This paper studied the age structure and dynamic change of Nitraria tangutorun clonal ramet populations which naturally distribute at Jingtai, Gulang and Minqin in the southern margin area of Tengger Desert, as well as Lanzhou served as a control. The results showed as follows: The age structures of the four plots all belonged to progressive type. Along with the moisture gradient descending from south to north, the proportion of middle-aged ramets increased. There was a transition tendency from youth to adulthood. In the 4 plots, the static life tables all showed that youth ramet vitality and adaptability enhanced, life expectancy increased with age until Ⅴ age class, after which the life expectancy decreased gradually. The q_x and K_x obviously increased in Ⅲ and Ⅳ age class. The ramet population survival curves in the 4 plots all approached to Deevey type Ⅲ. The population bred exuberantly on the south hill in Lanzhou City, leading to severe space constraint and high infant mortality. The middle-aged ramets had low mortality at Baidunzi of Jingtai County and Malutan of Gulang County. Compared with other plots, the N. tangutorum clonal population at Qinfeng farm of Minqin County had higher mortality in all age classes, however, the ramet number in the age class Ⅵ increased unusually. The ramet survival analysis results were consistent in the 4 plots. The S(t) monotonically decreased and F(t) gradually increased with the age increasing. The F(t) and λ(t) of the populations on south hill in Lanzhou City were higher due to fierce competition, but were relatively lower at Qinfeng farm of Minqin County, probably as the population updated strategy to adapt harsh environment. The spectral analysis results showed that, the ramet age structure and dynamic change were mainly influenced by the biological characteristics in life cycle. The harmonic amplitude A₄ indicated the populations had to certain degree environment adaptability and anti-interference ability. Dynamic index V_pi″ showed that growth potential of the ramet populations gradually declined from south to north with the order of: South hill in Lanzhou City (1.27%)>Baidunzi of Jingtai County (0.37%)>Malutan of Gulang County (0.35%)>Qinfeng farm of Minqin County(0.24%). The population growth potential in the desert southern margin, especially Qinfeng farm of Minqin county, was limited. The N. tangutorum population should be protected by proper tending practices to enhance sustainable development.

In this study, floristic composition, community structure, and phytogeographic characteristics in a Lithocarpus glaber-Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest community were investigated in a 1 hm² permanent plot (100 m×100 m) located in Dashanchong state-owned forest farm (113°17'46″-113°19'8″E, 28°23'58″-28°24'58″N), Changsha County, Hunan Province. The results showed that plants with diameter at breast height (DBH) larger than 1 cm in the plot belonged to 73 woody species, 55 genera, and 38 families. Evergreen broadleaved and deciduous tree species shared a similar proportion of composition (i.e. evergreen broadleaved 50.68% and deciduous 49.32%), but no large woody vines were found in the forest community. Fagaceae had the highest important value (35.94) and was the most dominant family in the community. The distribution of plant individuals, species, DBH classes, and height classes all displayed a reverse "J" pattern, indicating the apparent vertical canopy stratification and good understory regeneration in the forest community. The flora had the typical characteristics of subtropical flora with extreme similarity with the forest community in Japan and belonged to L. glaber-C. glauca formation group of typical evergreen broadleaved forest in the eastern region, China. The origin time of the forest community should not be later than the tertiary period.

In order to study the relationship between the community distribution of Shanxi Sambucus williamsii and the environmental factors, we collected randomly samples of S. williamsii in the distribution area of Shanxi from July to October in 2012. The two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) of the samples showed that the 80 quadrats were divided into 13 community types. The first sequence axis of CCA mainly reflected the variation in elevation, total potassium, and the second sequence axis reflected the variation in slope, pH value. Combining the correlation between the environmental factors with the CCA sequencing results, we found that elevation, total potassium,and pH value were the main environmental factors that affected the distribution of S. williamsii community. At the same time, an actual survey showed that S. williamsii was mainly distributed in the sunny, semi-sunny slope of middle and high elevation area.

