The biomass and carbon storage of 25-year-old Pinus massoniana plantations in different thinning intensities were investigated in the Daqingshan mountain in Guangxi. The results showed that thinning increased the biomass and carbon storage in tree layer, but decreased the biomass and carbon storage in the understory layer and litter layer. Carbon storage of tree layer with intensive thinning, intermediate thinning and mild thinning was greater than that of control by 11.47%, 11.78% and 14.49%, respectively. The understory layerhad less carbon storage than the control by 20.82%,19.80% and 0.20%, respectively. The litter layer had less carbon storage than the control by 15.81%,2.87%, and 27.31%, respectively. Thinning tended to decrease carbon storage in the soil layer while to increase the total carbon storage in the ecosystem. The soil carbon storage with various thinning intensities was less than that of control by 4.15%,1.83% and 5.53%, respectively, and the total carbon storage in the ecosystem was less that that of control by 2.62%, 4.19% and 3.58%, respectively. Thinning had no significant effect on the distribution of carbon storage in the tree layer, and different thinning intensities had the same distribution order, that is, stem (53.38%-60.12%) >root (15.70%-16.74%) >bark (12.88%-14.38%) >branch (7.53%-9.12%) >leaf (2.27%-2.88%).

To investigate the acclimation of Mono Maple (Acer mono) and East-liaoning Oak (Quercus liaotungensis) seedlings under the forest light gradient and the relationship of the acclimation to seedling banks in the oak forests, two-week-old seedlings of these two species were assigned to four various radiance levels: 100%, 51%, 22%,and 12.8% of natural light in the forest environment. We measured their survival, photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigment content, growth, root morphology and biomass accumulation and allocation after one growing season to provide evidences for dynamics of understory seedling bank and succession of temperate oak forests. The results showed that the survival of Mono Maple and East-liaoning Oak seedlings was similar after germination. However, Mono Mample seedlings had smaller maximum photosynthetic capacity, light saturation point and pigment content than that of East-liaoning Oak seedlings, but higher seedling height, total root length, secondary root length, root surface area and biomass accumulations of all organs.Mono Maple seedlings invested more biomass to foliage while East-liaoning Oak seedlings invested more biomass to underground. At 22% and 12.8% relative transmittance levels, survival of Mono Maple seedlings decreased significantly compared with those growing under 100% transmittance level. Under the lower radiation regimes, survival of East-liaoning Oak seedlings increased. However, there was similar survival of two seedlings under 12.8% transmittance condition. When growing under shades, mono maple seedlings lowered light compensation point and dark respiration rate and increased chlorophyll contents significantly, and they had relatively greater physiological responses and but relatively smaller morphological responses, such as biomass accumulation and allocation, than East-liaoning Oak seedlings.

With Quercus acutissima secondary forest (Ⅳ) and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation (Ⅴ) as controls, we investigated the litter production patterns, dynamics, turnover time and nutrient returns of three typical returning farmland to bamboo forests, including Bambusa rigida (Ⅰ), Phyllostachys edulis (Ⅱ) and Pleioblastus amarus forest (Ⅲ), in the mountainous region at Changning county, Sichuan Province. The result showed:A bimodal pattern was fitted to litter productions of Ⅰ and Ⅴ, a left-skew monomodal pattern to Ⅱ and Ⅲ, and a right-skew monomodal pattern for Ⅳ. Annual average litter yields of the three bamboo forests were higher than those of Ⅳ and Ⅴ, with a rank of Ⅰ(5.87 t·hm^-2)>Ⅲ(5.47 t·hm^-2)>Ⅱ(4.56 t·hm^-2)>Ⅳ(4.46 t·hm^-2)>Ⅴ(1.93 t·hm^-2). The turnover time of forest litters was in the order of Ⅴ(2.77 a)>Ⅲ(2.19 a)>Ⅰ(2.09 a)>Ⅱ(1.72 a)>Ⅳ(0.43 a). The litter N and P contents in the three bamboo forests were lower than those of Ⅳ and Ⅴ, and the Si content was significantly higher than the controls. The K content was highest in Ⅳ and lowest in Ⅴ. The macro-element returns of N, P, and K was highest in Ⅳ and lowest in Ⅴ, and they were 117.43 and 31.59 kg·hm^-2, respectively. The micro-element returns of Si, Ca, and Mg in the three bamboo forests were all higher than those in Ⅳ and Ⅴ. For different forests, moreover, the total nutrient returns followed the sequence of Ⅰ(382.55 kg·hm^-2)>Ⅲ(295.00 kg·hm^-2)>Ⅳ(179.11 kg·hm^-2)>Ⅱ(142.33 kg·hm^-2)>Ⅴ(53.36 kg·hm^-2). Although there exists relatively self-fertilizing ability in the bamboo forests, they should be mixed with some broadleaf trees, such as Q. acutissima, for supplying N, P and K to promote litter turnover and nutrient return.

