This paper mainly discussed the substance, implications and sustainable development routes of modern forestry and grassland sector. First of all, it looked at the forestry and grassland sector as the undertakings of natural resource management in the light of idea formation and development process of sustainable development and ecological civilization, it is one of the supporting sectors for the ecological civilization construction. Secondly, it is made clear that forestry and grassland sector is the main pillar for the part of ecological conservation, remediation and construction in the scope of ecological civilization construction, it is also an industry sector with the material production functions. After the separate and deliberate analyses in the three ecosystem categories (natural ecosystem, artificial ecosystem and higher degree regional ecosystem) and in huge effectiveness produced by the four ecosystem service functions (provisional, regulatory, cultural and supportive) of forest and grassland sector, it is indicated that the dual identity of forest and grassland sector is specific to it and its superiority. Three big endeavors should be done for the accomplishment of success both in the ecological construction and industrial sector of forest and grassland, they are: ecological protection, scientific greening and sustainable management of forest and grassland. Based on the analysis of implications and principle guidelines of these routes, some basic conclusions have been made: simultaneously protect, enlarge and raise up the green space, run the tricycle of ecological protection, scientific greening and sustainable management of forest and grassland vigorously, it will make the forest and grassland sector a strong pillar for the modern ecological civilization construction, and the forestry and grassland sector will be raised up to a prosperous industrial sector for a rich and powerful nation.

Under the guidance of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, ecological civilization construction has entered a new stage. This shift places new responsibilities and demands on forestry development. Traditional forestry, rooted in the commodity economy and focused on supplying materials for human use, is no longer sufficient. It cannot meet the growing public demand for diverse, high-quality ecological products. Nor can it adequately address global ecological crises or the need for livable environments and high-quality habitats. In this new era of human development, building a forestry-based ecological economy system is both historically necessary and socially urgent. China is currently at a critical stage in this process. The conceptual framework is emerging, but scientific definitions, theoretical foundations, and applicable models remain underdeveloped. This paper, based on the historical trajectory and practical needs of China’s forestry sector, proposes new perspectives and scientific concepts for constructing a forestry ecological economy system. The goal is to provide theoretical support for the high-quality development of forestry in the new era. The study first outlines fundamental theories and scientific principles. It then identifies key strategic tasks and highlights three scientific and technological capabilities that must be strengthened: 1) conducting systematic research on the scientific basis of multifunctional linkages within forest ecosystems; 2) developing a technical system for multi-objective, coordinated stewardship of forest ecosystems; 3) establishing an intelligent, full life-cycle management mechanism for ecological assets. This research aims to offer both theoretical foundations and practical guidance. It envisions forest regions as integrated ecological-economic spaces. The system prioritizes the sustained accumulation and long-term appreciation of ecological assets, while also supporting material production, resource provision, ecological conservation, and socio-economic development.

In the history of desertification control in China, the sandy land Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) has made significant contributions, earning the title of “Meritorious Tree Species” during the implementation of the Three North Protective Forest Program. However, there is a lack of systematic review on the historical process of the successful application of Mongolian pine in sand fixation afforestation, as well as the phenomenon of decline in Mongolian pine forests in sandy areas. In celebration of the 70^th anniversary of Scientia Silvae Sinicae, this paper aims to synthesize the research and practice accumulated by several generations of scientists from the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (previously known as the Institute of Forestry and Soil, CAS). Through the comprehensive review from the starting with the initial introduction of Mongolian pine seedlings to the Dayijianfang site in the Zhanggutai region at the southern edge of the Horqin Sandy Land in 1955 for sand fixation afforestation, followed by large-scale promotion, and the subsequent decline of the plantations, and the recent decline of natural forests, this paper elucidates the silvicultural history of Mongolian pine sand fixation forests, their decline, and corresponding management strategies over 70 years (1955–2025). On this basis, prospects for further research on sandy land Mongolian pine forests are outlined, aiming to provide scientific references for the sustainable management of sandy land Mongolian pine forests.

In 2024, driven by China’s “dual carbon” strategy and the demand for improving forest quality, the forest genetic breeding research in China has made a series of landmark progress, promoting the accelerated transition of the breeding system toward precision and intelligence. In terms of genomics, chromosome-level haplotype-resolved or telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome assemblies have been completed for 11 representative tree species, including Populus spp., Platanus acerifolia, and Hevea brasiliensis, along with the construction of a super-pangenome spanning major taxonomic groups. These advances have facilitated comparative, population, and pangenomic analyses, revealing species-level geographic divergence mechanisms and chromosomal evolutionary trajectories, and enabling the integration of germplasm resources with key genes underlying important traits. Through multi-omics integration, a molecular network has been constructed to regulate processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, hormone signaling, and environmental adaptation, focusing on key traits such as wood formation, stress adaptation, and biomass accumulation. Advances in genome editing technology have enabled precise gene modification without exogenous genetic material, establishing versatile editing platforms suitable for diverse tree species and accelerating the functional validation of genes and elite allele development. Genomic selection, combined with prior information from genome-wide association study (GWAS), has significantly improved the predictive accuracy for complex traits, enhancing selection efficiency and accelerating genetic gain. In breeding innovation, polyploid breeding combining distant hybridization with chromosome doubling has overcome reproductive barriers. Polyploid strategies, including 2n gamete induction and somatic chromosome doubling, have broadened the genetic base for developing fast-growing and stress-resilient germplasm. A total of 23 breakthrough cultivars were officially approved in 2024, covering major types such as fast-growing, economic, and timber tree species, with potential deployment across more than 50% of China’s afforestation zones. China is progressively building a breeding framework integrating omics resource accumulation, functional gene discovery, gene functional dissection, accurate genomic prediction, molecular design breeding, elite germplasm creation. Meanwhile, the development of integrated data platforms of multi-species, multi-omics, and multi-scale is strengthening the foundation for complex trait dissection and precision breeding. These efforts are reinforcing national capacity to enhance forest carbon sinks, improve forestland productivity, and safeguard ecological security.

