By using a Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system with a soil chamber, the diurnal and monthly dynamics of soil respiration rate was measured in a Sharptooth Oak forest (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, served as control site) and its clear-cutting site in Xiaolong Mountain within the dormant season from November 2011 to March 2012 in order to investigate influences of the soil temperature and moisture on the soil respiration rate, and to estimate the soil carbon fluxes in the Sharptooth Oak forest and its clear-cutting site. The results showed that the daily variation in the soil respiration rate in clear-cutting site was greater than that in control site within the dormant season except February, but the mean value of the soil respiration rate in clear-cutting site was 0.45 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1, smaller (P<0.05) than that of the control of 0.60 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1. Regardless for the single and double factor models, the determination coefficients of fitting models for the control site were higher than that for clear-cutting site. With the double factor model, changes of the soil respiration rate could be explained 81.5% and 82.0% by the soil temperature and moisture at 5, 10 cm depth in clear-cutting site, respectively, and could be explained 92.8% and 89.0% by them at the same depth in control site, respectively. In the dormant period, the soil carbon effluxes in the clear-cutting site and the control site (forest land) were estimated to be 86.4 and 106.8 gC·m^-2, respectively.

This study was conducted in restored Salix cheilophila plantations on high-cold sandy land, with the dune slacks served as the control, to study effects of different ages (6, 11, 16 and 21 years) of plantations on the soil water content, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium) content and soil pH value. The result showed that the soil water content in the plantation was influenced by the forest age and the soil depth (P<0.05). The water content in the top soil layers increased gradually with the extension of restoration time. The soil organic matters showed accumulation on the top soil layers compared with the lowland between dunes, and increased significantly with the extension of revegetation time. The content of the soil nutrients (soil organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium) varied significantly in different stand ages. In the same stand age, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium contents in the upper soil layers (depth<100 cm) were higher than the lower soil layers. Soil pH values decreased gradually with the extension of restoration time. Correlation analysis showed the soil nutrient contents were positively and linearly correlated with soil organic matters but negatively linearly correlated with soil pH values. The research demonstrated that the soil chemical properties and soil fertility levels were improved gradually after the establishment of Salix cheilophila plantations in the vegetation restoration area.

The effects of gap size created by thinning on the root growth of seedlings and physical and chemical properties of the soil in Pinus tabulaeformis plantation were studied by investigation of typical sample plots. Results showed that on shady slope, the seedling root grew better with increasing gap size, and the facilitating effect increased with the age of seedlings; On sunny slope, the seedling root grew better in small gaps than in big gaps. As gap size increased in both shady and sunny gaps, the dry weights of litter and humus increased, while the soil bulk in 0-10 cm soil layers decreased. On shady slope, the soil water content increased with increasing gap size in the same soil layer, whereas on sunny slope the soil water content decreased. The contents of available phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the same soil layer were higher in small gaps than big gaps in both shady and sunny gaps. The analysis of step-wise regression suggested that the root growth of seedlings was mainly influenced by the ammonium nitrogen content. In the management of P. tabulaeformis plantation, high intense thinning should not be carried out on sunny slope, due to strong light level; whereas high intense thinning can be implemented on shady slope, which could provide favorable conditions for regeneration of P. tabulaeformis plantation.

Reconstruction of plant communities with native shrubs is one of principle important ecological modes in superhighway side slope protection. In a case of Yongchuan region along Chengyu expressway, two typical vegetation configuration modes, i.e. Bambusa emeiensis+ Buchloe dactyloides and Rosa xanthina + Lolium perenne, were used as the foundation for slope protection in southwest areas. Two native shrubs, Amorpha fruticosa and Vitex negundo, and two herbs, Cynodon dactylon and Miscanthus sinensis, were chose to plant with the different modes and growth proportion. The characteristics of slope runoff and sediment erosion in rainy seasons were measured in a plot experiment during 2010 to 2012 to study effects of pioneer species richness on growth and development of plant communities on highway slope, the early successional and the slope protection performance. Results showed: 1) Pioneer plants richness affected accumulation of vegetation biomass and period of turf-establishment, and the more abundant pioneer plant species, the shorter turf-establishment period and more accumulation; 2) Richness of pioneer plants were closely related to plant species diversity in the communities with determination coefficient in excess of 0.995 (P<0.05). At the same succession stage, the more abundant pioneer species, the higher plant species diversity including the number of species, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index in the communities; 3) There was a positive correlation between the soil and water conservation capacity of vegetation and plant species diversity in the communities with determination coefficient in excess of 0.995 (P<0.05), and the higher plant species diversity, the stronger capacity the soil and water conservation with the smaller runoff coefficient and lower soil erosion modulus. Our results suggested that an increase in pioneer plant species richness should be a feasible way to improve ecological slope protection, especially when there were same side slope conditions, seed quantity and planting measures.

