The different organs of C. lanceolata had different calorific values ranked as needle > bark > twig > trunk > root, and the calorific values of organs increased with the age. The energy storage in Chinese fir plantations in Huitong ranged from 8 340.1×10⁸ to 33 318.3×10⁸J ·hm^-2. The order of proportion of energy storage in different plantation layers was as follows: tree layer (99.35%-99.62%) > understory vegetation layer (0.26%-0.53%) > litter layer (0.12%-0.19%). In the tree layer, energy was allocated mainly in the stem, followed by root, leaf, bark and twigs. The trunk energy distribution ratio increased with stand age, whereas the branches' and leaves' decreased over time, the roots' and barks' maintained relatively stable. The changes in, the average annual accumulation of the needle, twig ,trunk, bark, and root energy all showed a single peak-shaped curve, but the peaks occurred at different ages. The average annual energy productivity was 1 200.4 × 10⁸-2 086.2 × 10⁸J ·hm^-2a^-1, among which the tree layer produced 93.84% to 98.60%, understory vegetation layer produced only 0.53% to 2.46%, and the litter energy accounted for only 0.87% to 3.70%. Accordingly, the energy production of the dynamic characteristics can be divided into five stages: the energy production establishment, the energy production rapid rate increase, the largest energy productivity, the stable energy productivity, the decline energy productivity. Therefore, the Chinese fir forest energy production is mainly affected by the biological characteristics of Chinese fir at different growth stages of growth and development rhythm.

Data from the eddy covariance measurements in Qianyanzhou plantation forest in ChinaFLUX (2003-2008) and a process-based model (EALCO) were applied to estimate of gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET) and canopy stomatal conductance at the ecosystem level. In terms of water use efficiency (WUE), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE_i) and inherent water use efficiency (IWUE), the effects of seasonal drought on the coupling of carbon and water were investigated. The results showed that for the short-term response to drought, WUE decreased during drought. There were no obvious effects of drought on annual WUE. However, annual WUE was significantly correlated with solar radiation (r=-0.903,P=0.014). In response to the short-term drought, the WUE_i and IWUE increased, which suggested that the weighted average concentration of intercellular carbon dioxide through the canopy and within the tower footprint reduced in drought occurrence with a constant atmospheric CO₂ concentration. WUE_i increased sharply when REW(relative extractable soil water) dropped below 0.4, thus REW=0.4 might be taken as a threshold to identify WUE_i under drought stress. Compared to WUE, IWUE and WUE_i are more appropriate for describing the biochemical functions of vascular plants and should be applied more in the future research.

Optimum conditions for seed priming of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis) were determined by investigating the effects of different temperatures and water absorption rates on germination of sea buckthorn. Furthermore, the physiology effect of seed priming was investigated by evaluating the vigor, morphological indexes of seedlings under drought and salt stress conditions. Results showed that hydropriming condition was optimum at 10 ℃, providing water in batches to the seed in dark for seven days. The total volume of water used for hydropriming was 55% of the original mass of seeds. The 23%, 23%, 25%, 14% and 15% of the total water volume were added in 0, 3, 6, 12, 21 h of hydropriming, respectively. The hydropriming effects of sea buckthorn seeds were evaluated by measuring the content of soluble sugar, MDA and proline in seeds from 4 different provinces (Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia). Hydropriming seeds of sea buckthorn significantly improved seed germination rate and germination index. The hydropriming also reduced mean germination time and increased seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and enhanced critical germination conditions under drought and salt stress conditions as compared to control. Comprehensive analysis indicated that hydropriming could control seed imbibitions and prevent cell membrane structure from being destroyed, thereby preventing the leakage of soluble substances. This action significantly improved seed soluble sugar content and hence provided a guarantee for germination. It also decreased MDA content and enhanced the function of seed antioxidant system. The hydropriming significantly increased proline content, thereby enhancing seed resilience. Hydropriming technology is inexpensive and it may be an effective way of enhancing seed vigor and seedling resistance.