Wetlands, as a critical component of terrestrial ecosystems, play an indispensable role in maintaining global carbon balance and mitigating climate change. However, with the intensification of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, wetland ecosystems are increasingly subject to degradation. In particular, vegetation loss leads to a substantial reduction in plant-derived carbon inputs, the carbon cycling pathways dominated by plant–heterotrophic microorganisms are disrupted, and the soil carbon sink capacity is significantly weakened. This review focuses on microbial metabolic responses and regulatory strategies under conditions of wetland degradation. We synthesize the ecological functions and carbon sequestration mechanisms of heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms, and highlight the metabolic plasticity—the capacity of microbes to flexibly adjust carbon utilization strategies and switch metabolic pathways which is a key adaptive strategy for sustaining carbon fixation under resource-limited conditions. We further explore the potential role of microbial metabolic plasticity in the early stages of wetland ecological restoration, particularly in facilitating the rapid accumulation of soil organic matter, re-establishing food web structures, and supporting ecosystem functional recovery. This work aims to advance our understanding of microbial regulation of soil carbon cycling in degraded wetlands and to provide a scientific basis for the restoration and functional reconstruction of these ecosystems.

This paper follows the logical main line of “strategic essence?technological breakthrough?key measures”, and takes the questions“why should non-timber forest-based economics pursue high-quality development? what actions are necessary? how should this development be implemented?”as its analytical framework. Following this approach, this paper analyzes the characteristics of high quality development of non-timber forest-based economics and interprets its relationship with national strategic priorities, such as deepening the reform of the collective forest tenure system, the transformation and upgrading of state-owned forest areas, building a diversified food supply system, the construction of the forest“four repositories”, and the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas. Based on the strategic value and essential requirements of high-quality development of non-timber forest-based economics, it is clearly stated that in the future, efforts should be made in key areas such as conservation of under-forest biological germplasm resources and development of new germplasm, ecological and efficient cultivation and management of under-forest resources, and deep processing and comprehensive utilization of under-forest products. Break through key directions such as conservation and propagation techniques for edible under-forest fungi, preservation technologies for endangered and rare forest-origin medicinal plants, exploration and utilization of key germplasm resources, simulated wild cultivation and nurturing techniques for forest-grown fungi, multi-functional and ecological planting techniques for forest-origin medicinal plants, full life-cycle“Forest+”integrated management technologies, green separation techniques for active components, deep processing technologies for health and wellness products. Based on the practical demands for the high-quality development of non-timber forest-based economics and technological breakthroughs, key measures to promote the high-quality development of non-timber forest-based economics are proposed: cultivate new quality and productivity of non-timber forest-based economics through technological innovation, gather new elements for the development of non-timber forest-based economics through institutional incentives, stimulate new impetus for the development of non-timber forest-based economics through industrial integration, promote new synergy for the development of non-timber forest-based economics through departmental coordination, and drive the quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of the development of non-timber forest-based economics through demonstration models.

Since its implementation in 1978, the Three-North Shelterbelt Project (TNSP, also known as the Great Green Wall Project, GGWP) has become a globally acclaimed paradigm of ecological construction, achieving remarkable success in increasing forest coverage, combating aeolian hazards and soil and water erosion, enhancing carbon sinks, and improving the regional ecological environment. Innovation in forestry and grassland science and technology (S&T) has been one of the consisting driving forces behind the success of the GGWP, ensuring the scientific basis of its planning, construction, and management, significantly improving the efficiency of ecological restoration and governance, and substantially enhancing its international influence, with its technological models receiving widespread recognition. This paper systematically reviews the achievements of forestry and grassland S&T and related interdisciplinary fields and their crucial supporting roles in the implementation of the GGWP, specifically covering five aspects: strategic planning, fundamental surveys, mechanistic research, technological innovation, and monitoring and assessment. It highlights fundamental mechanistic studies on ecological degradation mechanisms and restoration strategies, eco-hydrological processes and effects of shelterbelts, and identification of dust source areas and transport mechanisms, as well as key technological models for vegetation restoration on difficult sites, quality and efficiency improvement of shelterbelts, and the integration of ecological governance with industrial development. Furthermore, the paper points out the strategic priorities and main directions for future innovation in forestry and grassland S&T, emphasizing that special attention should be paid to key areas such as precise climate change response and adaptation strategies centered on sustainable water resource utilization, vegetation restoration and quality-efficiency enhancement of degraded ecosystems, deep integration and intelligent application of smart forestry and grassland technologies, mechanisms for realizing the value of ecological products and innovation in eco-industrial technologies, and cross-regional collaborative governance and integrated management. This paper aims to provide scientific support and reference for winning the critical battle of the GGWP and for promoting forestry and grassland S&T innovation by deeply analyzing S&T history, summarizing practical experiences, and prospecting future innovation directions, and to contribute Chinese experience and wisdom for the international community in addressing similar ecological challenges.