In the present study, foliar pigments, nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate concentrations in the autumn leaves of Chinese tallow trees (Sapium sebiferum) with different colored leaves were measured. The R, G and B values of the leaves were quantified by the digital imaging analysis. In addition, the distribution of chlorophyll, anthocyanins and carotenoids in the leaves were observed in situ by their autofluorescence. The results showed that there was no correlation between pigment contents and the single R, G and B value. Whereas, a significant positive correlation was observed between chl a and (G-B)/(R-B). The chl b and total chlorophyll content were all negatively correlated with R/(R+G+B). There was a positive correlation between anthocyanins contents and R/(G-B). Nitrogen concentration was highest in the green leaves. After the leaves changed color, the red and purple leaves contained much more nitrogen than the orange and yellow leaves did. The total nitrogen was negatively correlated with total chlorophyll. A linear regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between sucrose and anthocyanins, and there were significant positive correlations between starch and chl a with total chlorophyll. Moreover, the content of total non-structural carbohydrates was positively correlated to carotenoid. The aim of this study was to find out the physiological and structural factors that influence autumn coloration of S. sebiferum. This study would provide a basis for selective-breeding of Chinese tallow tree with attractive autumn colors.

In the mountainous area of Northern China, Betula platyphylla-Larix principis-rupprechtii mixed stands, L. principis-rupprechtii-Picea meyeri mixed stands and B. platyphylla-Pinus tabulaeformis mixed stands are dominant forest types in secondary forests. The understory regeneration in these stands is essential to their long term existence after disturbances at canopy level. To interpret and predict the development and succession of these stands, 1-year-old seedlings and 4-year-old saplings of B. platyphylla, P. tabulaeformis, L. principis-rupprechtii and P. meyeri were grown at three transmittance levels of 100%, 18.7% and 7.2% of full natural light in field environment with artificially controlled light regimes for one growing season. Morphology and survival rates of these seedlings and saplings were measured to investigate their shade acclimation mechanisms at different development stages of these four woody species. The results showed that 1-year-old seedlings of B. platyphylla and P. tabulaeformis did not respond to shading in biomass accumulation, allocation and survival, while stem mass, A/B ratio and survival rate of 4-year-old saplings of B. platyphylla were reduced and A/B ratio of P. tabulaeformis saplings was increased. The survival rates of L. principis-rupprechtii and P. meyeri seedlings were increased by shading, while stem mass of L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings as well as LMR and A/B ratio of P. meyeri seedlings were increased. In contrary, at sapling stage, root and total mass of L. principis-rupprechtii and P. meyeri were both increased by shading but no responses in biomass allocation and survival were detected. At 7.2% transmittance level, seedling survival of these 4 woody species was only significantly and negatively correlated with the stem mass, but the sapling survival was positively correlated with LMR and SMR and negatively correlated with RMR. Furthermore, the morphological plasticity indices of B. platyphylla and P. tabulaeformis were smaller than that of L. principis-rupprechtii and P. meyeri at the seedling stage, but a reverse trend was observed at the sapling stage. Therefore, there were significant differences in morphological responses, survival rates and morphological plasticity indices to shading between seedlings and saplings of these 4 woody species, indicating that there were species-specific characteristics and ontogenetic changes in light acclimation mechanisms of woody species. Additionally, L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings had similar morphological responses to shading to the two intolerant species, B. platyphylla and P. tabulaeformis, however their responses in survival and morphological plasticity were similar to tolerant species of P. meyeri. L. principis-rupprechtii saplings also had similar responses in survival, morphology and morphological plasticity to P. meyeri, suggesting that the shade tolerance of L. principis-rupprechtii at its early developmental stage could be intrinsic to facilitate its wide distribution in L. principis-rupprechtii-spruce mixed forests in mountainous area of Northern China.