The soil nitrogen content, enzyme activities, and their relationships in the pure forest of Cupressus funebris and mixed forest of C. funebris+Cyclobalanopsis glauca in Ruxi River watershed were investigated in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The results showed that the content of ammonium nitrogen in three soil layers (0-20,20-40,and 40-60 cm) under the two forest stands were similar. However, the total nitrogen content in each soil layer of the mixed forest was respectively 61.1%, 55.7%, and 19.8% higher than those of the pure forest, and the differences were all significant. Compared to the pure forest, the nitrate nitrogen content in each soil layer of the mixed forest was also increased 10.3%, 10.5%,and 25.5%, respectively. The nitrogen content of soil microbial biomass in each soil layer of the mixed forest was respectively 1.2, 1.0,and 1.6 times higher than those of the pure forest. Moreover, the activities of protease, catalase, urease, and invertase in each soil layer of the mixed forest were significantly higher than those of the pure forest. The results indicated that, compared to the pure forest of C. funebris, the mixed forest of C. funebris+Cyclobalanopsis glauca could obviously improve soil enzyme activities, soil nitrogen conditions, and ecological environment in the stand.

A pot culture experiment was carried out to examine the effects of drought stress on the root growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of three cultivars of Zanthoxylum bungeanum: Meifengjiao (M), Xiaohongguan (X), and Shizitou (S). The results showed that the elongation growth of the main roots of the three cultivars was inhibited, while that of the lateral roots was enhanced. The number of lateral roots with the diameters of 0 to 2 mm and ≥ 2 mm significantly decreased. Both aerial and root biomass decreased. Under mild, moderate, and severe stress conditions, the main root length of cultivar M decreased by 10.4%, 24.7%, and 44.0%, by 10.1%, 28.4%, and 35.8% for cultivar X, and by 8.4%, 27.9%, and 42.9% for cultivar S from May to September, compared to that of control. Under severe drought stress, the transpiration water consumption of cultivar M, X, and S decreased by 65.5%, 51.8% and 66.7%, respectively, while WUE increased by 12.2%, 26.3%,and 33.1%, respectively, compared to that of control. It was concluded that under drought stress, the morphological characteristics and tolerant capabilities to drought were different among different cultivars. Cultivar X exhibited the highest drought tolerance, followed by cultivar M, and then cultivar S.

Magnolia officinalis subsp. biloba is an endangered plant species that has been categorized as one of the second grade state protection wild plants of China. The overexploitation of this species due to its high medicinal value has resulted in resource reduction, population declining, and community recession. This research was undertaken to explore the regeneration characteristics of M. officinalis subsp. biloba and the factors that may limit the process. A field survey of the species was undertaken and the age structure, seedling characteristics, and obstacles to regeneration were identified. The frequency distribution of sizes of M. officinalis subsp. biloba individuals was found to be a typical J-type, suggesting that the population would maintain stability over a relatively long time. Sprouts occupied a large proportion of three communities studied and the proportion increased as the canopy density increased. The sprouts showed no significant difference in average branch number, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH) over various densities while the seedlings decreased in height and DBH as the canopy density increased. The age structure of seedlings and sprouts displayed great variability in different communities. Seedling regeneration was common under the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. Regeneration of this species under various forest canopy varies in the order of broad-leaved forest