Plant stress resistance is crucial for ensuring agricultural and forestry production. However, conventional approaches for enhancing stress resistance have limitations such as long breeding cycles and low efficiency. The development of novel technologies is imperative to achieve more efficient and precise improvements in plant stress resistance, thereby advancing sustainable agriculture and forestry. Recent integration of nanotechnology into agricultural and forestry practices has revealed increasingly evident stress-alleviating and growth-promoting effects of nanomaterials (NMs) on plants, providing new strategies to combat climate change challenges. Based on current research regarding NMs and plant stress resistance, this review systematically summarizes the progress in NM-mediated stress resistance enhancement, application potential, and associated challenges in forestry through three key dimensions: 1) NM-driven augmentation of plant resistance to abiotic stresses (salinity, drought, and heavy metal toxicity) and biotic stresses (pests and diseases); 2) underlying mechanisms of NM-mediated stress resistance; 3) exploration and practical implementation of NMs in enhancing forest resistance. Collectively, NMs demonstrate substantial potential in promoting plant growth and alleviating both biotic and abiotic stresses due to their unique morphological structures and high reactivity. Nanotechnology has achieved preliminary success in the improvement of crop varieties and cultivation practices, particularly in increasing crop yields under abiotic stress conditions. However, given the long management cycle of forestry, the potential of NMs in improving forest stress resistance, promoting productivity, and facilitating ecosystem restoration warrants further exploration. Current research still confronts significant challenges such as the dose-dependent effects of NMs, potential ecological risks, and low field application efficiency. Future investigations should prioritize: green synthesis technology development, multi-omics mechanism elucidation, smart responsive material design, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Concurrently, standardized risk assessment systems should be established to facilitate the transition of nanotechnology from laboratory research to scalable applications, providing strong scientific and technological support for the sustainable development of forestry.

In view of the challenges and urgent problems faced in the health management of old trees, a profound understanding and mastery of the characteristics of old trees are of great significance for improving the level of health management of old trees and scientifically responding to climate change. Based on literature and the author’s research, this paper explains the principles and methods of health management for old trees, reviews the new progress in the research of old trees at home and abroad, and proposes strategies and methods for responding to climate change. The characteristics of old trees mainly include tree species lifespan, tree body size, functional traits, and germplasm. The lifespan of old trees is controlled by tree species and the environment. For trees, lifespan and growth rate of a tree are a contradictory unity of opposites. That is to say, if the growth rate of a tree is very fast, then its lifespan must be very short. Large old trees are more sensitive to environmental changes than small old trees, and functional traits are greatly affected by the environment. An in-depth understanding of the characteristics of old trees and a grasp of the impact of climate change on them are the prerequisites for the correct implementation of old tree health management. Only by making full use of the characteristics of old trees can precise maintenance and rejuvenation of old trees be achieved, and the lifespan of old trees be effectively prolonged. The life history of old trees. Human disturbances, extreme weather and rhizosphere microorganisms and other factors have significant impacts on the health and survival of old trees. With the improvement of the health management level of old trees, the degree of influence of human disturbances on the health and survival of old trees has gradually decreased. The threats to the health of old trees mainly come from environmental stress and the harm of harmful organisms. Especially sudden extreme weather can cause great damage to old trees. The health management of old trees should attach great importance to the control of adverse conditions, fully utilize the ecological elasticity of trees to continuously improve the adaptability of ancient trees to adverse conditions (soil drought and poor fertility), and avoid excessive intervention in the growth environment of ancient trees, such as irrigation, fertilization and other soil management. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent excessive maintenance or long-term exposure of the habitat to adverse conditions, which could cause irreversible damage to the ancient trees. The seasonal rhythm changes brought about by the acceleration of climate change and the frequent disastrous weather such as high temperatures and droughts have led to the widespread growth decline and death of old trees, especially those over a thousand years old, posing great challenges and urgent problems to the health management of old trees, such as the adaptability of old trees (especially large old trees) to climate change and the early warning and emergency response to extreme weather hazards such as hail, strong wind, freezing rain, the healthy management of ancient tree populations, etc. Exploring the functional traits of old trees in response to adverse conditions and their heterogeneity, as well as the key role of the plant microbiome in the response of old trees to adverse stress, and deeply understanding and grasping the characteristics of old trees and their adaptability to climate change have become the keys to accurately judging and solving the hidden dangers affecting the health and safety of old trees.