In this paper, a hydroponic experiment of Salix babylonica and S. matsudana was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation capability to cadmium contamination. The rooted cuttings were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 20, 50 mg Cd·L^-1 for four weeks in a growth chamber. Growth, biomass, photosynthesis and cadmium content distribution in various parts of the plants were measured. It was found that: 1) The tolerance indexes (Ti) (%) based on the dry biomass and growth parameters decreased with increasing cadmium concentration in culture solution. The Ti of S. babylonica and S. matsudana reached 79.30, 73.11 and 98.48, 90.69 in 5 and 10 mg·L^-1, respectively. The two species were able to be defined as highly tolerant by a standard of (Ti>60), and S. matsudana had higher tolerance than S. babylonica. 2) The root length and surface area of S. babylonica decreased significantly with increasing cadmium, while the root length, surface area and volume of S. matsudana as well as the root volume of S. babylonica increased firstly, and then decreased. Root average diameter of the two species increased significantly with increased cadmium content. 3) Cadmium inhibited the chlorophyll biosynthesis of developing leaves of S. babylonica and S. matsudana, however had no significant effect on the pigments in mature leaves. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of S. babylonica seedlings in 5 mg·L^-1 and S. matsudana seedlings in 10 mg·L^-1 increased significantly (P<0.05), and then decreased significantly (P<0.05), compared with the control. But the P_n of S. babylonica seedlings in 10 mg·L^-1 still had 86.47% of the controlled plants. The stomatal conductance (G_s), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) of the two species had similar variation patterns to the P_n, but the variations were not significant except in 50 mg·L^-1. Cadmium content at which the gas exchange of S. babylonica decreased significantly was lower than that of S. matsudana, indicating that tolerance of S. matsudana was higher than that of S. babylonica. 4) Cadmium accumulation in roots of the two species was higher than in the shoots in 5-50 mg·L^-1 of cadmium. The cadmium translocation factor (Tf) of S. matsudana was 0.08-0.51, being 1.71-5.18 times than that of S. babylonica (0.02-0.15). The Cd concentrations in the aerial parts of S. babylonica and S. matsudana cultured in 10 mg·L^-1 Cd reached to 130.42 mg·kg^-1 DW and 273.72 mg·kg^-1 DW, respectively. The results indicated that S. babylonica and S. matsudana had a higher adaptability of growth and photosynthesis to cadmium when Cd content in hydroponics was less than 10 mg·L^-1, especially 5 mg·L^-1, and thus had a high tolerance to cadmium. The capability of translocation and accumulation in aerial parts of S. matsudana was greater than that of S. babylonica. Therefore the two species hold promise for phytoextraction in cadmium-contaminated areas, especially S. matsudana. However a longer field-scale study on cadmium-contaminated soils is needed before their role in phytoremediation can be confirmed.

The BG₂ gene was transformed into Populus×euramericana cv.‘Neva’via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation method. Four transgenic lines were obtained through selection of kanamycin resistance, PCR and Southern analyses. These analyses suggested that the BG₂ gene was integrated into the plant genome. Then, the transgenic plants were tested for resistance to the fungal pathogen Cytospora chrysosperma. Crude extracts of the transgenic T-107 plants exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity against the fungal pathogen. When inoculated with Populus×euramericana canker disease, the T-107 plants grew better than the C-107 plants. The MDA levels of T-107 were lower than that in C-107. The PAL contents of both transgenic and control plants were firstly increased obviously then decreased; However, the PAL content of T-107 plants was always higher than that in C-107 plants. After 15 days, all the C-107 plants dead, but the T-107 was still alive. These results indicated that the transformed BG₂ gene could improve the resistance of T-107 plants to canker disease.