Quercus variabilis is an important forest species and timber resource, and produces tannin in the warm temperate and the subtropical forests of China. In this study, 15 sample plots were established to investigate the characteristics of Q. variabilis seedling and the factors influencing the regeneration in forest gaps of different sizes. The plots were located at five microhabitats in Q. variabilis forests on the north slopes of the Qinling Mountains, which are the core distribution areas of the species. The microhabitats were identified by gap size as follows: classes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, IV and V had a gap size of <50 m², 50-100 m², 100-150 m², 150-200 m² and >200 m², respectively. The survival rates of young Q. variabilis seedlings, their aboveground and belowground morphological traits, and their growth and biomass, which related to their developmental age, were measured in 2009 and 2010. The environmental factors, including available sunlight, air temperature and humidity, coverage and height of shrubs and herbs, and soil characteristics, were also measured and their relationships with the seedling growth and development were analyzed. The results showed that the number of seedlings in forest gaps decreased dramatically as the age increase. The number of seedlings in the gap class IV was greater than those in the other four classes of gaps. The morphological traits, including basal diameter, height, diameter and length of the primary branch, leaf area index, diameter and length of the main root, diameter and length of lateral roots and surface area of lateral roots of seedlings in the gaps of class IV were also greater than those in the other four classes. Regression analysis also showed that the class IV was a much more suitable habitat for biomass accumulation of Q. variabilis seedlings; that is, biomass of the main stems, the branches of stems, leaves, the main roots and lateral roots of seedlings in the class IV were greater than those in other microhabitats. The growth in height and biomass of the seedlings was correlated positively with radiation condition, coverage of shrub, coverage of herb, height of herb, soil temperature, soil organic matter, soil available nitrogen, soil available phosphorus and soil available potassium, however the growth was negatively correlated with air humidity, height of shrub, deadwood and soil moisture. The forest gaps of class IV were a type of habitat that would be beneficial for the survival of Q. variabilis seedlings. This study suggests that appropriate thinning techniques could be used to improve the number of forest gaps, especially to create forest gaps of 150-200 m² which may provide favorable conditions for the sustainable development of Q. variabilis forests.

In this study, the morphological and physiological characteristics of seven cultivars of Camellia japonica, ‘Dr Clifford Parks', ‘Camellia sasanqua', 'Hongluzhen', ‘High Fragrance', ‘Songzi', ‘Massee Lane' and ‘Margaret Davis', were investigated. Results showed that all the cultivars had high survival rates. 'Hongluzhen' and ‘Dr Clifford Parks' had relatively faster summer shoot growth. ‘Hongluzhen' had the highest soluble sugar content of 26.51 mg·g^-1 while 'Camellia Sasanqua' had the highest soluble protein content of 15.32 mg·g^-1.‘Dr Clifford Parks' possessed the highest SOD activity (86.80 U·g^-1) while 'Camellia Sasanqua' had the highest POD activity (417.6 U·g^-1min^-1) among the cultivars studied. ‘Camellia Sasanqua' had lower MDA content than others.‘Dr Clifford Parks' had the highest Φ_PSⅡ, q_P, ETR. Based on the above results,‘Dr Clifford Parks' was considered as best cultivar adapting to the Mount Wutong National Park in Shenzhen by the multi-dimensional coordinate-synthetic-evaluation method.

A univariate completely randomized block design was applied in this experiment. Growth traits, and the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake of Phoebe chekiangensis and Phoebe bournei under different levels of slow-release fertilizer (SRF) were measured to investigate the effect of SRF loading on seedling growth and construction of nutrients reserves. The result showed that the largest plant height, root volume and dry weight of the two Phoebe species were detected with 3.0 kg·m^-3 SRF treatment. SRF loading increased N content and concentration of nutrients reserves, and the largest nutrients reserves was constructed at 3.0 kg·m^-3 SRF. P content of seedlings was not changed by increasing SRF applications, whereas the P concentration was decreased by SRF application. Thus, 1.5 kg·m^-3 SRF would be enough to provide P for constructions of nutrients reserves. Correlation analysis revealed there was a positive correlation between the N and P content and plant height, basal diameter and root growth, and a positive correlation between the N and P concentration and root-shoot ratio of seedlings. It was effective to promote seedling growth by raising the N and P content. The 3.0 kg·m^-3 SRF might meet the requirement of high quality seedlings, and with the SRF, N and P nutrients reserves could be constructed and higher biomass was able to be obtained. By choosing SRF with low-P content, or applying other fertilization technology, the problem of excess supply of P might be solved. It was demonstrated that the optimum fertilizing amount of N of Ph. chekiangensis and Ph. bournei would be 420 mg per plant and 360 mg per plant, respectively, while the optimum fertilizing amount of P for the two Phoebe species would be 60 mg per plant.