Green waste refers to branches, fallen leaves, grass clippings and other plant residues produced during urban greening management and maintenance processes, serving as organic-rich residues in urban ecological cycles, and its resource utilization is of great significance for promoting green and sustainable development. At present, the annual production of green waste in China reaches 70 million to 100 million tons, but the resource utilization rate remains below 10%, and traditional treatment methods face severe challenges, which seriously constrain the construction of modern cities, making the exploration of efficient resource utilization methods imperative. Composting technology is the core means to stabilize green waste and promote the return of organic matter to the soil. Under the synergistic action of microorganisms, the compost raw materials undergo the heating period, the thermophilic period and the cooling period in turn, completing the complex degradation and transformation process, and finally forming a high-quality product rich in humus. By adjusting the composting process and adding exogenous additives, we can not only improve the composting efficiency but also reduce greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. Compost products have wide applications: they can serve as high-quality organic fertilizer to improve soil structure and enhance soil fertility; they can also be used as a cultivation medium to provide a good environment for plant growth; in the field of soil remediation, compost products can perform unique functions, including effectively passivating heavy metals, degrading organic pollutants, and helping the restoration and reconstruction of soil ecosystems. Ecological mulching technology can process green waste into two types of ground covering materials: bulk mulch and formed mulch. These mulch materials can not only improve soil properties, inhibit weed growth and dust, but also reduce the exposed area of the soil and beautify the urban landscape. In particular, the formed mulch, with its good water permeability, demonstrates great application potential in the construction of sponge cities, providing a new solution for urban rainwater management. As an emerging biomass energy utilization method, pyrolysis technology can convert green waste into three types of high value-added products: low-molecular liquid bio-oil, gaseous combustible gas and solid biochar. After further processing, these products can also be derived into a variety of new products with wide application prospects, representing the key technologies to promote the energy and materialization of green waste, and having high exploration value and development potential. At the same time, the resource utilization of green waste faces many challenges, such as the difficulty of degradation of high lignocellulosic plant residues, the serious carbon emissions in the composting process, and the high cost of bio-oil refining. Therefore, to comprehensively promote the resource utilization of green waste, it is necessary to deeply explore cutting-edge issues such as the development of high-efficiency microbial agents, low-carbon composting technology, covering technological innovation and high-value utilization of bio-oil, in order to seek to break through the bottleneck of key technologies. This paper systematically reviews the resource utilization system of green waste, analyzes its yield change trend, composting technology system and product application, ecological coverage technology and ecological benefits, pyrolysis technology and product advantages, elaborates the technical principles and application effects, and looks forward to the future challenges and frontier issues, aiming to provide systematic technical reference and practical guidance for the resource utilization of green waste.

Objective: As an important engine for developing new quality productivity, large models play a crucial role in supporting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and basic scientific research. The forestry and grassland industry is characterized by vast geographical coverage, complex types, and high work difficulty. However, current professional models in this industry suffer from insufficient generality, adaptability, complex problem-solving capabilities, and collaborative decision-making abilities, making them unable to meet the industry's demands and restricting the high-quality development of the forestry and grassland industry. Therefore, it is imperative for the forest and grassland industry to deeply integrate artificial intelligence (AI) technologies represented by industry large models with forestry and grassland business operations to achieve innovative empowerment. This study aims to explore effective paths for constructing large models in the forestry and grassland industry, break through development bottlenecks, comprehensively enhance the informatization management level of the forestry and grassland industry, and promote the intelligent upgrade of the forestry and grassland industry. Method: This paper elaborates on the current development status of large models, proposes the construction ideas of large models in the forestry and grassland industry, and constructs a framework for large models in the forestry and grassland industry covering infrastructure layer, data resource layer, model construction layer, and application service layer. Based on the characteristics of application scenarios in the forestry and grassland industry, it designs a technical system for large models in the forestry and grassland industry, including four types of large models: forestry and grassland large language models, forestry and grassland visual large models, forestry and grassland spatiotemporal large models, and forestry and grassland multimodal large models. Focusing on the development needs and trends of smart forestry and grassland and the application prospects of forestry and grassland intelligent agents, it deeply explores the application of large models in the forestry and grassland industry in eight typical scenarios, including forestry and grassland resource monitoring, forestry and grassland breeding and cultivation, forestry and grassland operation and management, forestry and grassland ecosystem management, forestry and grassland resource protection, forestry and grassland resource utilization, forestry and grassland ecological engineering, and forestry and grassland industry management. It also proposes innovative and integrated development ideas for large models in the forestry and grassland industry with cutting-edge technologies such as forestry and grassland real-scene 3D reconstruction, forestry and grassland digital twins, forestry and grassland embodied intelligence and forestry and grassland metaverse. Result: By constructing a forestry and grassland AI intelligent agent that integrates large models and professional models, the collaborative decision-making efficiency of large and small models in different business scenarios is strengthened, and the collaborative analysis and processing level of complex problems in the forestry and grassland industry is improved, providing professional, intelligent, and precise solutions covering the entire business chain for smart forestry and grassland. Conclusion: Large models in the forestry and grassland industry are the core driving force for the construction of smart forestry and grassland and the intelligent engine for the development of forestry and grassland informatization. They can not only transform the research paradigm of forestry and grassland science but also reshape the industry management system. Moreover, they can inject core power into the development of new quality productivity in the forestry and grassland industry, provide strong support for scientific research, application, and industrial development in vertical fields of the entire smart forestry and grassland industry, and comprehensively promote the intelligent transformation of the forestry and grassland industry and the innovative application of AI industries, empowering the high-quality development of the forestry and grassland industry.