A 10-year-old Camellia oleifera ‘Xianglin 81’ clone, in the south hilly area of Changsha was subjected to five different soil water regimes of: no drought stress (T1), slight drought stress (T2), moderate drought stress (T3), severe drought stress (T4), and natural state (T5). The fruit growth of C. oleifera was regularly measured. The results showed that the fruit diameter, fruit height, and fruit volume were greatest in the group T2 and smallest in the group T4, and their terminal values were 35.7 mm,40.0 mm,26.6 cm³ in the group T2, and 29.6 mm,36.2 mm,16.6 cm³ in the group T4, respectively. All the fruit diameter, fruit height and fruit volume growth models, except fruit diameter and fruit high in group T1, were cubic polynomial with their R²s of over 0.944. However the fruit diameter and fruit high in T1 were quadratic polynomial with the fruit volume growth. Meanwhile the terminal value of fruit-shape-index was smallest in T2 of 1.12, and greatest in T1 of 1.29, indicating that T1 treatment benefited for the fruit diameter growth. The fruit growth of C. oleifera can be divided into four periods: the early growth stage (before July 14), fast growth I period (July 14 to August 13), fast growth II period (August 14 to September 7) and the later growth stage (after September 7). The key period for the fruit growth is middle July to early September, especially middle August to early September. The fruit growth in this period is sensitive to soil moisture. Experiments showed that soil moisture had a significant influence on the fruit growth, and maintaining a slight-water-shortage was the most effective way for the fruit growth. These results can provide the technical support for improving the water management and keeping high and stable yield of C. oleifera.

A total of 359 rDNA ITS sequences were used to study the genetic diversity, population genetic structure and the geographical distribution of haplotype patterns of Juglans regia wild and domesticated populations. The results showed that: based on ITS sequences, 18 haplotypes were found in 29 populations. Nueleotide diversity (π) at species level was 0.005 5,and haplotype diversity(H_d)was 0.274. The haplotype diversity was from 0 to 0.679 in different populations. The gene flow (N_m=48.62) was fairly strong between wild and domesticated populations. Haplotype of network showed that haplotype 7 and haplotype 14 were relatively original in this study. Also, haplotype 7 and haplotype 14 were shared among different populations in wild and domesticated populations. The results of Neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis showed that common walnut trees have not been expanded in recent history. The result of AMOVA depended on ITS showed that genetic variation of J. regia mainly occurred within wild populations, G_ST was 0.067. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree showed all haplotypes and populations were divided into two clusters.

The PwEXP1 gene was cloned based on the cDNA library of Picea wilsonii and the EST sequence of PwEXP1 using RACE-PCR method in this study. The full length of PwEXP 1 cDNA was 1 186 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 777 bp encoding 259 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the theoretical molecular weight of PwEXP1 was 27.68 kDa with isoelectric point (pI) of 8.07. The protein had a typical structure of the expansin protein: containing 8 conserved Cysteine residues at the N terminal, 4 Tryptophan at the C terminal and a HFD in the middle. With RT-qPCR and RT-PCR the temporal dynamics of expression were conducted. It was found that PwEXP1 gene was expressed in needle, root and stem. In the seed germination process, the expression level of PwEXP1 increased with the germination stage and peaked at 6-10 days. Under different abiotic stress (NaCl, ABA, PEG, low and high temperature), gene expression of PwEXP 1 was investigated by using RT-qPCR in roots and leaves. The expression level of PwEXP 1 was up-regulated in root under NaCl, low and high temperature treatments. Under PEG-induced osmotic stress, the expression of PwEXP1 in roots was down-regulated at the early stage, and then induced after 6 h, while the expression showed an up-down-up trend in leaves. With ABA treatment, the expression of PwEXP1 was slightly repressed in both roots and leaves. The results suggest that PwEXP1 plays important roles in both seed germination and responses to abiotic stresses.

In this study, 10 unigene sequences that share high homology with glutathione S-transferase(GST) protein involved in plant anthocyanin transfering were obtained from previously-constructed tree peony (Paeonia delavayi var. lutea) petal transcriptome database and named PlGST 1-10. Sequences of Open Reading Frame (ORF) in PlGST 1-10 were amplified with designed specific primers using RT-PCR and RACE techniques, and the amino acid sequences were compared and the phylogenetic tree was analy zed. Results showed that PlGST5 was considered to be an alternative gene which is related to anthocyanin transferring, contained a 675 bp ORF encoding 224 amino acid residues with 2 introns and 3 excons and belonged to phi type GST. The predicted protein sequence of PlGST5 also shared high similarity with other GSTs that are related to anthocyanin transferring, such as VvGST4 (Vitis vinifera), PhAn9 (Petunia hybrida), CkmGST3 (Cyclamen persicum), AtTT19 (Arabidopsis thaliana), ScGST3 (Senecio cruentus ) and DcGSTF2 (Dianthus caryophyllus). The expression patterns of PlGST 5 in different tissues and petals with different flower colors during flower development were investigated using qRT-PCR. The results indicated that PlGST5 had a higher expression level in the tissues containing more anthocyanin. The expression level was the highest when flowers fully opened in P. delavayi var. lutea and P. delavayi, while the expression reached the highest abundance at early developmental stage of P. suffruticosa ‘Zhao Fen' and P. suffruticosa ‘Yu Banbai’. In conclusion, we inferred that PlGST5 might associate with the transfer of anthocyanin in P. delavayi var. lutea and this would provide the basis for insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying tree peony yellow flower pigmentation.