To investigate air pollution of the ΣPAHs released by the automobile exhaust we measured the ΣPAHs content in 0-45 cm soil layers of the three apple orchards by the provincial highway S304 in Yantai Qixia by ASE-HPLC. The results showed that automobile exhaust emissions leaded to PAHs pollution to different degrees in the orchard soil within 10-150 m from both sides of the road. The topsoil had the highest PAHs content with more than 1 000 ng·g^-1. The average ΣPAHs content ratio was 1.63:1.35:1 for 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm soil layers. The 11 kinds of PAHs were classed into three types including the change gradually type, the distance spread type and the fluctuation type according to the sink conditions. ΣPAHs of the change gradually type, including Phenanthrene, Fluoranthene and Anthracene, reduced with the increasing distance after 20 m, and their maximum settlement amount reached to 343.93 ng·g^-1, 113.06 ng·g^-1, and 18.11 ng·g^-1. ΣPAHs of the distance spread type, including Pyrene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[a, h]anthracene, increased with the increasing distance, and the maximum settlement amount reached to 85.73, 49.75, 30.37, and 7.95 ng·g^-1 at 100 m from the road. The fluctuation type, including Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene, Benzo[a]anthracene and Chrysene, had two settlement peaks at the 20th meters and 100th meters. The ΣPAHs content of orchard covering with grass reduced by 48.04% compared with normal roadside apple orchards. Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene concentration were in risk assessment values, and existed ecological risk.

A Li-8150 CO₂ flux meter was used to measure respiration efflux of the soil components in a Betula platyphylla plantation located in the Harbin experimental forest station of Northeast Forestry University. The diurnal and monthly variation characteristics of respiration efflux, as well as temperature sensitivity of each component were investigated. Results showed that: the diurnal variation of respiration efflux for all components presented single peak values. The diurnal variation range of litter respiration flux was far greater than that of mineral respiration, especially in spring and autumn. Root respiration showed greater diurnal fluctuation range in May and October, but smaller fluctuations in the other months. The proportion of respiration for each component fluctuated diurnally. Litter and root respiration presented the identical feature, that is, the fluctuation was greater in spring and autumn but smaller in summer. The mineral respiration efflux presented the opposite feature. The mean diurnal respiration of each component varied monthly, and was positively correlated with the monthly temperature. The proportion of respiration efflux for all components also showed significant variations in different seasons. Litter and root respiration had higher proportion in spring and summer but lower proportion in autumn, and mineral respiration flux presented higher proportion in spring and autumn but lower proportion in summer. The respiration of all components was more sensitive to the temperature in 10 cm depth soil than that at soil surface. Each component had different temperature sensitivity, that is litter > root > mineral. The monthly change of Q10 was greater in low temperature and smaller in high temperature.

This study focuses on the characteristics of the movement, transformation and leaching of different nitrogen forms in soil by dripping and pouring fertigation with fertilizer gradients by determining the nitrogen content of soil solution in a Red Fuji apple orchard in Weibei dry plateau. The results showed that different application methods of fertilization were the key factor to affect the movement, accumulation and transformation of different nitrogen forms in soil. The dripping fertigation decreased significantly the nitrogen movement, accumulation and transformation compared with pouring fertigation. The urea-N was main form of N leached, followed by NO₃^--N, and then NH₄⁺-N leached. Neither dripping nor pouring had obvious effect on nitrogen loss when the fertilizer concentration was 0.32 kg·tree^-1. However the nitrogen movement, accumulation and transformation was significantly higher with pouring fertigation than with the dripping fertigation when the fertilizer application amounts were added to 1.2 kg·tree^-1, especially in the 40-80 cm soil layers. By comprehensive comparing and analyses, dripping fertigation significantly decreased the leaching loss of different nitrogen forms in soil, and increased nitrogen content, especially available N in soil. The nitrogen loss will be decreased when fertilizer application is 0.64-1.2 kg·tree^-1 in the whole year.