Objective: This study aims to comprehensively investigate the distribution characteristics of vegetation resilience across different types of vegetation in the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program (TNSFP) region from 2001 to 2021, and its key driving factors, providing scientific foundations for enhancing the sustainability of vegetation ecological services in the TNSFP region under the context of climate change. Method: The lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient (AC1) of the kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (kNDVI) over a 21-year period (2001–2021) was used to assess vegetation resilience, and analyze the distribution characteristics of vegetation resilience in the TNSFP region. Additionally, interpretable machine learning algorithms were employed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of biological and environmental factors on vegetation resilience. Result: This study revealed that foress had the highest resilience, followed by shrublands, with grasslands exhibiting the lowest resilience in the TNSFP region. Spatially, the vegetation in Inner Mongolia Plateau region had the lowest resilience, whereas that in northwest regions exhibited relatively higher resilience. Although the impact of various driving factors on resilience differed among vegetation types, environmental factors such as mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) significantly outweighed biological factors overall. Additionally, vegetation resilience was significantly affected by the interaction between fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) and MAP. In arid regions, particular attention should be paid to the limitations imposed by water resource carrying capacity, and forest FVC should be managed carefully to avoid resilience reduction caused by competition for water resources. In contrast, grassland FVC showed a positive correlation with increased resilience, and increasing FVC helps enhance grassland resilience. In semi-arid and semi-humid regions, forest FVC exhibited a positive correlation with increased resilience, where higher FVC contributed to enhancing forest resilience. Vegetation planting and management should be adjusted based on local water resource availability. Conclusion: The variations in vegetation resilience in the TNSFP region are predominantly driven by environmental factors. Differentiated management strategies should be implemented for different vegetation types, considering regional ecological water availability, to enhance ecological resilience. In the context of global climate change, this study not only deepens the understanding of vegetation resilience in the TNSFP region but also offers a critical scientific foundation and theoretical framework for future afforestation planning and vegetation management practices.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the response of main growth parameters (mean tree height, mean DBH, and stand volume) of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on the Loess Plateau of China to forest age, stand density and site index (SI) , and to establish multi-factor coupling growth models for providing scientific basis of sustainable management of R. pseudoacacia plantations in this study region. Method: Based on the data of sample plots collected from the field surveys in 2021—2022 and literature, the response relations and corresponding function types of mean tree height and mean DBH to the single-factors of forest age, stand density and site index were determined using the upper envelope line method. Then, a framework of multi-factor coupling growth models was established by a continuous multiplication of these function types, and the multi-factor coupling growth models of mean tree height and DBH were calibrated and verified using 3/4 and 1/4 of sample plots data. Thereafter, the growth model of stand volume was re-calibrated based on the model calculated data of mean tree height and DBH, and used to the scenario analysis of stand density management. Result: 1) Both the mean tree height and DBH increase first rapidly and then slowly with rising forest age; With rising stand density, the mean tree height decreases first slowly and then rapidly, while the DBH decreases first rapidly and then slowly; With rising SI, both the mean tree height and DBH increase near linearly. 2) The established growth models of mean tree height, DBH, and stand volume by coupling the effects of multiple factors (SI, forest age, and stand density) have high fitness (R² = 0.73, 0.67, 0.71). 3). The mean tree height, DBH and stand volume under different SI, stand density, and forest age were simulated and analyzed, and then management strategies of R. pseudoacacia plantations with different site conditions were proposed. At poor sites (SI < 7.5 m) and medium sites (SI = 7.5?12.5 m), only small sized timber (DBH < 13 cm) can be produced with lower stand volume. Therefore, it is recommended that the dominant function of forests at poor sites should be soil conservation, hydrological regulation, or other ecological services, but a low priority should be given to the function of timber production; while the recommended dominant function of forests at medium sites should be still soil conservation or hydrological regulation, but giving consideration to the timber production functions. At fertile sites (SI ≥ 12.5 m), small sized timber can be produced before the forest age of 40 years, while medium sized timber (DBH = 13?21 cm) can be produced at the forest age of 50 years with higher stand volume. Therefore, the recommended dominant function of forests at fertile sites is timber production, while considering the functions of soil conservation, hydrological regulation, and other ecological services. Conclusion: The growth of R. pseudoacacia plantations on the Loess Plateau is influenced by both site quality and stand structure. The established growth models coupling multi-factors (SI, stand density, and forest age) can accurately predict and explain the growth response of R. pseudoacacia plantations to density regulation under different site conditions, and formulate different management strategies accordingly, to guide the sustainable management of R. pseudoacacia plantations.

