首轮退耕还林补贴到期对农户内部收入不平等的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220296

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探讨首轮退耕补贴到期对农户内部收入不平等的影响，能够为完善后续退耕还林政策以及促进共同富裕提供决策参考。方法: 基于2019年和2021年河北、四川、甘肃、宁夏以及湖南5省（自治区）1 733户农户的实地调研数据，借助再中心化影响函数（RIF）回归模型，实证检验退耕补贴到期对农户内部收入及收入结构不平等的影响，并进一步考察退耕补贴到期对不同受教育程度和退耕规模农户内部收入不平等的异质性影响。结果: 1）退耕补贴到期对农户内部收入不平等的估计结果在5%的水平上显著为正。2）分别选用不同度量指标替换基尼系数，由不同度量指标所构建的RIF模型均通过了稳健性检验，说明研究结果是可靠的。3）从收入结构上看，退耕补贴到期对农户内部工资性和生产经营性收入不平等的估计结果均在10%的水平上显著为正，对农户内部转移性收入不平等的估计结果在10%的水平上显著为负，对农户内部财产性收入不平等的估计结果不显著。4）对于不同受教育程度农户而言，退耕补贴到期对小学及以下和初中农户内部收入不平等的估计结果分别在5%和10%的水平上显著为正，而对高中及以上农户内部收入不平等的估计结果在10%的水平上显著为负；对于不同退耕规模农户而言，退耕补贴到期对中等规模及以上退耕农户内部收入不平等的估计结果在10%的水平上显著为正，但对小规模退耕农户内部收入不平等的估计结果并不显著。结论: 首轮退耕补贴到期在一定程度上会扩大农户内部收入不平等。退耕补贴到期对退耕农户内部工资性和生产经营性收入不平等具有加剧作用，而对内部转移性收入不平等则具有缩小作用。不同类型农户内部收入不平等受退耕补贴到期影响的差异较大，具体表现为退耕补贴到期会加剧中低学历和中等退耕规模及以上农户内部的收入不平等，缓解高学历农户内部收入不平等，而对小退耕规模农户内部收入不平等无显著影响。基于此，本文从拓宽农户就业渠道、促进后续相关产业发展以及进行有针对性的政策帮扶等方面提出相应建议。

关键词: 退耕还林, 补贴政策, 收入不平等, 再中心化影响函数回归, 农户

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to explore the impact of the expiration of the first round subsidies for the sloping land conversion program (SLCP) on the income inequality among farmer households, which would provide decision-making reference for improving the follow-up SLCP policy and promoting common prosperity. Method: Based on the field survey data of 1 733 farmer households in five Provinces (autonomous region) of Hebei, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia and Hunan in 2019 and 2021, with the re-centralization impact function (RIF) regression model, this paper empirically tested the impact of the expiration of the subsidies for the SLCP on the inequality of internal income and income structure of farmer households, and further investigated the heterogeneous impact of the expiration of the subsidies for the SLCP on the internal income inequality of farmer households at different levels of education and the conversion scale. Result: 1) The estimated result of the expiration of the subsidies for the SLCP on the income inequality among farmer households was significantly positive at the level of 5%. 2) Different metrics were selected to replace Gini coefficient, and the RIF model constructed by the different metrics passed the robustness test, indicating that the research results were reliable. 3) From the perspective of income structure, the estimated results of the expiration of the subsidies for the SLCP on the inequality from farmer households’ internal wage income and production income were significantly positive respectively at the level of 10%, the estimated results of farmer households’ internal transfer income was significantly negative at the level of 10%, and that of farmer households’ internal property income was not significant. 4) For farmer households at different levels of education, after the expiration of the subsidies for the SLCP, the estimated results of internal income inequality of farmer households at and below primary school and below junior high school were significantly positive at the level of 5% and 10%, respectively, while the estimated results of internal income inequality of farmer households at and above high school were significantly negative at the level of 10%. For farmer households with different scale of the SLCP, the estimated result of the internal income inequality from farmer households with medium scale and above of the SLCP was significantly positive at the level of 10%, but the estimated result of the internal income inequality from farmer households with small-scale of the SLCP was not significant. Conclusion: The expiration of the first round of subsidies for the SLCP widens the income inequality among farmer households to a certain extent. The expiration of subsidies for the SLCP expands the inequality of farmer households’ internal wage income and production income respectively, but reduces the inequality of farmer households’ internal transfer income. There exist great different impacts of the expiration of subsidies for the SLCP on income inequality among the types of farmer households. The expiration of subsidies for the SLCP aggravates the income inequality among the farmer households with middle and low education background and with medium and above scale of the SLCP, but alleviates the income inequality among farmer households with high education background, and has no significant impact on income inequality of farmer households with small scale of the SLCP. Based on the above, this paper puts forward corresponding suggestions from the aspects of broadening farmers’ employment channels, promoting the development of subsequent related industries and carrying out targeted policy assistance.

Key words: sloping land conversion program, subsidy policy, income inequality, re-centralization influence function regression, farmer households

中图分类号:

张婧怡,陈琛,王立群. 首轮退耕还林补贴到期对农户内部收入不平等的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(4): 139-148.

Jingyi Zhang,Chen Chen,Liqun Wang. Impact of the Expiration of the First Round Subsidies for the Sloping Land Conversion Program on the Income Inequality among Farmer Households[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(4): 139-148.