The three-dimensional visual model of sympodial branching trees was simulated. Pointed out descriptive index of sympodial branching trees, taking Sophora japonica as an example, by making branch fall into primary and secondary branch, did some statistical analysis of morphological parameters like branch diameter, elevation angle and branch length. Then reached the conclusion that the mean value of primary branch diameter was greater than secondary branch diameter, while the elevation angle and branch length of primary branch was less than secondary branch.The distribution of elevation angle was ideally normal, and ranged from 20° to 40°, and branch length distributed in 20-40 cm. Based on IFS algorithm, presented a data structure that was suitable for expressing sympodial branching morphological characteristics, and specifically pointed out the real meaning of IFS parameters corresponding to sympodial branching structure, stated the method of constructing sympodial branching trees model, and built the three-dimensional visual model of sympodial branching trees in the end. The constructed tree model was in line with the sympodial branching morphological characteristics, and indicated that it could achieve expressing the basic morphological structure of sympodial branching trees.

In this article, a method combining Taylor series principle with sampling theory was developed for uncertainty assessment, including both model and sampling errors, and continuous observation data from the permanent sample plot of Jiangxi Province in China was used. Models of above ground tree biomass and different components (stem,bark,branch and foliage) biomass for Chinese fir were fitted with a commonly used allometric model form, and widely recognized root mean square error(RMSE)were applied as measure index for uncertainty assessment. The study revealed that the above ground tree biomass of Chinese fir amounts to 19.34 t ·hm^-2 with additional uncertainty of 0.92 t ·hm^-2, and different above ground biomass components(stem, bark, branch and foliage)were respectively 11.87, 1.95, 3.15, 2.62 t ·hm^-2 with model-dependent RMSE ratio estimators of mean above ground biomass of 3.67%, 3.43%, 7.27% and 6.33%. The sampling error makes a greater contribution to uncertainly in above ground biomass estimation than the modeling error, and uncertainties of branch and foliage biomass estimation were higher compared with those of stem and bark due to relative lower interpret ability from diameter at breast height to above ground biomass(AGB) of corresponding components. The proposed method was well suited for uncertainty assessments for above ground biomass and carbon stocks estimation in connection with sample based surveys such as NFI.

Catocala remissa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)is a defoliator of Populus euphratica. In this paper, adult reproductive behavior, such as eclosion, courtship, mating and oviposition, was investigated under natural conditions in the woods and the sexual tendency of C. remissa was verified by field trap trial. The results showed that the eclosion period of C. remissa lasted for about a month with a peak of eclosion at the mid-June. The daily emergence peak occurred from 21:00 to 23:00. The ratio of female to male was 1:1.02 and the male emerging before the female. The mating and calling behavior was observed at the scotophase. The females called in three days after emergence. The calling peak varied with age of female. In their whole life,both the male and female mated only once. The mating peak occurred at 4:30 and mating behavior was influenced by female age. The mating ability is strongest when females were 6 or 7 days old in which the mating time was shortest. The mated female oviposited sporadically and the oviposition period was 4.9 d. The oviposition behavior of all female moths occurred during the scotophase. The oviposition peak occurred 0:00-2:00 by which the egg quantities accounted for 69.6% of the total. The lifespan of unmated female and male was 19.78 days and 16.11 days on average, whereas that of the mated female and male was 15.44 days and 12.22 days on average. In the field experiment virgin female moths were used as lure to trap the males. The number of the males attracted by the 6 or 7 days old virgin females was the most, significantly more than that trapped by older females. The results showed that the male was attracted by the virgin female before mating within the species. In conclusion, the adult reproductive characters are the first link in controlling the population of C. remissa by interfering sexual communication. The result laid the foundation for sex pheromone-relevant researches.