PSAF is F subunit of photosystem Ⅰ reaction center complex in higher plants and plays an important role during the process of electron mobility of photosynthesis. The full length cDNA of PwPSAF was obtained by RACE PCR assays based on the cDNA library of Picea wilsonii and EST fragment of PwPSAF. Several pieces of software and tools such as Expasy, DNAMAN, ClustalX and MEGA were used to analyze the physical and chemical properties and secondary and tertiary structures of PwPSAF. Expression level of PwPSAF in different tissues of seedlings was identified by RT-qPCR under drought and salt treatments. Furthermore, the expression patterns were investigated at different stages of seed germination. We found that PwPSAF was composed of 253 amino acids and the theoretical molecular weight was 27.04 kDa with isoelectric point of 9.57. The protein has two transmembrane domains and shares conserved C domain with other species such as Picea sitchensis and Vitis vinifera. RT-qPCR assays indicated that PwPSAF was mainly expressed in needles of Picea wilsonii. During seed germination, PwPSAF showed the highest expression within 2 days after germination, and then declined on the fourth day. With the cotyledons grown, the expression of PwPSAF was up-regulated again. In addition, the expression level of PwPSAF was down-regulated in the needles under drought and salt stresses. These results suggest that PwPSAF in P. wilsonii plays an important role during seed germination and in response to abiotic stresses.

The cultivar, ‘Taishanhong’, of pomegranate (Punica granatum) was used as experimental materials to investigate the course of flowering and pollen germination to find the optimal culture conditions of pollen germination and to study the effects of plant growth regulators on pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The results showed that there were three morphological phases during flowering periods. The anther released pollens the next day from 8:00 to 17:00 (22-30 ℃,relative humidity 25%-40%) when flowers were completely open. The pollen dispersion period usually took 1-2 days. The optimal culture conditions of pollen germination were with 10% sucrose,0.005% H₃BO₃ and pH 7.0. The time of pollen germination was 3 h. Low concentration 6-BA (1-10 mg·L^-1) and 2,4-D (1-5 mg·L^-1) promoted the pollen germination and tube growth. However, high concentrations of the hormones expressed inhibition effects on the pollen germination and tube growth. The optimal concentration for pollen germination pollen and tube growth was 10 mg·L^-1(6-BA) and 5 mg·L^-1(2,4-D). In the contrast, NAA (1-30 mg·L^-1) and PP₃₃₃(50-800 mg·L^-1) had some inhibitory effects on the pollen germination and tube growth of pomegranate. The inhibitory effects strengthened with concentration increasing.

This paper studied the stand distribution model in terms of competition which could distribute the overall growth increment of a stand to each individual trees of the stand. Data, collected from a Chinese fir plantation in Huangfengqiao Forest Farm in Hunan province, were used to develop a stand distribution model with Open Comparison Model f_O, Simple Competition Index Model f_H, and Competition Pressure Index Model f_CSI, then propounded a new model—Competition Index Model f_Ci=1/(af_Oi+bf_Hi+cf_CSIi). After eliminated outliers, f_C was used as a parameter to propound a Stand Growth Distribution Model to distribute the overall growth increment of stand to each individual trees in the stand, and the model is G_i=G_Total×f_Ci/. Regression analysis obtained a=5.416 081 713, b=1.037 485 025, c=0.157 524 494, with standard error of 0.179 128 42, and R² of 0.966 704 535. Ten sample plots of the artificial stand were used to verify the model, and it was found that the model's precision was the best for Chinese fir artificial stands, was good for the Liriodendron chinense artificial stands, and was the worst for the mixed forest. Thus, the model is a good empirical model suitable for the artificial stand.

One-year-to four-year-old seedlings of Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis) were sampled in high, medium, and low altitudes in the northern slope of Qinling Mountains, Loess Plateau and the southern slope of Qinling Mountains. The morphology and dry weight of the seedlings roots were measured to investigate the effects of various environmental factors on the root growth. The results showed that the roots morphological parameters and dry weight decreased with the increasing latitude and altitude. The seedlings in the southern slope of Qinling Mountains had most number of lateral roots with diameter φ≤0.5 mm and the largest surface area and longest length. The seedlings in the low altitude of the northern slope of Qinling Mountains had the greatest number and largest surface area of lateral roots with diameter φ > 1 mm. The seedlings in the high altitude of northern slope of Qinling Mountains had relatively less root number, smaller surface area, shorter length and lighter weight of lateral roots, however their specific root length of lateral roots were greater than that in other sites. The morphology and weight of both seedling tap and lateral roots were the minimum value in Loess Plateau. Through the Principle Components Analysis (PCA), 10 environmental factors were reduced to the three principle components that interpreted 85.2% of variance of seedling growth. The annual temperature and accumulated temperature exerted stronger positive effect on the biomass accumulation of both tap and lateral roots. Phosphorus content in the soil was positively correlated with the specific root length and surface area of lateral roots, while the nitrogen content had significant positive effect on lateral root length. It is concluded that appropriate temperature favors the biomass accumulation of seedling roots, and higher contents of phosphorus and nitrogen are favorable to the growth of lateral roots.