图/表 6

表1

各变量描述性统计结果"

变量名称 Variables	取值 Measure	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
人均总收入Total income per capita	ln（家庭总收入/家庭总人数） ln (total household income / total persons of a household)	9.17	1.14
人均工资性收入 Wage income per capita	ln（工资性收入/家庭总人数） ln (wage income of a household / total persons of a household)	9.28	0.93
人均生产经营性收入 Production and operation income per capita	ln（生产经营性收入/家庭总人数） ln (production and operation income of a household/ total persons of a household)	7.32	1.50
人均转移性收入 Transfer income per capita	ln（转移性收入/家庭总人数） ln (transfer income of a household / total persons of a household）	6.58	1.59
人均财产性收入 Property income per capita	ln（财产性收入/家庭总人口） ln (property income of a household / total persons of a household)	5.91	1.43
退耕补贴是否到期 The subsidy expires or not	到期=1，未到期=0 Expired= 1,Unexpired = 0	0.69	0.46
户主年龄 Age of a household head	具体数值 Actual numerical value	57.33	11.07
户主健康状况 Health status of a household head	健康=1，不健康=0 Healthy = 1, Unhealthy = 0	0.63	0.48
家庭人口数 Total persons of a household	具体数值 Actual numerical value	4.04	1.80
务工比例 Proportion of migrant workers	外出务工人数/劳动力人数 Number of migrant workers/ Labor force	0.44	0.38
是否为贫困户 A poor household or not	贫困户=1，非贫困户=0 Poor household = 1, Non-poor household = 0	0.40	0.49
农地面积 Agricultural land area/hm²	具体数值 Actual numerical value	0.38	7.35
劳动力负担比 Labor burden ratio	劳动力人数/家庭总人数 Labor force of a household /Total persons of a household	0.69	0.27
劳动力平均受教育程度 Average education level of labor force	劳动力受教育年数/劳动力人数 Number of education years of labor force/Number of labor force	6.67	3.26
退耕面积 Sloping land conversion program areas/hm²	具体数值 Actual numerical value	0.45	9.24

表1

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表5

表6

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变量 Variables	WoCV	WCV
退耕补贴是否到期 The subsidy expires or not	6.421**（2.949）	5.698**（2.807）
户主年龄 Age of a household head	—	?0.324**（0.149）
户主健康状况 Health status of a household head	—	1.219（2.949）
家庭人口数 Total persons of a household	—	?2.670***（0.937）
务工比例 Proportion of migrant workers	—	?49.477*** （5.250）
是否为贫困户 A poor household or not	—	1.356（3.233）
农地面积 Agricultural land area	—	?0.990***（0.190）
劳动力负担比 Labor burden ratio	—	?21.143*** （5.725）
劳动力平均受教育程度 Average education level of labor force	—	?0.778（0.533）
退耕面积 Sloping land conversion program areas	—	0.383**（0.159）
省份虚拟变量 Characteristic variable for province	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
常数项 Constant	51.232*** （2.189）	136.452*** （14.055）
观测值 Observations	1 733	1 733
R²	0.025	0.132

变量 Variables	最富有10%人群持有的收入份额Ucs(10)	Atkinson指数 Atkinson index			广义熵指数 Generalized entropy index
变量 Variables	最富有10%人群持有的收入份额Ucs(10)	ε=0.5	ε=1	ε=2	entropy:0	entropy:1
退耕补贴是否到期 The subsidy expires or not	4.092***（0.907）	0.665*（0.354）	1.361*（0.741）	2.907*（1.639）	1.373*（0.747）	1.309*（0.677）
控制变量Control variables	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
省份虚拟变量 Characteristic variable for province	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
常数项Constant	142.881*** （4.287）	11.524*** （1.929）	23.524*** （4.089）	49.089*** （9.278）	23.688*** （4.124）	22.598*** （3.651）
观测值Observations	1 733	1 733	1 733	1 733	1 733	1 733
R²	0.126	0.083	0.078	0.067	0.078	0.088

变量 Variables	工资性收入不平等 Wage income inequality	生产经营性收入不平等 Production and operation income inequality	转移性收入不平等 Transfer income inequality	财产性收入不平等 Property income inequality
退耕补贴是否到期 The subsidy expires or not	6.381*（3.415）	10.908*（6.587）	?9.438*（5.702）	36.423（23.997）
控制变量 Control variables	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
省份虚拟变量 Characteristic variable for province	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
常数项 Constant	78.310***（15.689）	192.823***（34.940）	255.771***（23.564）	248.280***（73.345）
观测值 Observations	1 212	1 095	1 692	265
R²	0.073	0.050	0.129	0.150

变量 Variables	小学及以下Primary school and below	初中Junior high school	高中及以上High school and above
退耕补贴是否到期The subsidy expires or not	9.682**（4.854）	8.180*（4.709）	?9.191*（5.486）
控制变量Control variables	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
省份虚拟变量Characteristic variable for province	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
常数项Constant	154.971***（23.812）	140.196***（31.477）	89.675***（24.493）
观测值Observations	599	659	475
R²	0.077	0.115	0.197

变量 Variables	小退耕规模农户（退耕规模0.267 hm²及以下）Farmer households with small scale of the SLCP（0.267 hm² and below）	中等退耕规模及以上农户（退耕规模0.267 hm²以上）Farmer households with Medium and above scale of the SLCP（Above 0.267 hm²）
退耕补贴是否到期 The subsidy expires or not	4.211（4.116）	7.010* (3.874)
控制变量 Control variables	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
省份虚拟变量 Characteristic variable for province	已控制Controlled	已控制Controlled
常数项 Constant	139.398*** （22.044）	138.337*** （17.541）
观测值 Observations	859	874
R²	0.123	0.123