In this study, three full-length cDNAs encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were isolated from Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) using RACE. They encode 709, 710 and 709 amino acids, respectively, and their sequence lengths are 2 455, 2 418 and 2 689 bp, respectively. The amino acid sequences contain two functional domains of PAL-HAL and PAL, and the enzyme active site (GTITASGDLVPLSYIA). The expression analysis showed that the three ClPALs differentially expressed in different organs. The expression level of ClPAL1 in lignified stem was higher than that in needle, male cone, root and non-lignified stem, and ClPAL3 was mainly expressed in lignified stem. Both genes were predominantly expressed in xylem, and their expression levels in intermediate wood were over 20 times higher than that in sapwood. ClPAL2 exhibited the high transcript abundance in phloem-enriched needles and bark. IAA, GA₃ and BR can promote the differentiation of xylem cells, and thus they should directly or indirectly associate with lignin biosynthesis. After application of the three hormones, ClPAL1 and ClPAL3 were induced to different extents, and changes in the expressions were relatively more significant with IAA and BR, indicating that ClPAL1 and ClPAL3 were likely to play important roles in lignin biosynthesis of Chinese Fir wood tissue. During the compression wood formation, the expression level of ClPAL1 in the compression area of xylem showed decreased then increased, and reached to 1.4 times of the control level after 10 days bending treatment. Its expression levels in the opposite area of the compressed zone were lower than that of the control. The ClPAL2 expression was up-regulated in the compression wood, and its value in the opposite wood area was obviously higher than that of the control after 10 days bending. The expression changes of ClPAL3 were not significant compared with the control. In addition, the expression level of the ClPAL2 in intermediate wood was higher than that in sapwood. It deserves further study whether this gene would participate in the formation of the heartwood color.

Allene oxide cyclase (AOC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and plays an important role in plant resistance to biostress and abiostress. In the present study, the full length cDNA sequence of an apple (Malus domestica) AOC gene (named as MdAOC1 ) was amplified using in-silico cloning and RACE approaches. The ORF of MdAOC1 gene is 759 bp encoding a protein composed of 252 amino acids. MdAOC1 protein contains a conserved Allene_ox_cyc domain in C-terminus and a chloroplast transit peptide in N-terminus. Multialignment indicated that the MdAOC1 shared high identity with AOC proteins from Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. The tertiary structure of the protein formed a hydrophobic binding cavity with two distinct polar patches, which was similar to AtAOC2. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that MdAOC1 expression had tissue specificity and the highest expression was observed in the stems. Moreover, MdAOC1 expression was induced not only by the treatment of wounding, but also by salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The results implied that MdAOC1 gene might be involved in the defense responses to biotic or abiotic stress.

In this study, the genome of Ziziphus jujuba was partially sequenced using the Roche 454 FLX sequencer. The assembled sequences were totally 8.4 Mb, from which 15 036 microsatellites repeats were detected. Among them, the hexanucleotide repeats were the most abundant (6 033), accounting for 40.1% of the total microsatellites, following by the compound (2 707) and mononucleotide(2 575) repeats that accounted for 18.0% and 17.1% of the total microsatellites, respectively. The number of dinucleotide (1 118), trinucleotide (1 218), tetranucleotide (1 050), and pentanucleotide repeats (335), were found to account for 7.5%, 7.0%, 8.1%, 2.2% of the total microsatellites, respectively. While hexanucleotide repeats were the most abundant, dinucleotide repeats were more frequent than the other types of microsatellites in terms of changes in the number of repeat motifs. In mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats, A/T and AT/TA were the main repeating motifs, while (AAN)_n, (AAAN)_n, (AAAAN)_n and (AAAAAN)_n were the dominant repeat motifs in tri-, tetra-, penta-and hexanucleotide repeats, respectively. All the dominant repeat motifs in different types of microsatellites were rich in A and T. It is noteworthy that the variation of microsatellites was found to be negatively correlated with the lengths of repeat motifs, which suggested that the microsatellites with longer repeat motifs would change faster than those with shorter repeat motifs. This study provided abundant genome sequences and marker resources for different aspects of genetic studies on Z. jujuba.