Objective: The aim of this paper was to construct a comprehensive analysis framework based on multi-source remotely sensed data, land use change simulation, and ecological assessment models to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and future development trends of land habitat quality in the potential area of the proposed Songnen Plain Crane Homeland National Park, providing scientific support for spatial optimization and ecological management of the national park. Method: To explore the impact of land use change on habitat quality, this study was conducted based on land use change data from 1990 to 2020 in the potential area of the proposed Songnen Plain Crane Homeland National Park. Four future scenarios were set: natural development, urban development, cropland protection, and ecological protection. The PLUS model was used to simulate the land use pattern in 2035, and the InVEST model was applied to assess habitat quality. Furthermore, the evolution trends and main driving factors of habitat quality under historical periods and future scenarios were analyzed. Result: The research results show that core ecological habitat and suitable ecological habitat are mainly distributed in forest, grassland, and wetland, while the habitat quality of cropland and construction land is relatively low. From 1990 to 2020, the land use structure in the study area underwent significant changes, with continuous expansion of cropland and construction land, whose area proportions increased by 4.37% and 8.31% respectively. Meanwhile, the areas of forest, grassland, and wetland decreased, with area proportions reduced by 1.67%, 2.13%, and 0.62%, respectively. The habitat quality index declined by 0.03, the area of high-quality habitat decreased by 3.61%, and habitat fragmentation intensified. The future scenario simulation results from 2020 to 2035 indicate significant differences in the impact of different land use policies on habitat quality: under the natural development scenario, habitat quality shows a trend of polarization, with core ecological habitat and damaged ecological area increasing by 0.03% and 0.97% respectively, while the areas of other habitats decrease by 0.05%~0.14%; the urban development scenario leads to intensified ecological degradation, with damaged ecological area increasing by 0.04% and unsuitable habitat increasing by 1.29%; the cropland protection scenario can maintain the stability of core ecological habitat to a certain extent, but its effect on improving overall habitat quality is limited; the ecological protection scenario is help to improve the habitat quality, with the areas of core ecological habitat and suitable ecological habitat increasing by 0.03% and 0.97% respectively. The response of habitat quality to different land use types presented nonlinear characteristics: forest, grassland, and wetlands significantly enhance habitat quality, while cropland, water area, construction land, and bare land have negative effects on habitat quality. Conclusion: From 1990 to 2020, the land use change lead to the degradation of ecological lands and the decline of habitat quality in the potential area of the proposed Songnen Plain Crane Homeland National Park. From 2020 to 2035, compared with the scenarios of natural development, urban development and cropland protection, the ecological protection scenario exhibits the most positive trend of ecological restoration, effectively improving habitat quality and reducing damaged ecological area. This study highlights the profound impact of land use structure adjustments on ecosystem functions, which is of great guiding significance for the ecological background investigation, boundary scope and functional area demarcation of the proposed national park.

Objective: This study investigates how the composition of woody species and the physical structure of urban forest stands in central Beijing influence the visual quality of urban forest landscapes, aiming to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which stand structure shapes forest visual quality. Method: 145 plots with area of 30 m×30 m were selected according to 2 km×2 km geographic grid which are included into 8 of the fan-shaped transects. Indices of stand physical structure and stand species composition were constructed by principal component analysis using data from stand structural indicators, and integrate index of visually morphological traits (II_VT) was constructed by entropy weight method using visually morphological trait indicators (VMT) data. Analyze the impact of stand structure indicators and structural indices on visual morphological trait indicators、visual morphological trait index. Result: Crown round degree (C_RD) was increased with DBH composition diversity and tree height composition diversity while it was decreased with degree of space occupation (D_SO). Moreover crown asymmetry degree (C_AD) was negatively affected by average tree height, total stand basil area and Berger-Parker index of dominant tree species (D_BP) significantly, but C_AD was positively affected by Margalef’s tree species richness, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness, and was increased with complexity of horizontal space (C_HS). Meanwhile crown extension range (C_ER) was significantly declined with increase of average tree height and complexity of tree species composition(C_SC). However the II_VT, which represented the overall VMT, was remarkably declined with enhancement of D_SO, and it was no significant correlations with complexity of tree species composition and dominant of tree species composition. Conclusion: Urban forest within the sixth ring road is influenced by complexity of stand structure. Visually morphological trait indicators were obviously shaped by stand physical structure indicators, and were partly determined by stand species composition indicators, while II_VT was mainly affected by D_SO. The lower effects of stand species composition index on II_VT were largely covered by the strong relations between stand physical structural indicators and species composition indicators. In other words, the stand species composition indirectly affects visually morphological quality through the stand physical structure of urban forest.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the characteristics of soil microplastics and pathogenic bacteria communities under typical land-use conversion patterns in Xiong'an New Area, and reveal the potential risk of soil microplastics on soil pathogenic bacteria, which offers a scientific basis for prevention and management strategies about soil microplastics and pathogenic bacteria. Method: The soils of six typical land-use conversion patterns in Xiong'an New Area were taken as the research objects. The laser infrared imaging spectrometer and third-generation high-throughput sequence technology were used to analyze the characteristics of soil microplastics and pathogenic bacterial communities in typical land-use conversion modes in Xiong'an New Area. Combined with the quantitative risk assessment method of environmental microbiome, the potential soil pathogens risk of human health was identified; the land-use conversion, soil physicochemical properties, and the abundance, composition, and polymer types of microplastics on the soil pathogenic bacteria risk index were elucidated. Result: The average abundance of soil microplastics in urban infrastructure construction was higher than that of other land-use types, and polyurethane (PU) and silicone resin (SR) were the main microplastics types of typical land-use conversion patterns in Xiong'an New Area. Soil microplastics abundance showed a significant positive correlation with the pathogenic bacteria risk index and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?-N), and had a significant negative correlation with soil water content (SWC). The microplastics such as SR, Acrylate copolymer (ACR) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were enriched in the alkaline soil environment. The abundance of animal pathogenic bacteria in soils undergoing six typical land-use conversions in Xiong'an New Area was significantly higher than that of both zoonotic and plant pathogenic bacteria, with zoonotic bacteria also more abundant than plant pathogenic bacteria. The abundance of specialist soil pathogenic bacteria in urban infrastructure construction land was the highest among the six land-use modes, characterized by substantial community heterogeneity, robust interspecies cooperation, suggesting a significant potential pollution risk to human health. Conclusion: Land-use conversion patterns directly affects the pollution risk of soil pathogenic bacteria, highlighting the role of ecological and environmental management of Baiyangdian in controlling pathogenic bacterial pollution. However, the enriched microplastics particles (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, and PET) during the construction process, residual films of controlled-release fertilizers in agricultural soils, and petroleum chemical wastewater residues (such as PU and SR) further exacerbate the potential risk of soil pathogenic bacteria to human health.

