林业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (12): 152-166.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230015
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
陈俊峰,谢屹*
收稿日期:
2023-01-11
出版日期:
2023-12-25
发布日期:
2024-01-08
通讯作者:
谢屹
基金资助:
Junfeng Chen,Yi Xie*
Received:
2023-01-11
Online:
2023-12-25
Published:
2024-01-08
Contact:
Yi Xie
摘要:
目的: 农户野生动物保护意愿事关野生动物保护成效,是建设人与自然和谐共生的内生动力。探究野生动物肇事、野生动物致害补偿对农户野生动物保护意愿的影响,为防控野生动物肇事、优化野生动物致害补偿机制和提高农户野生动物保护意愿提供理论支撑,为促进人与自然和谐共生的现代化提供决策参考。方法: 围绕野生动物肇事、野生动物致害补偿和农户野生动物保护意愿构建理论分析框架,基于云南省野生动物活跃地区837户农户调查数据,运用多元有序Logit模型,实证检验野生动物肇事、野生动物致害补偿对农户野生动物保护意愿的影响,并进一步考察野生动物致害补偿在野生动物肇事和农户野生动物保护意愿关系中发挥的调节效应。结果: 1) 野生动物肇事对农户野生动物保护意愿具有负向影响,野生动物肇事越厉害,农户野生动物保护意愿越低;2) 随着野生动物致害补偿水平上升,野生动物致害补偿对农户野生动物保护意愿具有先“促进”后“抑制”的影响,影响机制呈“倒U形”,补偿水平53.39%时出现拐点;3) 野生动物致害补偿可调节野生动物肇事对农户野生动物保护意愿的负向影响,发挥先“削弱”后“强化”的调节作用;4) 野生动物肇事、野生动物致害补偿对农户野生动物保护意愿的影响在不同地区、不同文化信仰和不同收入水平下存在异质性,野生动物肇事、野生动物致害补偿的调节作用对处于野生动物资源较丰富地区、野生动物文化信仰较强、收入水平较高的农户影响更大。结论: 野生动物肇事降低农户野生动物保护意愿,野生动物致害补偿在野生动物肇事对农户野生动物保护意愿的负向影响中发挥先“削弱”后“强化”的非线性调节作用。建议在促进人与野生动物和谐共生的过程中,加强野生动物肇事防控,优化野生动物致害补偿机制,构建可持续发展的野生动物保护机制。
中图分类号:
陈俊峰,谢屹. 野生动物肇事、致害补偿与农户野生动物保护意愿[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(12): 152-166.
Junfeng Chen,Yi Xie. Wildlife Accident, Compensation for Damage Caused by Wildlife and Farmers’ Willingness to Protect Wildlife[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(12): 152-166.
表1
野生动物肇事和野生动物致害补偿统计"
项目 Project | 类型 Type | 家庭(户) Household | 占各自样本比例Proportion of each sample(%) |
样本农户是否遭遇 野生动物肇事 Whether the sample farmers have been hit by wild animals | 否 No | 303 | 36.20 |
是 Yes | 534 | 63.80 | |
样本农户受损金额 Damage amount of sample farmers | 1 000元以下 Less than 1 000 RMB | 336 | 40.14 |
1 000~5 000元 1 000-5 000 RMB | 212 | 25.33 | |
5 000元以上 More than 5 000 RMB | 289 | 34.53 | |
样本农户受损金额 占收入的比例 The proportion of damage to income of sample farmers | 5%以下 Less than 5% | 478 | 57.11 |
5%~15% | 173 | 20.67 | |
15%以上 More than 15% | 186 | 22.22 | |
受损农户是否得到 致害补偿 Whether the damaged farmers are compensated for the damage | 否 No | 62 | 11.61 |
是 Yes | 472 | 88.39 | |
受损农户得到的致害 补偿金额 The amount of damage compensation received by the damaged farmers | 1 000元以下 Less than 1 000 RMB | 180 | 33.71 |
1 000~5 000元 1 000-5 000 RMB | 265 | 49.62 | |
5 000元以上 More than 5 000 RMB | 89 | 16.67 | |
受损农户得到的致害补偿金额占受损金额的比例 The proportion of the damage compensation amount received by the damaged farmers to the damage amount | 25%以下 Less than25% | 158 | 29.59 |
25%~50% | 242 | 45.32 | |
50%以上 More than 50% | 134 | 25.09 |
表2
变量的说明及描述性统计"
变量 Variable | 变量说明 Variable declaration | 均值 Mean value | 标准差 Standard deviation | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value |