Bacterium HY32 was identified as an antagonistic strain against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides previously. Both the fermentation medium formula and culture conditions for the antagonistic bacterium HY32 were optimized by using a single factor test and a response surface methodology (RSM) in this study. The test results indicated that the optimized carbon source was glucose, nitrogen source was yeast extract and peptone, and inorganic salt was NaCl. Based on the single facfor test, the optimized concentration of these four major media components was determined. The OD₆₀₀ (optical density at 600 nm) value of cultures after 48 h fermentation was measured to assess the fermentation rate. The analyzed data indicated that the optimal medium was as the following: glucose 19.80 g ·L^-1, yeast extract 12.16 g ·L^-1, peptone 4.22 g ·L^-1 and NaCl 13.13 g ·L^-1. With this optimal medium, we found that the actual OD₆₀₀ value of HY32 culture was able to reach a high level of 1.743 after 48 h fermentation. Single factor test results also showed that the initial pH value, culture temperature and rotation speed were key factors to influence the bacterial growth and inhibitory rate. The best culture conditions were determined as the following: culture temperature 30.52 ℃, pH 8.09 and rotation speed 184.67 r ·min^-1 respectively.

The hydrothermal effects of time and temperature on dynamic viscoelastic properties of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA Q800) in this study. The tests were applied to specimens at a series of constant temperature and humidity fields (25- 90 ℃, 0-93%) for 550 min. Changes in storage modulus and loss tangent with heating time were examined. The results indicated that the impacts of hydrothermal processes mainly resulted in the decreasing of glass transition temperature of hemicellulose and lignin. For absolutely dried wood, there was no softening occurred in this study. At the temperature range of 40 ℃ to 60 ℃, a relaxation phenomenon was observed for wood with 5.88% -13.36% MC, which could be attributed to the glass transition of hemicellulose. At the temperatures above 50 ℃, an increasing trend of loss factor with heating time due to the hydrothermal softening of lignin was observed for wood with 9.08% -19.39% MC. It is suggested that the hemicellulose and lignin softening occur at higher temperatures or higher moisture content with shorter heating times.

Water states and migration in juvenile Xinjiang poplar (Populus alba var. pyramidalis) drying was studied by time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR). Water in wood drying was investigated through free induction decay curve (FID) and transverse relaxation time(T2) of proton sensor in water molecules. The results showed that the difference was 1.84% between theoretical moisture content (71.90%) and actual one (73.74%) by using TD-NMR technique; the T2 distribution revealed the water states and migration in wood drying, also the bound water was slowly lost in the drying initial stage. The mass of different water states in juvenile wood during drying could be calculated according to peak areas of T2 distributing. Finally mathematical models for free water, bound water and the total water migration were developed in the drying process.

Variations in tree's heartwood and sapwood, mainly including circumferential and axial variations, affect physiological and mechanical functions of the trunk. We harvested all the trees within a 15 m × 20 m plot of a 48-year-old Larix gmelinii plantation with the aim of quantifying the spatial variation in stem heartwood and sapwood influenced by the differentiation of stand individuals, and exploring the relationship between the variation and other tree traits. We used a hierarchical clustering analysis to divide the differentiation into three classes, e.g. dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees. The results showed that differentiation class, direction, and disc height had a significant impact on the spatial variation in heartwood radius (HR) and sapwood width (SW; P < 0.001). The HR and SW and their absolute variations increased significantly from the suppressed to the intermediate and to the dominant. The maximum value of heartwood to sapwood ratio (HSR) occurred most frequently in the north direction (17.65%), while the minimum value occurred in south direction (17.68%), reflecting the difference in the microsite. The absolute variation in HR decreased with increasing relative height, while that in SW remained relatively constant up to the height of the first living branch after which it declined. The relative variations in HR and SW did not change axially. The absolute axial variations in HR or SW were the greatest for the dominant trees, followed by the intermediate, and the least for the suppressed, while the relative variations exhibited non-consistent patterns. The absolute variation in HR or SW was positively correlated with the diameter at breast height. The area of heartwood or sapwood was positively correlated with the projected area of crown or root, branch biomass, foliage biomass, or root biomass, among which is correlated most tightly with the branch or foliage biomass. We concluded that the heartwood and sapwood of the larch showed significant variations both circumferentially and axially, of which the absolute variation was significantly influenced by stand tree differentiation, but the relative variation was insensitive to the differentiation.