Urban forests can reduce atmospheric particulate matters, and hence improve the quality of ambient air. In this paper, the mass concentrations of TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ in three typical recreational urban forests in the Hui Mountain of Wuxi were observed during the recreation time (5:00-19:00) in the summer of 2012 with a continued high temperature weather. In the same time, the microclimates were also collected to understand the dynamic pattern of particle matters mass concentration in the different types of urban forest, as well as the influencing factors. The results showed that: 1) The daily mean mass concentrations of particle matters in 3 recreation forests and road were lower than that of Wuxi urban region, and reached the urbanized area ambient air quality standards of China. The mass concentrations of TSP in Cinnamomum camphora forest and that of PM_2.5 in each recreation forest achieved the national standard level-Ⅰ. 2) The mass concentrations of different size particle matters varied in different recreation forests. The TSP or PM₁₀ concentration was lowest in C. camphora forest, and was highest in Quercus variabilis forest. The PM_2.5 or PM₁ concentration was lowest in Pinus elliotii forest, and was highest in C. camphora. The highest proportion of fine particles was PM₁₀, which accounted for more than 56%. 3) During the observation period, the concentrations of four kinds of particle matters in three recreation forests were high in the morning, and low in the afternoon, with the peaks usually appeared at 7:00, and the vales around 15:00. The time of concentration peaks or valleys of the different size particles varied. 4) The concentrations of four kinds of particles were significantly correlated with air moisture and temperature during the continued high temperature period. In addition, changes in the concentration of particulate matters were influenced by a variety of meteorological factors working together.

Taking the most important coniferous species of southern China, Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), as the study object, the compatible tree volume equations, aboveground biomass equations and biomass conversion factor functions suitable for two regions (population areas) were constructed using the error-in-variable simultaneous equation and dummy variable model approach. The results showed that two-variable models are better than one-variable models whether tree volume equation or aboveground biomass equation; the models for two populations are significantly different and the projected estimates for population A are larger than those for population B; the mean prediction errors (MPE's) of one-and two-variable aboveground biomass equations are both less than 3%, which means the aboveground biomass equations could be applied for estimation of Chinese fir forest biomass in the regions.

Based on SPOT5 remotely sensed imagery, this research focused on delineating moso bamboo forest using object-based method, which provided the advantages of multi-scale segmentation and developing hierarchical structure. The results showed that: 1) The most appropriate window sizes for calculating texture using red (R), green (G) and blue (B) band in SPOT5 image were 9×9,7×7,9×9; 2) Extracting moso bamboo using multi-scale segmentation technique of object-based method was more accurate, with the producer's accuracy reaching 90%, obviously higher than that of the conventional maximum likelihood method(88.57%); 3) Multiresolution segmentation with the aid of texture not only ensured the accuracy of moso bamboo, but also provided help to the other forest types. The overall accuracy was 92% and the Kappa coefficient was 88.14%, both of which were the highest accuracy in the present study.

Taking orange as example, this article does some research on image foreground segmentation algorithm and the relationship between brix and the images. Correlation analysis method based on coefficient of determination is introduced into image segmentation. And more accurate segmentation results of different images were obtained using this method. The research result shows that there is a close relationship between orange brix and its color image's external parameters and the variation tendency of the average G intensity according to the change of brix can be well simulated using double exponential equation. It also shows that in the case of no additional light source, it is possible to know orange brix nondestructively based only on its visible waveband color image.