野生动物保护意愿 Willingness to protect wildlife | 您愿意保护野生动物吗?很不愿意=1,不愿意=2,一般=3, 愿意=4,很愿意=5 Are you willing to protect wildlife? Very reluctant =1, Reluctant =2, Generally =3, Willing =4, Very willing =5 | 3.606 | 0.775 | 1 | 5 |
野生动物肇事 Wildlife accident | 野生动物肇事程度=农户家庭受损金额/农户家庭总收入金额 The degree of wildlife accident = The amount of damage to the household/ The general income of the household | 0.097 | 0.155 | 0 | 0.974 |
野生动物致害补偿 Compensation for damage caused by wildlife | 野生动物致害补偿水平=野生动物致害补偿金额/农户家庭受损金额 Compensation level for wildlife damage = Compensation amount for wildlife damage/Damage amount for farmers’ family | 0.227 | 0.241 | 0 | 0.920 |
性别 Gender | 女=0,男=1 Female =0, Male =1 | 0.768 | 0.422 | 0 | 1 |
年龄 Age | 岁数 Age of farmer | 46.04 | 10.49 | 18 | 75 |
受教育程度 Education | 小学及以下=1,初中=2,中专或高中=3,大专或本科及以上=4 Primary school and below =1, Junior high school =2, Secondary school or high school =3, Junior college and above =4 | 1.570 | 0.612 | 1 | 4 |
村干部经历 Village cadre experience | 您是否担任村干部?否=0,是=1 Are you a village cadre? No =0, Yes =1 | 0.174 | 0.380 | 0 | 1 |
家庭人口数 Population | 家庭总人口数 Total household population(person) | 4.523 | 1.473 | 1 | 7 |
家庭耕地面积 Agricultural acreage | 家庭耕地面积 The cultivated area of the family/hm2 | 1.92 | 2.11 | 0.13 | 26.80 |
家庭总收入 General income | 家庭年总收入(元)的对数 The logarithm of the total annual household income (RMB) | 10.98 | 0.806 | 8.854 | 13.96 |
家庭农业收入 Agricultural income | 家庭年农业收入(元)的对数 The logarithm of a family’s annual farm income(RMB) | 10.32 | 1.182 | 4.787 | 13.96 |
野生动物价值认知 Cognition of wildlife value | 您认为野生动物有价值吗?很没价值=1,没价值=2, 一般=3,有价值=4,很有价值=5 Do you think wildlife are valuable? Worthless =1, Worthless =2, Generally =3, Valuable =4, Very valuable =5 | 3.823 | 0.750 | 1 | 5 |
表3
野生动物肇事、野生动物致害补偿与农户野生动物保护意愿的回归结果①"
变量 Variable | 农户野生动物保护意愿 Farmers’ willingness to protect wildlife | |||
基准模型 Basic model | 直线效应模型 Linear effect model | 曲线效应模型 Curve effect model | 调节效应模型 Regulatory effect model | |
野生动物肇事 Wildlife accident | ?3.523*** | ?4.661*** | ?5.257*** | ?8.263*** |
(0.486) | (0.525) | (0.570) | (0.855) | |
野生动物致害补偿 Compensation for damage caused by wildlife | 2.209*** | 5.256*** | 7.776*** | |
(0.353) | (1.079) | (1.194) | ||
野生动物致害补偿平方 The square term of compensation for wildlife damage | ?4.922*** | ?7.545*** | ||
(1.629) | (1.737) | |||
野生动物肇事×野生动物致害补偿 Wildlife accident×compensation for damage caused by wildlife | 45.423*** | |||
(9.127) | ||||
野生动物肇事×野生动物致害补偿平方 Wildlife accident×the square term of compensation for wildlife damage | ?43.324*** | |||
(11.911) | ||||