The status quo about household's production factors inputs and the efficiency were analyzed with a three-stage DEA Model based on the data collected from households in Fujian and Jiangxi Province covering the period of 2007-2011. It was found that household's forestland management was still at the stage of extensive operation. The operation still preferred a shorter cycle of economic forest. The inputs of labor and funds on economic forest were higher than on wood, wood with bamboo management type. But the comprehensive technical efficiency of the economic forest management was lower than wood, wood with bamboo management mode. The scale efficiency was low, which led to low technical efficiency. After getting rid of environment variables and random factors, the pure technical efficiency rose by 35.96%, scale efficiency lowed by 34.83%, thus the average technical efficiency decreased by 11.36%. Further, improvement of the forest right reform and supporting service measures, such as reducing the difficulty of application for harvesting index, and forest right certification, and relieving taxes, was able to significantly improve the efficiency of the production of commercial forest. The older age and higher education level of the householders, and the more rainfall improved the technical efficiency; on the contrary, the higher ratio of off-farm income to total income, the more number of forest land parcel and the farther distances of forestland from roads reduced the technical efficiency. These results suggest that the suitable measure and relevant service should be improved by related government departments in order to raise the commercial forest technical efficiency and to increase farmer's income in rich forest regions.

Mountains are usually ecologically fragile area, but play a very important role in ecological construction. In recent years, the contradiction between economic development and the ecological environment is increasingly prominent. Mountains serve as an important ecological barrier, and therefore, their ecological and economic coordination development problem has been widely concerned. In this study, Xiangxi autonomous prefecture of Hunan province was targeted, and the restriction and interaction of the forestry construction and economic development in the ecologically-vulnerable areas were investigated. The result showed that the contradiction between social and economic development and ecological environmental damage still existed in Xiangxi autonomous prefecture, which brought a certain pressure to the forestry construction. Meanwhile, the limitations of resources use in process of the forestry construction also formed the constraints and obstacles to farmer's livelihoods and forestry industry development.

To clarify factors influencing differences in calcium content of the big fruit type and small fruit type wild Cerasus humilis, the vessel elements structure characteristics of their roots and stems were studied by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Moreover, the calcium content of two type's fruits at different fruit development stage (young stage, maturity stage, hardening stage) was determined. The results indicated that the secondary xylem vessel elements of two types C.humilis were both pitted vessel, simple perforation, with two or one or no tails in both end walls. Compared with big fruit type, the distribution frequency of vessel elements with two tails in both end walls in small fruit type was lower, the vessel elements without tails in both end walls was more, and the vessel was wider than big fruit type. The fruit calcium content and water percentage of small fruit type were higher. The vessel element structure characteristics may have some relation with the calcium content in the two types fruits.

Soil microbial biomass and soil nutrients at different vegetation restoration stages of sloping-land with purple soils in Hengyang were studied with method of space series instead of time series. Five typical sample plots with re-vegetation chronosequence grassplot (GTX)(6 a), meadow thichet (MT)(13 a), frutex(FX)(20 a), arbor and frutex(AF)(30 a), and arbor(AR)(50 a) were selected, and sloping farmland(CK) and top-level vegetation(TV)were chosen as the reference. The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and nutrients. The correlation between soil microbial properties and soil nutrients were also examined. The results showed that: 1) Soil physico-chemical properties were obviously improved in the process of re-vegetation, and two peak values appeared at the year of 20 and 50. At 50 a, the content of SOC(Soil organic carbon), TN(Total nitrogen), C/N(C/N ratio), AN(Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen), TP(Total phosphorus) and AP(Available phosphorus) increased by 299%, 181%, 42%, 278%, 7% and 108% compared with CK, respectively, and the content of SOC, TN, AN and AP was 54%, 55%, 72% and 94% of the TV, respectively, BD(Bulk density) decreased by 14% compared with CK, and 132% of the TV; 2) Soil microbial biomass varied with increasing years of re-vegetation, and two peak values appeared at 20 a and 50 a. The MBC(Microbial biomass carbon), MBN(Microbial biomass nitrogen) and MBP(Microbial biomass phosphorus) increased by 220%, 216% and 92% compared with CK, respectively, but they were only 51.41%, 55.55% and 65.78% of climax stage, respectively. MBC/SOC, MBN/TN and MBP/TP varied in the range of 3.71%~4.81%, 5.49%~6.67% and 1.29%~2.20% respectively. MBC/MBN increased significantly within 13 years, and kept stability between 13 a and 50 a. The RI(Respiration intensity) first increased and then decreased with the increasing years of re-vegetation, and was not synchronized with the change of SOC and MBC. The qCO₂ (Metabolic quotient) increased significantly within 20 years, then decreased rapidly, and reached the minimum at the year of 50 which was close to top-level vegetation; 3)Correlation analysis showed that there were significant(P < 0.05) or highly significant(P < 0.01) correlations between MBC, MBN, MBP, qCO₂ and soil nutrients, restoration duration. The results indicate that it is possible to improve the eco-environment and soil properties naturally on sloping-land with purple soils in Hengyang of Hunan Province, South-central China, but more than 100 years would be required to reach the level of TV stage. Hence, it is necessary to improve ecology management to interfere and accelerate the pace of ecology re-vegetation for a sustainable and healthy ecosystem in this area.