The dynamic balance method was used to deduce the relative power formula of the upper air flow to accurately assess the impact of a wide range of oasis protection forest on the upper air power speed. Based on the measurement at four different geometric structure grids, and the fitting estimates with the wind speed data collected from a 50 m flux tower at the Dengkou Desert Ecological Research Station, it was found the upper relative power speed during April and May gale periods within the oasis region was about 1.3. The following formula was built to estimate the ground layer relative wind speed (γ) and further to evaluate the effects of a wide range of oasis area on wind protection: γ=v_*'α√2l/[2α²l+(1-α²)A².This formula, based on the analysis of mechanisms of oasis protection forest edge zone and the upper power speed change, and constituent elements of power speed under shelterbelt trees, provided a ground resistance evaluation method of oasis area. This formula could also illustrate the relationship between wind penetration coefficient (α), forest space (l, which is the multiple of tree height), ratio of average wind speed and power speed below tree height in the control areas (A), and wind protection effect of the whole shelterbelts.

In recent years, Trabala vishnou gigantina (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) had caused enormous economic losses in the northwest drought region of China, where Hippophae rhamnoides forests were distributed. As one of the most important defoliators in that area, larvae of T. vishnou gigantina feeding on tender leaves primarily caused damage to the crown layers of the trees. Using Software GS+ and geostatistics methods, we investigated the spatial distribution of eggs of T. vishnou gigantina in pure H. rhamnoides forest. Results showed that adult moths preferred to spawn on the female pupae, with an incidence of 63.2%. Eggs gathered mainly at heights of 66.5 cm on the tree stems. Average distance between eggs and nearby female pupae was 22.9 cm. Analysis of isotropic variograms indicated that the distance of spatial dependence of eggs was 95.782 m, while the intensity of local spatial continuity was 0.680. Furthermore, semivariogram analysis revealed that the Gaussian model was fitted best to eggs distribution, implying an aggregation distribution. The maps derived from the Kriging interpolation exhibited that the spatial distribution of T. vishnou gigantina eggs was similar to that of the female pupae. Taking climatic factors into consideration, we found that oviposition of T. vishnou gigantina was affected by the temperature and rainfall from late-August to mid-September. This research provided a theoretical basis for controlling T. vishnou gigantina, particularly in predicting their potential distribution areas and future possible population density.

To explore the parasitic regulatory mechanism of parasitism by Sclerodermus sichuanensis on the host, Tenebrio molitor, the venom injection and Sephadex G75 chromatography were conducted to investigate the effects of venom on the host pupa in the parasitic process. Additionally, a parasitic venom protein was isolated. The results showed that the venom had paralytic effects, and an approximate 51.17 ku paralytic venom protein was isolated and characterized. The paralytic degree had a positive correlation with the concentration of venom injection, and the number of recovered pupa had a negative correlation with the concentration. T. molitor pupa was in slight and reversible paralysis and its exuviate was inhibited when injected with 0.01 VRE (venom reservoir equivalent) venom artificially. The parplysis was non-reversible and complete when the concentration of injected venom rose to 0.2 VRE. Six kinds of macromolecular venom proteins were found in the venom, and among them an approximate 51.17 ku venom protein vpr 4 had paralytic activity, but the paralytic activity was unbalance.

By using plate cultivation technique, the soil microbial community in different soil layers was studied under deciduous broad-leaved forest in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan. The results showed that the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the different soil layers was in the order as FH layer>A layer>B layer>C layer. The numbers of different microbes in all the sample plots were as the follows: bacteria>actinomycetes>fungi. With the selective media of sodium carboxymethyl cellulosea, 28 strains of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms were screened. By applying aniline plate decolorization method and guaiacol color ring method, we found 2 strains of bacteria, 25 strains of fungi and 3 actinomycetes that possess lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase, and 5 fungi with laccase. In the culture medium with Ca₃(PO₄)₂ as the sole source of phosphur, 97 strains of phosphur-dissolving bacteria were screened. In the culture medium without nitrogen, 2 strains of nitrogen fixing bacteria were found. Both the number of strains and the amount of phosphur-dissolving bacteria were higher than that of lignocellulose decomposing microorganisms and lignin-decomposing microorganisms.