The Japanese pine bast scale, Matsucoccus matsumurae(Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Matsucoccidae)is an important invasive pest in pine forests of China. However, the classification and the population genetic differentiation of this species over various distribution regions have been a problem in the pest management decision-making. In order to provide molecular evidence for the species identification and scientific management of the pest, we collected samples from Fushun in Liaoning Province(LNFS), Qingdao in Shandong Province(SDQD) and Jinhua in Zhejiang Province(ZJJH), respectively, and applied RAPD-PCR technigue with 4 random primers to investigate the genetic variation of the three geographic populations. The results showed that the DNA extracted from individual female adult was enough for RAPD-PCR. The genome size of the species was 9 416 bp. At species level, coefficient of genetic differentiation(G_st)of the population with three replicates was 0.207 8, 0.191 9 and 0.207 5, respectively, indicating that there were 20.78%, 19.19% and 20.75% of genetic diversity resided among populations, and 79.22%, 80.81% and 79.25% of genetic diversity within populations. The minimum genetic distance derived from the three replicates was 0.040 7, 0.035 5 and 0.044 9 between ZJJH and SDQD, respectively, and the maximum ones was 0.065 0, 0.056 2 and 0.067 3 between SDQD and LNFS, which suggested that the three geographic populations would be very close in genetic relationship and that belong to the same species. According to the UPGMA dendrograms, the 3 populations could be grouped into two clades and one contained ZJJH and SDQD and the other contained LNFS only, which indicated a closer genetic relationship between the ZJJH and SDQD populations. This research provides a scientific basis for the pest management and has an important significance in using sex pheromones and the natural enemies of the pine bast scale for biological control in the future.

In this study, Suillus luteus (Sl01) and Boletus sp. (Bo08), isolated from the acidic forest soil, and Cenococcum geophilum (CgSIV) were cultured in liquid media with various potassium concentrations and Ca²⁺ signal inhibitors to investigate mechanism of H⁺ effluxes by ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) under low potassium stress. The results showed that in normal potassium concentration, H⁺ effluxes by ectomycorrhizal fungi of the three isolates were not inhibited by trifluoperazine (TFP) and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In low potassium concentration, the H⁺ efflux by Bo08 and Sl01 was decreased significantly in the presence of TFP and EGTA. The results suggested that Ca²⁺ would be a signal factor that could regulate H⁺ efflux by Bo08 and Sl01 in this experiment conditions of low potassium stress on the fungi.

Soil bacteria community and their diversity were studied during the leaf litter decomposition of Larix olgensis× Larix kaempferi plantation with different densities by two mesh size of litterbags, that is, top layer of 2 mm mesh and bottom layer of 1 mm mesh (mixed mesh litterbag), as well as 1/300 mm mesh size(same mesh litterbag)of litterbags. The bacteria were investigated with the plate cultivation method and PCR-16S RNA sequence analysis. The result showed that the number of soil bacteria was changed significantly (F=10.97, P<0.01) during leaf litter decomposition. The bacteria participating in cellulose, hemicellulose decomposition, such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, was the most dominant. The variety of bacteria community was not consistent between the two types of litterbags. The number of bacteria in the same mesh litterbag increased with the plantation density and some species were obviously dominated, while the number of bacteria in the mixed mesh litterbag decreased with the plantation density and there were no significant dominant species. The composition and diversity of soil bacteria community were mainly influenced by the sampling period. Soil bacteria communities were similar among the different densities of Larix olgensis×Larix kaempferi plantation. The plantation density had different effect on soil bacterial diversity and complexity during leaf litter decomposition of two types of litterbags. The canonical correlation analysis showed that the environmental conditions suitable to soil bacterial community were similar. Soil potassium had the most effect on distribution of soil bacteria, while the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen had the least effect.

