Study on the non spatial structural characteristic and its dynamic change in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forests would have important theoretical and practical significance for sustainably managing bamboo forest, understanding bamboo forest carbon sequestration capacity and improving forest productivity. In the present study, seven parameters, including biomass, number of trees, average diameter at breast height (DBH) of culms, proportions of 1 du, 2 du, 3 du, and ≥4 du moso bamboos, were used to describe the non spatial structural characteristic of moso bamboo forests. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and kernel density estimation were conducted with the data collected from two consecutive inventories in bamboo plots. Results showed that: Age structure, plot biomass, average diameter of stands were the dominant factors of non spatial structural characteristic in moso bamboo forests.The aging of moso bamboo forests was a severe problem in Zhejiang Province. The proportions of different-age forests were unreasonable and there was drawback in the present management practices, which caused the recession of stand productivity. There was no relationship between average DBH of forests and number of culms when the number of culms in a plot was small, while a negative exponential relationship was observed between the above-mentioned two parameters with the increasing of number of culms.The number of culms and average stand DBH were the two main factors affecting biomass of moso bamboo forests. There were significant differences in the all parameters related to the non spatial structural characteristic except for the proportion of 3 du moso bamboo between the two inventories, thus there was a significant difference in non spatial structural characteristic of forests described with the two inventory data.The proportion of stands with average diameter of less than 8.7 cm was found to be decreased with the growth of moso bamboo, while the proportion of stands with average diameter of more than 8.7 cm increased, indicating that the average diameter of moso bambo forests in 2009 was significant greater than that in 2004. There were similar trends in number of culms in the plot and biomass of forests. The results would provide a certain reference value for the sustainable management of moso bamboo forests and improvement of carbon sequestration.

Water storage, water-holding capacity, water-absorption rate, and water-holding rate of the litters in three forests at different successional stages in the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in the subtropical region of southern China were studied using the field survey and laboratory soaking extraction methods. The three forests included a regional climax (monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, or MEBF), a transitional forest (mixed Pinus massoniana/broad-leaved forest, or MF), and a pioneer forest (P. massoniana forest, or PF). The results showed that the litter water storage decreased along the successional gradient in the order of PF (21.96 t·hm^-2) > MF (14.59 t·hm^-2) > MEBF (10.40 t·hm^-2). The maximum water-holding capacity of litters in Dinghushan was between 13.68-50.10 t·hm^-2, in an order of PF(5.0 mm) > MF (2.8 mm) > MEBF (1.4 mm). The decomposed layer of litters took up a large portion of total water-holding capacity in PF (44.3%), while it was only 16.7% in late-succession stage MEBF. The total water-holding capacity and proportional water holding capacity of litters increased logarithmically with increasing immersion time. Additionally, the water-holding process of forest litters occurred mainly in 0.5-2 h, and the average water-holding rate in 0.5 h was 4.35 mm·h^-1 in PF, 2.22 mm·h^-1 in MF,1.19 mm·h^-1 in MEBF, respectively. The rates decreased according to the equation W_A = a·t ^-b with the increasing immersion time. The order of the maximum water-holding rate in the three forests was PF (306.3%) > MF (289.0%) > MEBF (239.3%), and with natural succession from planted PF to climax MEBF, the maximum water-holding rate which represented the water-holding ability of different litters decreased obviously. As described above, the PF litters, especially in the decomposed layer, had a higher water-holding ability compared to the other two forest types, while the un-decomposed layer of litters in late-succession stage MEBF played. a more important role.

This article puts forward the research method of gap space volume instead of gap plane area to develop the survey of the forest gap space size's impact on the seedlings growth. This method was referenced to study the forest gap Kandelia candel seedlings of health Kandelia candel forest in Mangrove Nation Natural Reserve at Zhanjiang, Guangdong province.The result showed that the forest gap space size could significantly affect the growth of Kandelia candel seedlings. The best growth space for Kandelia candel seedlings in the forest gap space volume was 120-160 m³. Forest gap space volume is too large to inhibit the Kandelia candel seedlings growth. Based on the space characteristics of the seedling height and crown breadth influenced by the forest gap, and combined with the ecology meaning of coverage, this paper propose the new concept of mangrove forest gap space nutrition index, and gives it the definition and quantitative formula, and proceeds the calculation of case. The result indicates that the highest index is the IV gap space nutrition index.