The theoretical study on the wood formation and density distribution of earlywood and latewood were investigated in this paper. Firstly, the sine function and piecewise function were used to represent temperature and rainfall, respectively. Secondly, considering the temperature and rainfall influence on the growth rate, the tree growth rate model which tree radius was taken as dependent variable and time as independent variable was established. Furthermore, based on the growth rate effect on the density, the density distribution model was developed to describe the relationships between density and the growth rate. Finally, Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation wood was taken as an example to test the reliability and validity of the density distribution model. The density distributions along wood radius direction were measured by Soft-X ray analysis system, and the measured results were compared to the theoretical values which calculated by Finite Difference Scheme. The results showed: 1) The periodical change of temperature were obtained by the sine function which was fitted with the temperature data from the forest farm and the coefficient of determination was 0.907.The periodical change of rainfall could be described quantitatively by the piecewise function. 2) The tree growth rate model could be used for quantitative analysis the temperature and rainfall influence on tree growth. 3) The density distribution of earlywood and latewood in radial direction was accurately described by the density model, which provided a quantitative description of the relationship between the macroscopic density of wood and its microscopic density.

Isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, vitexin and tricin in the leaves of three genera 11 bamboos been compared by a simple high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method. The multistage development was performed in Automated Multiple Development (AMD2) and solvents with different ratios were used as mobile phase. The developed plates were scanned by TLC Scanner3. The components were separated well and R_F of the five flavonoids 0.25, 0.32, 0.38, 0.47 and 0.88 respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, selectivity and repeatability, and expressed as coefficient of variation (CV[%]). The kinds of flavonoids and the concentrations in the eleven species bamboo of three different genera were significantly different. Phyllostachys nigra the maximum total flavonoids of 0.132%, and the minimum of 0.015%. The results would be useful in extracting natural bamboo-leaf flavonoids.

YP_2.0-A is designed on the basis of YP_2.5-A skidding ropeway remote control carriage, which has the superiority that can substitute the stopper of semi-automatic carriage in the line of cableway by using hydraulic braking and can stop at any position of the cableway,and the hook of the carriage can move up and down automatically.Based on the analysis of main parameters,performance and working principle of the YP_2.0-A carriage,the hydraulic system has been designed.The new system enhances the performance of sensitivity,security and reliability of the hydraulic system,and achieving the automation and precision control of skidding operation.Through statistical analysis and the original record of 13 different capacity of skylines,the cost of skyline is 110-130 yuan·m^-3.The carriage possesses a very good ecological benefits,economic and social benefits.

In this review, research progress of pore control and structure characterization of five kinds of biomass-based activated carbon fiber including biomass fiber-based activated carbon fiber, viscose-based activated carbon fiber, lignin-based activated carbon fiber, phenolated biomass-based activated carbon fiber and biopitch-based activated carbon fiber is summarized.Furthermore, crystal structure, surface morphological structure, surface chemical structure and adsorptive property of biomass-based activated carbon fiber are also presented. Finally, some suggestions are given in order to further complete the research of biomass-based activated carbon fiber's pore control and structure characterization.

With the steam distillation method, the volatile oils in leaves of Sabina przewalskii in Qilian county and Huzhu county were extracted and then their chemical constituents were analyzed by techniques of GC-MS-computer. The results showed that the major components were sesquiterpenoid and terpenol of the volatile oils. The average oil yield of the volatile oils from leaves of Sabina przewalskii in Qilian county and Huzhu county was 1.182% and 1.175%(w/w), respectively. 33 and 30 compounds were identified from the above two volatile oils, respectively. The identified relative contents of volatile oils were 94.51% and 92.59%, respectively. The main constituents of the former were α-pinene (25.83%), d-limonene (14.64%), β-phellandrene (8.98%), thujopsene (7.93%), (+)-a-muurolene (3.60%); but the main constituents in the latter were 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane(14.35%),α-pinene(11.71%), d-limonene(8.62%), cedrol(7.46%), [s-(E,E)]-1-methyl-5-methylene-8-(1-methylethyl)-1,6-cyclodecadiene(7.40%), 4-methyl-1-(1-methyleth-yl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol(5.46%), [1R-(1.alpha.,3.alpha.,4.beta.)]-4-ethenyl-.alpha.,alpha.,4-trimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohex-anemethanol (4.65%), (1S-cis)-1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene(4.59%), 1-methyl-4-(1-methy-lethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene(3.52%),caryophyllene(3.37%).The differences of compounds and GC contents between the two volatile oils extracted from leaves of Sabina przewalskii in Qilian county and Huzhu county were all distinct, but main compositions were all terpene compounds, which contains a lot of bioactive compounds with very important uses for perfume and medicine industry.