In this study, a full-length cDNA clone encoding PtSAHHA was isolated from the cDNA library prepared from mature xylem zone of Populus tomentosa by the bioinformatics and molecular biology. The PtSAHHA cDNA had 1 935 bp length with a corresponding open reading frame (ORF) of 1 458 bp that could encode a protein of 485 amino acids. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that the PtSAHHA transcripts were the most abundant mRNA products in stem xylem, intermediate in stem cambium and mature leaf, and the lowest abundant in young leaf. By aligning,comparing and analyzing the genomic sequences of PtSAHHA in 45 random individuals of P.tomentosa with the software of MEGA5.0 and DnaSP5, a total of 166 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, with the SNP frequency of 1/15 bp and the diversity (π_T) of 0.010 58. There were 88 SNPs detected in the coding regions of PtSAHHA, of which 34 were synonymous nucleotide substitutions, and 53 were missense mutations and 1 was nonsense mutation. The diversity level of synonymous nucleotide substitutions (π_Synonymous=0.024 91) was tenfold of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions (π_{Nonsynonymous}=0.002 33), suggesting that the gene might be evolved under purifying selection at the synonoymous sites of the coding region in P. tomentosa. Linkage disequilibrium test in the PtSAHHA showed that LD declined rapidly within the regions of PtSAHHA with the length increase to 800 bp(r² < 0.1). On this basis, candidate gene-based association analysis of 42 common single-SNPs (frequency > 10%) with six wood traits in an association population of 426 unrelated individuals showed 3 SNPs that were significantly associated with 3 wood traits, respectively. This study provides an important genetic foundation for molecular marker-assisted selection breeding programs with the goals of improving the quality and quantity of wood products of P. tomentosa.

A sRNA library of the mixed leaves of different Paulownia species and varieties was constructed with the second generation high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics and the functions of microRNA (miRNAs) were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that the 41 399 208 out of the obtained 87 066 707 high-quality reads were perfectly aligned to transcription of Paulownia plant in the small RNAs library, accounting for 47.55%. The length of sRNAs ranged mainly from 20 to 25 nt, and the sRNA of 24 nt was the most abundant, followed by 21 nt reads. The 44 conserved miRNAs, belonging to 14 miRNA families, were identified, and there was difference in miRNA numbers of various miRNAs families. Moreover, functions of the target genes of 27 novel miRNAs were analyzed. These results provided a basis for clarifying miRNA functions during growth and development of Paulownia plants.

In order to get more accurate forest winter facies porosity and permeability conversion formula, the physical mechanism of the resistance formation was used to deduce an approximate conversion formula of cylindrical fence porosity and permeability with different rows of trees, for revealing the consistency and the numerical variation rule of windbreak effect and the physical mechanism with different row numbers. The results showed that with the shelterbelt with the same porosity, the less the row number, the smaller the permeability, and the better the windbreak effect. With geometry similarity approaching as the principle, approximate conversion relationships between the forest winter phase permeability α, and porosity β were developed: single belt α=β^0.7, two belt α=β^0.6, for multiple belts α=β^0.55, which was more actual than the belt simulation formula α=β^0.4 which ignores rows and seasonal aspect effects, and assumes the ratio of length and height close to 1. The new relationships conduced to accurately understanding and applying windbreak effect principle and structure design of forest shelter belts.

Terpenes volatiles from the stem barks and needles of Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii), Prince Rupprecht larch (Larix principis rupprechtii), and Korean larch (Larix olgensis), which are common hosts in the range of Ips subelongatus in northeastern China, were entrapped by dynamic headspace collection technique, and then the hexane elution of the volatiles was analyzed by chiral gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS) in order to identify components of the volatiles. Totally 12 monoterpenes was identified, which are mainly consists of S-(-)-α-pinene, R-(+)-α-pinene, 3-carene, R-(+)-β-pinene, and S-(-)-β-pinene accounting for more than 80% of the total collected monoterpenes. Furthermore, the olfactory sensitivity and selectivity of I. subelongatus to synthetic host volatiles were assayed by a coupled gas chromatograph-electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD) and electroantennogram (EAG). The olfactory responsiveness to S-(-)-α-pinene, 3-carene, (+)-limonene, γ-terpinene, and terpinolene was assessed in GC-EAD analyses. In addition, p-cymene also elicited a strong EAD response, but it was not detected from the headspace volatile of healthy trees in the chiral GC analyses. As for the aggregation pheromone components, the strongest EAD response was obtained with (-)-ipsenol on both female and male antennae, however, different EAD response patterns to (+)-and (-)-ipsdienol on male and female antennae were observed in the GC-EAD analyses. The thresholds of EAG responsiveness to synthetic monoterpenes and aggregation pheromones were 0.1 μg, but the saturation levels of different compounds were different. Finally, we discussed the relationship of host volatiles and aggregation pheromone of bark beetles.

