林业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (5): 177-186.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20220518
金枝,李伯涛,尹江苹,陈倩,付跃进*,吕斌
收稿日期:
2021-06-10
出版日期:
2022-05-25
发布日期:
2022-08-19
通讯作者:
付跃进
基金资助:
Zhi Jin,Botao Li,Jiangping Yin,Qian Chen,Yuejin Fu*,Bin Lü
Received:
2021-06-10
Online:
2022-05-25
Published:
2022-08-19
Contact:
Yuejin Fu
摘要:
木材孔隙之间形成的互通网络结构是木材中水分迁移、药剂渗透的主要途径,对木材干燥、浸渍和改性等工艺质量起着决定性作用,也是影响木质产品吸音、保温和调湿等功能特性的重要因素。当前,木材孔隙结构评价指标主要包括孔隙度、孔径与孔径分布、孔体积、密度、比表面积、孔隙形貌和分形维数等,针对孔隙连通性评价尚未开展全面、系统探索。本文围绕吸附分析法、核磁共振法和计算机断层扫描三维成像法3类孔隙表征技术在木材孔隙及连通性评价方面的研究进行回顾与总结,并提出科学问题与展望,旨在进一步促进木材原料孔隙特征信息深度挖掘,为木材高效利用及其制品质量提升提供有力数据支撑。今后,应在以下方面开展更深入的实践:1) 木材孔隙连通性评价体系构建,首先,形成木材孔隙连通性评价理论基础和研究方法,即对现有方法的适用性和准确性进行评估和验证,结合木材孔隙特征进一步修正理论模型并优化相应评价方法;其次,通过多种表征技术联合互补,完善评价范围及评价指标量化等研究内容,提高木材孔隙连通性评价体系的完整性与全面性。2) 木材孔隙空间拓扑结构解译,木材孔隙分布与连通在纵、径、弦向各不相同,孔径大小差异大,形貌多样且交联互通程度不一,具有十分复杂的空间拓扑结构。木材孔隙连通性评价研究可为木材孔隙空间拓扑结构解译开拓新的空间,在充分提炼特征指标参数的基础上,结合数据挖掘技术,通过对特征指标数据间潜在关系及规则的深度解析实现木材孔隙空间拓扑结构的全面解译,促进传统表征技术及评价体系的升级和优化。
中图分类号:
金枝,李伯涛,尹江苹,陈倩,付跃进,吕斌. 木材孔隙连通性评价研究进展[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(5): 177-186.
Zhi Jin,Botao Li,Jiangping Yin,Qian Chen,Yuejin Fu,Bin Lü. Research Progress for the Evaluation of Wood Pore Connectivity[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(5): 177-186.
表1
木材构造单元的孔隙结构(王哲等,2014;何盛等,2020;刘一星等,2012)①"
木材树种 Wood species | 构造单元 Structural elements | 孔径大小 Pore diameter | 孔隙形状 Pore shape | 孔隙尺度 Pore scale |
云杉 Spruce | 细胞壁孔隙(湿润) Cell wall pores (wetted) | 0.4~40 nm | 裂隙状 Slite-like | 微观-介观 Micro-meso |
— | 细胞壁孔隙(湿润) Cell wall pores (wetted) | 1~10 nm | 裂隙状 Slite-like | 微观-介观 Micro-meso |
— | 微纤丝间隙 Inter-microfibril spaces | 2~4.5 nm | 裂隙状 Slite-like | 介观 Meso |
针叶材Softwoods | 细胞壁孔隙(干燥) Cell wall pores (dried) | 2~100 nm | 裂隙状 Slite-like | 介观-宏观 Meso-macro |
环孔阔叶材 Ring porous hardwoods | 细胞壁孔隙(干燥) Cell wall pores (dried) | 2~100 nm | 圆柱状 Cylindric | 介观-宏观 Meso-macro |
散孔阔叶材 Diffuse porous hardwoods | 细胞壁孔隙(干燥) Cell wall pores (dried) | 2~100 nm | 裂隙状、圆柱状 Slite-like and cylindric | 介观-宏观 Meso-macro |
针叶材 Softwoods | 具缘纹孔膜 Pit membranes of bordered pits | 10 nm~8 μm | 多边形间隙 Polygonous spaces | 介观-宏观 Meso-macro |
针叶材 Softwoods | 具缘纹孔口 Pit apertures of bordered pits | 400 nm~6 μm | 管状 Tubular | 宏观 Macro |
阔叶材Hardwoods | 木纤维胞腔 Lumens of fibers | 1~30 μm | 管状 Tubular | 宏观 Macro |
针叶材 Softwoods | 具缘纹室口 Pit chamber apertures of bordered pits | 4~30 μm | 墨水瓶状 Ink bottle-like | 宏观 Macro |
阔叶材Hardwoods | 互列纹孔 Alternate pitting | 5~170 μm | 圆柱状、多边形间隙 Cylindric, polygonous spaces | 宏观 Macro |
针叶材Softwoods | 管胞胞腔 Lumens of tracheid | 10~50 μm | 管状 Tubular | 宏观 Macro |
环孔阔叶材 Ring porous hardwoods | 导管胞腔 Lumens of Vessels | 20~400 μm | 管状 Tubular | 宏观 Macro |