性别 Gender | 0.514*** | 0.409** | 0.417** | 0.473*** |
(0.178) | (0.181) | (0.181) | (0.183) | |
年龄 Age | ?0.017** | ?0.021*** | ?0.019** | ?0.019** |
(0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
受教育程度 Education | 0.412*** | 0.380*** | 0.357*** | 0.351** |
(0.136) | (0.137) | (0.138) | (0.139) | |
村干部经历 Village cadre experience | 0.682*** | 0.654*** | 0.670*** | 0.801*** |
(0.220) | (0.222) | (0.222) | (0.225) | |
家庭人口数 Population | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.010 | 0.021 |
(0.053) | (0.053) | (0.054) | (0.054) | |
家庭耕地面积 Agricultural acreage | ?0.007*** | ?0.006** | ?0.006** | ?0.006** |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
家庭年总收入 General income | 0.313** | 0.253* | 0.257* | 0.267** |
(0.131) | (0.132) | (0.132) | (0.133) | |
家庭年农业收入 Agricultural income | ?0.305*** | ?0.319*** | ?0.332*** | ?0.316*** |
(0.085) | (0.086) | (0.087) | (0.087) | |
野生动物价值认知 Cognition of wildlife value | 0.897*** | 0.922*** | 0.912*** | 0.954*** |
(0.101) | (0.103) | (0.104) | (0.107) | |
野生动物致害补偿水平拐点 The inflection point of compensation for wildlife damage | 0.533 9 | 0.515 3 | ||
N | 837 | 837 | 837 | 837 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 |
Pseudo R2 | 0.134 7 | 0.158 7 | 0.163 9 | 0.187 8 |
表4
地区、文化和收入水平异质性回归结果①"
变量 Variable | 农户野生动物保护意愿 Farmers’ willingness to protect wildlife | |||||||
地区异质性 Regional heterogeneity | 文化异质性 Cultural heterogeneity | 收入水平异质性 Income heterogeneity | ||||||
普洱 Pu ’er | 西双版纳 Xishuangbanna | 其他民族 Other nations | 傣族和佤族 The Dai and the Wa | 低收入组 Low-income group | 高收入组 High-income group | |||
野生动物肇事 Wildlife accident | ?8.698*** | ?10.531*** | ?7.771*** | ?14.824*** | ?7.192*** | ?13.468*** | ||
(1.262) | (1.660) | (0.911) | (3.809) | (0.923) | (2.016) | |||
野生动物致害补偿 Compensation for damage caused by wildlife | 10.145*** | 7.858*** | 8.051*** | 15.468*** | 6.866*** | 13.394*** | ||
(2.000) | (1.784) | (1.339) | (4.360) | (1.616) | (2.133) | |||
野生动物致害补偿平方 The square term of compensation for wildlife damage | ?10.913*** | ?7.215** | ?7.382*** | ?17.793*** | ?6.404** | ?13.296*** | ||
(2.845) | (2.893) | (1.935) | (5.861) | (2.522) | (2.740) | |||
野生动物肇事×野生动物致害补偿 Wildlife accident×compensation for damage caused by wildlife | 40.110*** | 70.735*** | 34.832*** | 149.891*** | 32.708*** | 99.117*** | ||
(13.394) | (17.338) | (9.788) | (41.869) | (10.127) | (22.095) | |||
野生动物肇事×野生动物致害补偿平方 Wildlife accident×The square term of compensation for wildlife damage | ?32.097* | ?94.112*** | ?32.851*** | ?160.046*** | ?30.945** | ?91.375*** | ||
(16.909) | (29.617) | (12.679) | (54.484) | (13.627) | (28.430) | |||