In this study SS-PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis technique were used to select a pair of specific primers from the 15 pairs of primers of designed for Carpomyia vesuviana. Five fruit fly species, Bactrocera dorsalis, B.cucurbitae, B.tau, B. correcta and B.zonata, were used to determine the primer specificity. A series of genomic DNA dilution of C.vesuviana, 40, 20, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 ng·μL^-1, were used to detect the sensitivity of SS-PCR. The results showed that the detection limit of SS-PCR was less than 0.01 ng·μL^-1, and the optimum template DNA concentration was between 1 ng and 20 ng·μL^-1. The designed primers could be used for amplifying the DNA of C.vesuviana at different stages. The developed SS-PCR method can be used for identification, inspection and monitoring of C.vesuviana, which would have an important significance in preventing the insect from spreading any further.

Brown-eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) is a critically endangered endemic species, which is listed in the national first-class protected birds in China. In this study, ISSR markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity of two populations of Brown-eared Pheasant in the Pangquangou Nature Reserve and Taiyuan Zoo. Ten primers out of 20 ISSR primers were selected for amplifying 35 samples of the two populations, and 65 clear amplification sites (PPB=76.9%) were obtained.The percentage of polymorphic bands of the two populations was around 54.10%.Shannon's Information Index of the two populations was 0.302 5 and 0.205 6, respectively. The generic heterogeneity (G_st), genetic flow (N_m), genetic similarity index indicated that there was no significant genetic differentiation between the two populations. Statistical analysis and cluster tree diagram consistently illustrated that the genetic diversity between the two populations was at a low level. Individuals in each population had close genetic relationship. The result in this study were consistent to another study we did with the mitochondrial genome genetic diversity.

Based on the meteorological data of recent 10 years in 21 cities/counties in China, which cover 11 epidemic area and 10 non-epidemic area of Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, a climate characteristic pattern of the 21 cities/counties was drawn based on the key meteorological factors. Combined with distribution of the host plants in Shanghai City, the adaptability of Gypsy moth was analyzed. Furthermore, a distribution prediction model of Gypsy moth in China was established using the discriminant analysis techniques. The prediction accuracy of the model was 100%. The prediction model displays that Shanghai City possesses the climatic condition for outbreak of Gypsy moth according to the climate characteristic pattern, and host plant analysis.

In this paper, a new method based on kernel principle component analysis(KPCA) and AdaBoost was proposed for wood identification. After wood images projecting into a high-dimensional space of KPCA, PCA method was used to extract features and compress those features. Then these well-prepared features were classified with Gentle AdaBoost. The experimental results showed that our method based on microstructure images in cross section had some good performances, such as higher discrimination, robustness and efficiency in running time.

Dialdehyde cellulose(DAC), a carrier material of cellulose-based immobilized laccase using microcrystalline cellulose(MCC)as raw materials was prepared by new hydrothermal oxidation synthesis method. The structure was characterized by IR, CP/MAS¹³C NMR, XRD and SEM. The enzymatic characteristics of cellulose-based immobilized laccase were tested and compared with chitosan-based immobilized laccase and dialdehyde starch-based immobilized laccase. The theoretical equations of enzymatic characteristics were established. The experimental results showed that DAC containing high aldehyde group content was prepared successfully using hydrothermal oxidation synthesis method. The dialdehyde cellulose-based immobilized laccase had better affinity ability, higher reusage and maintained enzyme activity within broader temperature and pH regions compared with chitosan-based immobilized laccase and dialdehyde starch-based immobilized laccase. The theoretical equations were well able to characterize the enzymatic characteristics.

Quercus variabilis which distributes widely in China has got a high starch content. The plant has been valued as a non-grain ethanol crop inland, but studies concerning the productive potential of ethanol from Quercus variabilis as well as its spatial distribution are not adequate. In this research, spatial distribution of Quercus variabilis based on spatial analysis techniques has been analyzed and the resource potential of Quercus variabilis ethanol has been quantified. Data on climate, soil, topography, land use and that from relevant literature about Quercus variabilis has utilized by ArcGIS. The results indicated that the proper distribution area of Quercus variabilis is wide(26 250.41×10⁴hm²), and the total potential ethanol productivity is 270.90×10⁴t·a^-1-1 204.11×10⁴t·a^-1,which catered to 42.71% of the total ethanol demand in China. Thereinto not much unused land(1.53×10⁴hm²)could be exploited which could lead to 0.88% of the total ethanol demand for E10 gasoline in China. The productive potential of ethanol could be increased by through selection of high yielding variety and boost of plant management to meet 41.21% of E10 demand all around China. Therefore, Quercus variabilis should be deemed as a critical raw material of fuel ethanol in the future.