Flower pigments of Lonicera japonica at different flowering stages were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using thin layer chromatography, UV photo-spectrometer and high performance liquid chromatography. The result showed that the changing trends of chlorophyll, chlorogenic acid and flavonoids content in L. japonica flowers were: primary bud>green bud>primary white>white bud>white flower>yellow flower. The changing trends of luteoloside content were: green bud>primary bud>primary white>white bud>white flower>yellow flower. The cartenoids content at the initial stages was: primary bud>green bud> primary white>white bud>white flower, but their content increased sharply in the yellow flower, and was ten times higher as white flower. The color change of L. japonica flowers from green to white was due to the decrease of chlorophyll, cartenoids and luteoloside. The flower color change from white to yellow was caused by the increasing of cartenoids.

The genetic diversity and genetic structure of 15 natural populations of Castanopsis hystrix in China were analyzed using ISSR markers. Results showed that the genetic diversity of C. hystrix was abundant, with percentage of polymorphic bands(PPB) and Shannon's phenotypic diversity index(H₀) being 94.89% and 0.387 3 at the species level, 76.93% and 0.305 0 at the populations level, respectively. There were significant genetic differentiation among and within populations, and 11.25% of genetic variation existed among populations. The Mantel test showed that the geographic and genetic distances were not significantly correlated to each other. The present study provided a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of genetic resources of C. hystrix.

The DNA base sequences and the methylation of diploid and the corresponding autotetraploid seedlings of Paulownia tomentosa×P. fortunei were investigated with the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) molecular markers. The result indicated that average 50 to 70 bands were amplified with each pair of AFLP primers and the fragment length was less than 500 bp. The DNA base sequences of diploid P. tomentosa ×P. fortunei were identical to its autotetraploid's. The products of MSAP amplification were from 100 to 500 bp and contained 2 093 and 2 217 restriction sites in the diploid and the corresponding autotetraploid, respectively. Their methylated sites accounted for 36.41% and 39.78% (where fully methylation rate were 12.85% and 14.98%), separately. In the autotetraploid, 21.89% DNA methylation patterns changed compared to its diploid, and the global DNA methylation level was higher than its diploid.

Cunninghamia lanceolata is one of the most important fast-growing timber tree species in southern China. In order to develop an effective molecular maker, which is important for genetic diversity analysis and marker-assisted selection in C. lanceolata, all the EST sequences of C. lanceolata and Taiwania cryptomerioides were obtained from NCBI for the development of EST-SSR markers.As a result,311 non redundant EST sequences were assembled from 408 EST sequences of C. lanceolata. Among these sequences, a total of 28 SSRs were identified from 26 non redundant EST sequences,and the trinucleotide and tetranucleotide repeats were the dominant types with the frequency of 60.71% and 25%,respectively. A total of 384 non redundant EST sequences were found after assembly of 2 643 EST sequences of T. cryptomerioides and 32 SSRs were identified from 27 non redundant EST sequences.The trinucleotide and tetranucleotide repeats were also the dominant types with the frequency of 53.13% and 25%,respectively.According to these sequences,50 pairs of EST-SSR primers were designed.Through PCR and sequencing,10 pairs of primers with polymorphism were isolated,among which,9 pairs of primers were from C. lanceolata and 1 pair of primers was from T. cryptomerioides.These polymorphic primers were further used to assess the genetic diversity of 30 different clones of C. lanceolata.The results showed that 30 clones were divided into 6 groups at coefficient rate 0.80.All the results indicated that the developed SSR markers from EST sequences would have important application value in genetic analysis and molecular breeding of C. lanceolata.

Variety,‘Common Eucalyptus 1’, was obtained by crossing Eucalyptus urophylla (female parent) and E. tereticornis (male parent), and asexual reproduction. Its average leaf length is 19.2 cm, and average leaf width is 4.3 cm. There are obvious differences in bark and fruit between the variety and its parents. Its annual growth is slightly higher than its parents, and it is suitable for being promoted in most regions in southern China.

The cultivar ‘Heiji 6’was bred by twice seedling selections. In the first seedling selection, Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. mongolica ‘Wulanshalin’ was derived from the offspring of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. mongolica ‘Wulangemu’ that was introduced from Mongolia to Dengkou county in China. Then the cultivar ‘Heiji 6’ was bred by seedling selection from ‘Wulanshalin’ in Suiling county, China. After regional test evaluation, the results showed that ‘Heiji 6’ had no or few thorns, its 100-berry weight had 60 g, and fruit yield per unit area was able to arrive at 6 000 kg·hm^-2 at full fruit stage.