控制变量 Control variable | 已控制 Controlled | 已控制 Controlled | 已控制 Controlled | 已控制 Controlled | 已控制 Controlled | 已控制 Controlled | ||
野生动物致害补偿水平拐点 The inflection point of compensation for wildlife damage | 0.464 8 | 0.544 6 | 0.545 3 | 0.434 7 | 0.536 1 | 0.503 7 | ||
N | 365 | 472 | 631 | 206 | 419 | 418 | ||
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | ||
Pseudo R2 | 0.182 5 | 0.209 9 | 0.197 1 | 0.211 6 | 0.203 6 | 0.195 7 |
表5
替换变量和计量模型的稳健性检验结果①"
变量 Variable | 农户野生动物保护意愿 Farmers’ willingness to protect wildlife | |||
替换核心解释变量 Replace the core argument | 替换被解释变量 Replace the dependent variable | 采用Ordered Probit模型 Adopt Ordered Probit model | 采用OLS模型 Adopt OLS model | |
野生动物肇事 Wildlife accident | ?0.488*** | ?9.056*** | ?4.856*** | ?2.546*** |
(0.065) | (0.888) | (0.469) | (0.197) | |
野生动物致害补偿 Compensation for damage caused by wildlife | 16.554*** | 7.557*** | 4.398*** | 2.255*** |
(2.687) | (1.159) | (0.647) | (0.312) | |
野生动物致害补偿平方 The square term of compensation for wildlife damage | ?17.660*** | ?7.364*** | ?4.368*** | ?2.178*** |
(4.452) | (1.640) | (0.946) | (0.472) | |
野生动物肇事×野生动物致害补偿 Wildlife accident×compensation for damage caused by wildlife | 0.151*** | 52.332*** | 28.075*** | 13.167*** |
(0.835) | (9.221) | (5.127) | (2.329) | |
野生动物肇事×野生动物致害补偿平方 Wildlife accident×the square term of compensation for wildlife damage | ?0.736*** | ?51.446*** | ?27.451*** | ?11.924*** |
(1.425) | (11.646) | (6.812) | (3.347) | |
性别 Gender | 0.551*** | 0.510*** | 0.265*** | 0.115** |
(0.188) | (0.176) | (0.101) | (0.054) | |
年龄 Age | ?0.017** | ?0.017** | ?0.010** | ?0.005** |
(0.008) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.002) | |
受教育程度 Education | 0.409*** | 0.302** | 0.203*** | 0.086** |
(0.141) | (0.132) | (0.074) | (0.039) | |
村干部经历 Village cadre experience | 0.902*** | 0.563*** | 0.405*** | 0.195*** |
(0.233) | (0.206) | (0.122) | (0.061) | |
家庭人口数 Population | 0.049 | 0.065 | 0.014 | 0.009 |
(0.056) | (0.052) | (0.030) | (0.016) | |
家庭耕地面积 Agricultural acreage | ?0.008*** | ?0.004* | ?0.003** | ?0.002** |
(0.003) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
家庭年总收入 General income | 0.750*** | 0.497*** | 0.144** | 0.077** |
(0.133) | (0.130) | (0.073) | (0.038) | |
家庭年农业收入 Agricultural income | ?0.277*** | ?0.600*** | ?0.180*** | ?0.079*** |
(0.087) | (0.087) | (0.047) | (0.024) | |
野生动物价值认知 Cognition of wildlife value | 1.070*** | 0.762*** | 0.512*** | 0.282*** |
(0.109) | (0.103) | (0.057) | (0.030) | |
N | 837 | 837 | 837 | 837 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 |
Pseudo R2 | 0.237 1 | 0.176 7 | 0.186 4 | 0.355 5 |
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