To study the chemical constituents from the leaves of Dendrocalamus latiflorus, the compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Prep HPLC and recrystallization. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical constants and spectral analysis. Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified as luteolin, tricin, 7-methoxy-tricin, tricin-4'-O-glucopyranoside, tricin-7-O-glucopyranoside, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucopyranoside, apigenin-6-C-arabinfuranoside, apigenin-7-O-glucopyranoside-6"-O-rhamnoside, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-benzaldehyde, loliolide, dehydrovomifoliol, vomifoliol-9-O-glucopyranoside, 4,4',9,9'-tetrahydroxy-3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxy-7,7'-monoepoxy lignan. The results of the research provided scientific basis for development and utilization of bamboo leaves. It established the foundation for clarification pharmacological activity of the leaves of Dendrocalamus latiflorus.

Wooden door casing is a kind of typical wooden work-pieces with complex-shape curve. In order to solve the problem of machining complex-shape curve by profiling,the mathematical model of cross section curve of the wooden door casing with L-shaped clamping strip was established. The simulation program was writing by using VC++6.0,which could prove the accuracy,versatility and practicability of the mathematical model,which laid the theoretical basis for NC machining of door casing.

Forest fire is one of the most important disturbance factors in forest ecosystem, and it has great impact on succession of forest soil microbial community. Understanding of the fire interference on forest soil microbial communities and the interference mechanism is very important to insight into the role and function of the fire interference on forest ecological variation, and to implement prescribed burning. This paper elaborates the role of the fire interference on forest soil microbial community from three aspects such as soil microbial biomass, soil microbial community structure, and soil microbial activities, analyzes in depth the mechanisms of direct and indirect interference of forest fire on forest soil microbial community, and discusses the key indexes of the fire behavior influencing the disturbing degree. In the final, four aspects in the future research work are proposed, i.e., quantifying the relationship between fire behavior indexes and disturbing degree by using outdoors fire experiments; investigating the long-term mechanism of the fire interference on forest soil microbial properties by the long time monitoring; studying the mechanism of the ground fire interference on forest soil microbial communities; and examining other factors, such as soil fauna and metallic oxide, which play roles in the interference mechanism.

Natural fiber/polymer composites are widely utilized in various fields as their high mechanical properties and economical cost. The researches on crystallization behavior of natural fiber/crystalline polymer composites are focused in recent years. The crystallization behavior of crystalline polymer has obvious effects on the properties of polymer itself and its composites. This review introduces recent research on process of natural fiber/polymer composites which is separated by two phases include nucleation phase and phase of crystals' growth. In addition, future directions of researching on thermal kinetics of natural fiber/polymers composites are also analyzed.

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase (FBA) in plants is not only one of the key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis pathway but also provide substrate source for two key components of oil synthesis. In this paper, a new FBA full-length cDNA of Camellia oleifera seed was isolated and cloned by RACE technology, and was named CoFBA4 (GenBank number: JX914590). CoFBA4 had an open reading frame with 1 185 base pairs encoding 394 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that CoFBA4 had nearest genetic distance with FBA of Arabidopsis thaliana, and belonged to subfamily A. CoFBA4 contained glycosylation and fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity site, but had no transmembrane domain. CoFBA4 belonged to hydrophilic protein. Subcellular localization analysis showed that CoFBA4 acted out of cell. There was a positive relationship between expression abundance of CoFBA4 gene and oil yield from different superior clones during the same maturity period.

A pot experiment in the outdoor was conducted to investigate the effect of soil progressive drought on the physiological parameters of 2-year-old Populus euphratica seedlings in the lower reach of Tarim River. The seedlings were respectively grown under well-watered and progressive water deficit conditions by controlling the water supply. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of actual photochemical quantum yield of PSII in the light (φ_PSII), photochemical quenching index (q_p) and non-photochemical quenching index (q_N), leaf stomatal conductance (G_s) and predawn water potential were measured during the experiment period. Results showed that the soil moisture content decreased to mild drought stress level in 6 days after a saturated irrigation, and reached to severe drought stress level in 15 days after a saturated irrigation in July. During the drying process of soil water content, the increasing soil drought resulted in decreases in the predawn leaf water potential at 6:00 am, φ_PSII, q_p and G_s of the seedlings, but increase in q_N. These results would provide a scientific foundation for understanding drought resistant mechanism of P. euphratica seedlings.