针叶材 Softwoods | 树脂道 Resin canals | 30~300 μm | 管状 Tubular | 宏观 Macro |
散孔阔叶材 Diffuse porous hardwoods | 导管胞腔 Lumens of vessels | 40~250 μm | 管状 Tubular | 宏观 Macro |
表2
木材孔隙连通性评价方法的技术特点"
类别Categories | 方法Methods | 原理Theories | 优点Advantages | 缺点Disadvantages |
吸附分析法 Adsorption analysis | 氮气吸附法 Nitrogen adsorption method | 通过吸附滞后回环孔结构信息提取,基于渗流理论,建立孔隙中渗流态吸附氮形成概率与渗流概率之间的函数关系量化孔隙连通性The pore connectivity is quantified by extracting the pore structure information from the adsorption hysteresis loop and establishing the functional relationship between the bond occupation probability and the percolation probability based on the percolation theory | 1) 可实现定量分析 It can be used for quantitative analysis 2) 样品可回收 The sample is recyclable | 1) 孔结构假设对准确性影响大 The pore structure hypothesis has a great influence on accuracy 2) 孔径分析范围有局限性The pore size range analysed is limited 3) 仅体现样品平均信息,无法反映孔隙构象的复杂性The result is the average information of the sample,but it can not reflect the complexity of pore conformation 4) 耗时长It costs long time for testing. |
压汞法 Mercury intrusion method | 采用微型滞后回环法建立残余汞体积、孔径分布、进汞体积等参数与孔隙连通性的量化关系Mini-hysteresis loops are used to establish the quantitative relationship among residual mercury volume, pore size distribution, injected mercury volume and pore connectivity | 1) 可实现定量分析 It can be used for quantitative analysis 2) 耗时短It costs short time for testing | 1) 孔结构假设对准确性影响大 The pore structure hypothesis has a great influence on accuracy 2) 不适用于微孔分析It is not suitable for micropore analysis 3) 仅体现样品的平均信息,无法反映孔隙构象的复杂性The result is the average information of the sample,but it can not reflect the complexity of pore conformation 4) 样品不可回收The sample is unrecyclable 5) 汞具有毒性The mercury is toxic. | |
核磁共振法 Nuclear magnetic resonance method | 通过比较T2分布曲线形态或冻融状态下不同孔径中吸附质自扩散现象差异推断孔隙内部连通情况The internal connectivity of the pores can be deduced by comparing the differences of T2 distribution curves or the self-diffusions of adsorbents in different pore sizes under freeze-thaw conditions | 1) 孔径分析范围广 The pore size range analysed is wide 2) 耗时短It costs short time for testing 3) 样品可回收 The sample is recyclable | 仅限于定性分析Only for qualitative analysis. | |
CT三维成像法 CT three-dimensional imaging | 利用穿透射线对木材进行断层扫描,经计算机层析技术获取木材三维孔隙网络的断层图像 The wood is scanned by penetrating ray and the image of the three dimensional pore network is obtained by computer tomography | 1) 可实现孔隙网络空间可视化It can realize the visualization of pore network 2) 耗时短It costs short time for testing 3) 样品可回收The sample is recyclable | 1) 图像分辨率受视野大小制约 The image resolution is limited by vision field 2) 数据分析方法不成熟 Data analysis methods are not mature. |
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