Objective: This study aims to reveal the relationship between the infestation and movement of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in pine trees under natural environmental conditions and the symptomatic manifestation of the disease and treatment effect, and to explore the feasibility of implementing rehabilitation treatment at different stages of pine wilt disease, so as to provide scientific basis for the establishment of early diagnostic and treatment technology of pine wilt disease. Method: Ten-year-old Pinus massoniana was taken as the research object, and the top of the first-grade lateral branches was manually inoculated with pine wood nematode AMA3 (10 000/plant). Samples were taken at different symptomatic periods, and nematode densities at each site were determined by isolating and counting nematodes for analyzing the dynamics of nematode movement at different symptomatic periods and assessing the treatment effect of pruning the infected branches. At the same time, 21-year-old P. densiflora and P. thunbergii, which were naturally infected, were used for the study. The suspected infected twigs were collected, and morphological and molecular tests were used to confirm the diagnosis of pine trees at different symptomatic stages. For the diagnosed pine trees at different stages of infection, the control effects were analyzed using both single treatment (application of 34.1% emamectin benzoate stem injection granules solely to the trunk) and combined treatment (pruning of diseased twigs + application on the main trunk). Result: 1) Pre-episode stage: the pine tree was all green, nematodes were gathered near the inoculation point, there were no nematodes in the trunk, and the flow of turpentine was normal. Early stage I: the needles of inoculated twigs began to lose their green colour, nematodes moved from the inoculation point of the first level of lateral branches to the lower part of the plant, and there were almost no nematodes in the trunk, and the secretion of turpentine was slightly reduced. Early stage II: the needles of inoculated twigs became reddish-brown, the nematodes moved towards the main stem, there were a few nematodes in the main stem, and the secretion of turpentine was significantly reduced. Intermediate stage: the single inoculated twig withered, nearby twig needles discoloured, turpentine basically stopped secretion, and nematodes multiplied in the main trunk, and rapidly moved. Late stage: the whole plant needles withered more than 50% or the whole plant discoloured, no turpentine secretion, nematodes spread to the whole plant. 2) By pruning inoculated branches before the onset of disease, infected pines were able to eventually become symptom-free. Pruning at early stage I to mid-stage was able to delay the onset of disease in pines to varying degrees; and pruning at late stage was completely ineffective. 3) The survival rate of infected plants in the early stage of the disease was 100% with the combined treatment, and 50%~80% in the intermediate stage. Comparative tests at the mid-stage further revealed that the combination treatment was significantly better than single-agent treatment alone. Conclusion: There is a close relationship between the movement of B. xylophilus within pine trees and external symptoms, and the distribution characteristics of B. xylophilus are distinct at different stages of infection. During the early and mid-stages of infection in pine trees, the use of a combined treatment regimen yields significant therapeutic effects on diseased trees. This phenomenon provides practical application support for early diagnostic methods and treatment rehabilitation strategies for pine wilt disease.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the diversity of the gut bacterial composition of the larvae of Dioryctria sylvestrella, to analyze the potential functions of the gut bacteria, and to obtain the culturable bacteria by using the traditional isolation and cultivation methods, so as to store up bacterial resources for the future verification of the functions of gut bacteria, and to provide a new idea and scientific basis for the development of the prevention and control strategy of this pest. Method: Macro-genomics technology was used in combination with traditional isolation and culture methods to analyze the gut bacteria in larvae of D. sylvestrella, which feeds on Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. Result: Through macro-genome sequencing analysis, a total of 70 phyla and 59 classes (some not yet been annotated to classes), 129 orders, 266 families, 493 genera and 1 050 species of bacteria were clearly annotated. At the level of phylum classification, Proteobacteria accounted for 67.8%, which was the dominant phylum; at the level of genus, Wolbachia, Piscirickettsia and Enterobacter accounted for 15.91%, 14.55%, and 12.68%, respectively, which all were dominant genera. In the analysis of the potential functions of the gut bacteria in the larvae of the D. sylvestrella, the metabolic pathway accounted for the largest proportion of abundance, mainly performing energy metabolism, sugar metabolism and so on. A total of 15 bacterial strains were isolated and identified from the larval gut of D. sylvestrella using the traditional bacterial isolation and purification culture method, and they belonged to 3 phyla, 4 classes, 6 orders, 7 families, 11 genera and 15 species, including Pseudomonas soli, Pseudomonas entomophila, Enterobacter ludwigii, Erwinia sp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Pantoea rodasi, Klebsiella_aerogenes, Erwinia_billingiae, Enterobacter cloacae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Ralstonia insidios. Conclusion: The dominant phylum is Proteobacteria and the dominant genus is Enterobacteriaceae. The results show that the gut bacterial flora of the larvae of D. sylvestrella is rich, which reveals the potential role of microorganisms in the growth and development, nutrient metabolism, and ecological adaptation of D. sylvestrella, and can provide an important scientific basis for the research and development of new pest biological control technologies.