Accurately prediction of the dead fuel moisture content on the forest floor is very important for fire behavior forecast and fire danger rating estimation. Dynamics of hourly moisture content of the surface fine dead fuels under birch (Betula platyphylla) stand in Tahe Forestry Bureau, Daxing'anling Region, Heilongjiang Province, China was modeled using direct timelag methods with Nelson and Simard equilibrium moisture content models and a meteorological variable regression method. The mean absolute error of Nelson(1.01%~1.17%) and Simard(1.06%~1.39%)were lower than that of meteorological variable regression method(1.62%~3.01%), which indicated that hourly prediction of fuel moisture by the direct timelag methods would be applicable to the region.

The surface of wood/polyethylene (PE) composites was treated by silicane coupling agent to improve its adhesion properties. To explore the durability in the condition of heat for the bonding joint, bonding strength test, the contact angle test, SEM, FTIR and XPS were employed in the heating experiment to investigate the effect of heat on the surface properties of wood/PE composites treated by silicane coupling agent. The results indicated that there was a chemical combination between silicane coupling agent and the surface of the composite after the surface treatment of coating, which would be of great benefit to the adhesion for the composite. And the surface properties of wood /PE composite treated by silicane coupling agent would have a change under long time heating, which embodied in the change of the roughness and the contents of chemical groups for the surface of the composites. The changes for the surface properties of the coating treated wood/PE composites would have a considerable effect on the durability of the bonding joint and the wood fiber within the composite could result in further changes of surface properties under long time heating.

According to special accuracy require of holes or slots of wooden door, heat error is an important factor of machining accuracy of machine tool. The way of improving machine tool accuracy by using thermal deformation compensation is a necessary intelligent module of high quality NC machine tool. The heat error modeling principle and methods based on BP neural network algorithms for machining holes or slots of wooden door on the NC machine tool were raised, which are the key for compensating heat error. The most optimized heat error can be obtained by error modeling based on BP neural network algorithms, which can compensating the heat error of machine tool for machining holes or slots of wooden door.

Since 2002,the forestry economic reform characterized by marketization brought an important influence on forestry development of China. In this thesis, we used the relative index of forestry marketization from 31 provinces (cities and autonomous regions) in China, to investigate the effects of the forestry marketization process on forestry development quantitatively. The results showed that forestry marketization process had a major impact on the forestry development from 2002 to 2011.It meant every unit increase of forestry marketization index brought 1.208 unit increase of forestry development index. The pace of the forestry marketization process in China is relatively slow, so the transition task of forestry marketization is still very arduous. The development of Chinese forestry industry in the future should be based on forestry marketization to get further improvement and development in the direction of the relationship between government and the market, the marketization process of element resource, market-oriented degree of economic entities, degree of the market system perfection.

In this study, 246 households in three counties in Ya'an city of Sichuan Province were surveyed regarding their non-timber forest products management, and factors influencing their behavior in the non-timber forest products management were analyzed based on structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that the external environment of households management forestland had the most impact on the households' behavior in the non-timber forest products management, followed by the forestland endowment, and then the family characteristics. The measurable variables of external environment,including the households' understanding of government policies of forestry economics, training, mutual influence between households and opportunity cost of household management forestland, all exerted significant impact on the households' behavior in non-timber forest products management. The measurable variables of forestland endowment, including the forestland fragmentation, the productivity of soil and the distance from home to forestland, had some effect on the households' behavior in non-timber forest products management. The ratio of forestry income to total revenue had the most significant influence in the households' family characteristics.

Forest carbon sinks will be important ecological resources for the survival and development of forestry management organizations(such as forestry enterprises, state-owned forest farms etc.)under the carbon trading. It products new and significant financial impacts and accounting problems,which should be brought into the accounting system.The thesis reviewed the relevant literature, and also made a summary of the concept on forest carbon sinks,forest asset accounting, the accounting of carbon emission rights, measurement of forest carbon sinks. Finally, the paper prospected the development of forest carbon sinks accounting in aspects of its context and methods.