Data for this study were collected from 105 standard plots of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forests in Anji County and Longquan City, Zhejiang Province. Effects of altitude, slope aspect, slope position, and slope degree on stand structure and vegetation carbon storage (VCS) of moso bamboo forests were studied by using covariance analysis and partial correlation analysis methods. Results showed that stand structure and vegetation carbon storage of moso bamboo forests are different on different terrain factors. Variation in mean diameter at breast height (DBH) was relatively small while variations in mean stand density and vegetation carbon storage were relatively large; Covariance analysis revealed that the slope degree had significant (P<0.01) effect on mean DBH, and altitude also had significant (P<0.05) effect on mean DBH. The altitude and slope degree had obviously interaction on vegetation carbon storage, while the slope aspect and slope degree had significant interaction on mean DBH. However, the other terrain factors had no interaction on vegetation carbon storage or/and DBH; Partial correlation analysis showed that there were significant partial correlation coefficients between altitude and slope degree with mean DBH (P<0.01). There was significant partial correlation between slope degree and vegetation carbon storage (P<0.05). The impact of terrain factors to stand density successively was slope aspect, altitude, slope position, and slope degree. The importance of these factors to mean DBH was in turn slope degree, altitude, slope aspect, and slope position. The importance of terrain factors to vegetation carbon storage is followed by slope degree, slope aspect, slope position and altitude. vegetation carbon storage decreased with increasing altitude and slope degree. vegetation carbon storage on sunny slope was greater than that on shade slope, and vegetation carbon storage at low altitude was greater than that at high altitude. These results suggest that moso bamboo should be planted on land with low altitude, gentle slope, and sunny slope to increase carbon sequestration.

Based on the data of forest resource inventory in the west Dongting Lake region, a classification method, suitable for vectorized data, was proposed and developed for multi-scale landscape components. The dominant tree species, age and crown closure, altitude, slope, slope aspect and slope position were selected as the influencing factors for the classification. The small-scale forest landscape classification mainly considers the grading of vegetation factors and environmental factors, however the large-scale classification needs to take consideration of the coupling effects among the elements of forest landscape types. These concerns act as a rule to merge the small forest landscape patches into their adjacent units. In this study the attribute characteristics of space unit in the vector graphics was based to analyze its semantic proximity relation, and the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS was used to realize the merger of space unit. According to the edge effect and coupling strength between different forest landscape types, small patches was eliminated, and merged into patches of landscape types with high environmental coupling. Thus, multiscale landscape classification database was established, and multi-scale forest landscape classification were realized.

Magnolia sieboldii seeds store large amount of proteins that would interfere with determination of low abundance proteins by the electrophoresis pattern. In this study, a plant leaf protein extraction method was employed, that is, enriching high-abundance protein Rubisco by PEG. The PEG fractionation method was compared with TCA-acetone extract method in 2-DE analysis of protein samples. The result showed that the two methods had good reproducibility for extracting proteins. High-abundant proteins were precipitated predominantly in the 8% and 16% PEG fraction. With this protocol, a total 1 770 protein spots were detected, among which 50% of proteins were undetectable with the TCA-acetone method. With the PEG fractionation method, low-abundance protein detection rate increased significantly, and the PEG fractionation method, as a new method for proteomics study of M. sieboldii seeds, would be able to satisfy the follow-up test in screening the seed germination associated protein needs. The PEG fractionation method would also provide a reference for other plant seed proteins extraction.

The variety of Eucommia ulmoides,‘Huazhong 1’, is male, derived from selective breeding of superior individual selection, clone afforestation determination and regionalization test. The variety has characteristics of fast growing, high yield of Eucommia bark and male flowers, and strong adaptability to environment. It would be suitable for constructing fast-growing and high-yielding forests for harvesting Eucommia bark, used for traditional Chinese herb, and a male flower garden for producing Eucommia male flower tea.

The hybrid of‘Baiqiuza’was bred by crossing with Russian Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. mongolica) as female parent and Chinese Seabuckthorn (H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis) as male parent.‘Baiqiuza’has no or few thorns, average fruit yield per individual ranged from 4 to 7 kg at the full fruit stage, and fruit yield per unit area arrived at 8 000 kg·hm^-2.