To understand the key factors affecting fruit drop and to investigate the relationships between Curculio chinensis and fruit traits of Camellia meiocarpa, freshly fallen fruits were collected randomly with the parallel sampling method,and the weight, height and diameter of the fallen fruits were measured, and then the correlation analysis between C. chinensis damage and fruit traits of C. meiocarpa was conducted. The result showed that: Glomerella cingulata and C. chinensis were the main factors affecting fruit drop. The infestation of pests would obviously affect the development of the fruits. C. chinensis infestation rate was negatively correlated with fruit size, and the damage rate presented a parabola change with the fruit shape index increasing from 0.66~1.29, and had a maximum value of 27.10% when the fruit shape index reached 1.04±0.03. However there was no relationship between C. chinensis infestation rate and pericarp thickness of C. meiocarpa.

A field survey showed that adults of Massicus raddei fed on sap of Quercus mongolica trunk through bitten wounds. The soluble sugar and acid contents of Q. mongolica exudates were determined with the HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method, and the volatile substances of the sap were determined by GC-MS (gas-chromatograph-mass spectrometer). The results indicated that soluble sugar in the sap included sucrose, glucose and fructose, among which the glucose had the highest content of 55.2 mg ·g^-1. Acetic acid was the major acidic substance in the exudate without malic acid and citric acid, and its content was 9.8 mg ·g^-1. Eleven volatile compounds, including acid, ester, benzene, alcohol, aldehyde, ether and alkane, were detected from Q. mongolica exudates. The 2-amino-6-methylbenzoic acid (34.31%), acetic acid (12.11%), formic acid (6.81%), diethyl phthalate (5.34%), 2,3-butanediol (3.22%), and 1,2-dichloro-benzene (2.05%) were the main components of the exudate volatiles.

In this paper, by molding the wood fiber and adhesive curing prepared wood rubber, and by doping iron colloid way in the performance of the modified rubber, rubber wood prepared doping. Using split Hopkinson pressure bar on the preparation of undoped and doped rubber wood dynamic compression test, then the samples were observed on the macro impact, results showed that the surface mixed hardwood rubber had higher dynamic mechanical strength and impact resistance deformation ability. Using scanning electron microscopy microscopic damage morphology after impact specimens were observed, and through the analysis of the results, found that adiabatic temperature rise on the strength of rubber wood doping less than undoped rubber wood which come from impact process. When the strain rate of 1 800 s^-1,doping wood damage in the form of softening rubber wood fiber tear and tensile failure of colloids, mixed hardwood rubber specimen occurred only 45° splitting failure; Without doping destruction in the form of rubber wood softened colloids even melted, and thus eventually be crushed rubber wood, wood fiber spreading, the sample overall failure.

The new variety of Paulownia fortunei, ‘Tetraploid Paulownia fortunei 1’ was obtained through colchicines induction combined with tissue culture and clonal selection with Paulownia fortunei as the parent plant. The characteristics of this new variety are superior to its progenitor in growth, physical and chemical properties of wood, natural stem-join, and stress resistance. Its seedlings can be propagated by means of tissue culture and buried-root, and ‘Tetraploid Paulownia fortunei 1’ would be popularized in the natural distribution and cultivated areas of P. fortunei.

‘Huahaoyueyuan’ is a new variety of Michelia. It has dense branches and compact crown. The leaves are thick, leathery and suborbicular. The flower gives light fragrance. The tepal is pervaded with purple color, and the color is especially strong in the outer surface base and internal surface. These characteristics of this cultivar are uniform and stable through multiple years' propagation test. ‘Huahaoyueyuan’ is suitable for the garden.

‘Ningqi 8’ is a new Lycium barbarum cultivar from the superior tree natural selection with large fruits and less flowers. The phenophase of the variety was 3-5 days earlier compared to ‘Ningqi 1’. The tree has little flower buds on perennial branches, whereas a large numbers of flowers clustered in the current year shoot. It is not suitable for pure-line cultivation due to the poor self-compatibility. The variety has stable performance and wide adaptability during several years and multi-point test. Thus, it is suitable for producing of high quality wolfberry fruits.