Ecological migrants play an important role in protecting ecosystems and environment in nature reserves. Fair, reasonable compensation standards should be established for ecological migrants to ensure the sustainable development of nature reserves. Traditional compensation stands fail to consider the objective ecological contribution of ecological migrants, which cannot provide reasonable compensation. Taking the Inner Mongolia Urad National Nature Reserve as an example, the current study analyzed the contribution of local migrants. Ecosystem services and ecological footprint theory were used to reveal the contribution of local migrants. Compensation strands were also calculated with migrants' ecological contributions considered. Results indicate the least compensation standard should be 17 830 RMB yuan per capita(based on ecosystems services changes) and the largest compensation standard is 25 810 RMB yuan per capita(based on ecological footprints changes)for ecological migrants. We thus suggest a compensation standard of 21 820 RMB yuan for each migrant. The current case study is helpful in promoting ecological compensation theory, especially for the ethnic regions in China.

To explore the effects of water level change in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) on the growth and physiological traits of two-year-old Salix rosthornii seedlings, treatments of four different water levels simulating the natural water level dynamic changes were applied to the seedlings, including control without any flooding (CK), water change with root submergence (T1), water change with half plant submergence (T2), and water change with whole plant submergence (T3). The seedlings in T1, T2 and T3 were all subject to water level change, at the very beginning to normal water supply, and then to light drought stress, and finally normal water supply again. The physiological adaptive mechanisms of these seedlings were studied. Results showed that different treatments significantly affected the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble protein, as well as the plant biomasses. In 65 days under the flooding treatments, the activities of SOD and CAT and the contents of MDA and proline in T1, T2 and T3 all increased. In contrast, the POD activity and soluble protein content in those treatments were firstly decreased and then increased. In addition, the submergence stress also led to a significant decline in the leaf biomass of the seedlings. After then the flood was trained to normal water supply and the seedlings were maintained in the water regimes until the 155^th day, all the physiological indexes of the seedlings except for proline content were recovered to that of the control group. However, although plant biomass increased during the period, the leaf biomass and total biomass in T2 and T3 were still significantly lower than those in CK. Hereafter the seedlings were subject to light drought treatment until the 176^th day, the SOD, POD and CAT activities in the plants increased, and the contents of MDA, proline and soluble protein were significantly higher than those of CK respectively, while seedlings still had significantly less leaf biomass and total biomass compared to control group. From the 176^th day to 197^th day when the seedlings were given with normal water supply, all the physiological indexes except for CAT were recovered to the levels of the control, and the plant biomass increased. However, the leaf and total biomass was still significantly smaller than CK. This study confirmed that S. rosthornii seedlings could be tolerant to water level change in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the TGR through regulating the activities of internal protective enzyme and the contents of osmotic regulators. However, the continuously negative effects of drought stress on S. rosthornii seedlings were stronger than those of flooding. Therefore, the water management in the S. rosthornii habitats should be strengthened, especially under drought situations.

The Hyphantria cunea's harm has a further exacerbating trend in Jiangsu and the surrounding region. In this study, we found that a mixture of Bt and chlorbenzuron has high toxicity to the second and third generation larva of H.cunea by screening, toxicity test and effect comparison. The toxicity test proved that the synergism was 0.76 and 0.83 times, and the synergized effect was notable. The field test and the aerial control experiment showed that the toxic effect and the lethal rate of the mixture were higher than eigther agent. It is concluded that the mixture of Bt and chlorbenzuron is an effective and safe treatment for controlling H.cunea.

The Eucommia ulmoides variety,‘Huazhong 2', is female and was selected through superior tree select, clonal afforestation survey and regionalization trail. It had special characteristics of fast growing, high yields, and strong adaptability. The variety is suitable for establishing fast-growing and high-yielding forests for Chinese herb production,and Eucommia orchard for samara production.

The variety ‘Funiu Hongbao' was selected from Cornus officinalis by multi-point test during several years. It bore relatively bigger fruits,with average 1.7 cm long,1.1 cm diameter, and 155.24 g weight per 100-fruits. The flesh yield rate was 80.10%, the herb yield rate was 21.77%. The variety had stronger resistance and was rarely subject to diseases. The variety had high and stable yield without biennial fruiting. The tree had medium vigor, and was easy to be managed. The variety expressed stable performance and wide adaptability during several years multi-point test.