Objective: This study aims to assess the ecological effects of farmland reversion in the Heilongjiang Naoli River National Nature Reserve (hereinafter, Naoli River Reserve), particularly the impact of wetland area recovery on avian habitats. By analyzing changes in avian community composition, this research provides scientific evidence for wetland restoration and species conservation, as well as data support for the management of avian biodiversity. Method: Combining line transect and point count methods, a field survey of avian community diversity in the farmland reversion areas of the Naoli River Reserve was conducted. The collected data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Result: 1) From April 2019 to November 2020, a total of 84 bird species belonging to 36 families and 16 orders were recorded in the study area, including 19 species of national first- and second-class protected birds (accounting for 22.62% of the total). The Shannon-Wiener index of the avian community was 3.101, and the Pielou's evenness index was 0.265. 2) Under different farmland reversion models, avian species richness showed an increasing trend, with significant differences in community diversity (P<0.05). Natural farmland reversion resulted in higher species richness compared to artificial retirement. The proportion of waterbirds was higher in naturally retired areas, while terrestrial birds were more abundant in artificially retired areas. 3) Driven by different reversion durations, species richness increased with the extension of retirement time. The longer the retirement duration, the higher the richness of waterbirds. 4) There were significant differences in avian community diversity among different transition stages (P<0.05), with species diversity increasing with the development of habitat succession. Conclusion: Comprehensive analysis reveals that natural farmland reversion and long-term ecological restoration measures have a significantly positive impact on avian diversity. However, this positive effect requires a certain period to manifest. Therefore, future ecological restoration and conservation efforts should continue to focus on the selection of farmland reversion models and the duration of reversion to ensure the long-term stability of avian diversity and the health of ecosystems.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of temperature, ultraviolet (UV) wavelength, and water on the color changes of Korean pine under artificial weathering, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the photoaging protection of outdoor wood products. Method: Using weathering tester, four artificial weathering conditions were established based on temperature (30 ℃ and 60 ℃), ultraviolet radiation A wavelength (UVA340 nm and UVA351 nm), and water: T1: 30 ℃ + UVA340; T2: 60 ℃ + UVA340; T3: 60 ℃ + UVA351; T4: 60 ℃ + UVA340 + rain. The structure, chemical composition, and color of Korean pine were analyzed during artificial weathering. The correlation between chemical composition and color was explored as well. Result: The surface roughness of the wood increased with prolonged artificial aging. High temperature, lower UVA wavelength, or the presence of water exacerbated the degradation of the wood surface, leading to high roughness. After 720 h of UVA irradiation, the roughness of samples under conditions T1, T2, T3, and T4 increased by 18.32%, 43.33%, 41.99%, and 193.36%, respectively. Cell structures remained intact under pure UVA irradiation conditions (T1, T2, T3). However, the addition of water (T4) caused significant structural deterioration, including cell wall collapse, failure of intercellular middle lamella, and thinning of wood rays. In terms of appearance, the wood surface exhibited varying degrees of yellowing or browning after artificial weathering. Quantification using the CIE color system showed that under non-water conditions (T1, T2, T3), the L^* value decreased and the a^*, b^* values increased monotonically. The addition of water led to complex changes in L^*, a^* and b^* values. Comparative analysis of different aging conditions indicated that temperature and water significantly affected L^*, a^* and b^*, while UVA wavelength primarily influenced the a^* value. Overall color change (ΔE^*) analysis revealed that the impact of weathering conditions followed the order: rain > temperature > UVA wavelength. The intensity ratios of lignin/carbohydrate R(I_{1 506}/_{1 372}) and carbonyl/carbohydrate R(I_{1 734}/_{1 372}) were used to quantify the relative changes in lignin and carbonyl content, respectively. With prolonged weathering, lignin content decreased while carbonyl content increased. Both elevated temperature and the addition of water accelerated the photochemical reactions, with water having a more pronounced effect. By establishing the correlation between ΔE^* and R(I_{1 506}/_{1 372}) or R(I_{1 734}/_{1 372}), ΔE^* was negatively correlated with lignin content R(I_{1 506}/_{1 372}) and positively with carbonyl content R(I_{1 734}/_{1 372}). Conclusion: The influence of weathering conditions on surface roughness follows the order: rain > temperature > UVA wavelength. Microscopically, the addition of water causes significant degradation of wood cell walls. In terms of surface color, non-water conditions result in darkening, reddening, and yellowing, while the addition of water leads to an overall trend of darkening, greening, and bluing. The impact of aging conditions on ΔE^* follows the order: rain > temperature > UVA wavelength. By establishing quantitative relationships between chemical composition and ΔE^*, it is confirmed that the surface color changes are closely associated with lignin degradation and carbonyl formation.