In this paper, five triterpenic acids were separated from suspended cultured cells of Cyclocarya paliurus by using macroporous resin adsorption, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration chromatography, semipreparative liquid chromatography and recrystallization, and identified as (2α,3β)-2,3-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, (2α,3β)-2,3-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid by RRLC-TOF/MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. The (2α, 3β)-2, 3-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid and betulinic acid were for the first time separated and identified from C. paliurus.

In this paper, we investigated the caloric values, carbon contents and ash contents of stems from fifty dominant tree species, including thirty-four arbor species and sixteen shrub species, in Karamay region by using calorimetric method, dry combustion method and dry ashing method, respectively. The results showed that caloric values of fifty species were in the range of 17.753-19.112 kJ·g^-1, with the average value of 18.285 kJ·g^-1. Caragana intermedia and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica had relatively high caloric values, and the means were 19.112 kJ·g^-1 and 19.025 kJ·g^-1, respectively. The carbon contents were in the range of 44.57%-50.35%, with the average value of 48.88%. Ulmus pumila cv. Pendula had the greatest carbon content among the fifty species, with 50.35%, followed by P. sylvestris var. mongolica (50.34%), Lycium ruthenicum (50.11%) and Hippophae rhamnoides (50.00%). The ash contents were in the range of 0.29%-2.34%, with the average value of 0.82%. Populus talassica × P. euphratica had the highest ash content, while P. sylvestris var. mongolica had the lowest. Their values were 2.34% and 0.29%, respectively. On the aspect of life form, the average caloric value of thirty-four arbor species was 18.256 kJ·g^-1, and that of sixteen shrubs was 18.335 kJ·g^-1. The carbon contents of arbors and shrubs were 48.86% and 48.87%, and the ash contents were 0.82% and 0.81%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the caloric values, carbon contents and ash contents between arbors and shrubs (P >0.05). There was highly significantly positive correlation between the caloric values and carbon contents (P <0.01), and there was no significant correlation between the caloric values & ash content and the carbon content & ash content (P >0.05). The 50 tree species had been classified into four categories by cluster analysis. C. intermedia and P. sylvestris var. mongolica belonged to high caloric value and carbon content plants. L. ruthenicum, Euonymus alatus, Syringa oblata, Pyrus betulaefolia, Elaeagnus angustifolia, H. rhamnoides, Morus alba and Prunus salicina were the intermediate caloric value and carbon content plants, which can be used as alternative trees. The other species had relatively low caloric values and carbon contents.

A thermal dissipation probe (TDP) was used to measure sap flow of Salix matsudana grown on slope land and dam land in the water-wind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau. The environmental factors, such as soil water content and meteorological parameters, were measured synchronously to investigate the relationship between the sap flow and the environmental factors in the two sites. The results showed that the diurnal variations of S. matsudana sapflow velocity in the two sites were consistent, but the sapflow velocity and sap flow on the dam land were 1.4 times and 3 times higher than those on slope land. The variation pattern of sap flow in the two sites was consistent with the change in meteorological factors. The sap flow was influenced by meteorological factors markedly. The soil moisture of 0-50 cm layer was also one of main influence factors. In addition, the sap flow was mainly affected by soil moisture when the meteorological factors increased to a certain extent. The capability of soil evaporation and infiltration was quite different due to the different soil texture in the two sites. On slope land, the water holding capacity was lower, water was easy to leakage after rainfall, thus available moisture of rhizosphere was lower than those on dam land, and the S. matsudana was frequently subjected to drought stress and became "small old tree". By the contrast, S. matsudana grown on dam land grew well due to sufficient available moisture.

Reproductive control is an important part of the conifer genetic improvement and seed production process, on which there are a lot of practical experience accumulation. However, the relevant study in molecular biology on the development and regulation of conifers male and female cones is still very scarce. The Pinus tabulaeformis transcriptome of a normalized cDNA library from multiple tissues and individuals was sequenced, and a total of 46 584 unigenes were found. Based on the information of these genes, microarrays of P. tabulaeformis were designed. Through the microarray analysis of large scale gene expression profiles between male and female cones at the later stage of development, 2 460 differentially expressed genes were obtained, of which 1 309 are predominantly expressed in male cones while 1 151 are predominantly expressed in female cones. Two unknown function genes with over 800 fold changes in their expression were chosen from the male and female and named as MCE 1 (Male Cone Expressed 1)and FCE 1 (Female Cone Expressed 1), respectively. Their expression patterns were analyzed in male and female cones at the different developmental stages. The results showed that the MCE 1 was specifically highly expressed in male cones, however almost not expressed in female cones at different developmental stages, indicating it could be involved in the development of male cones. The FCE 1 was highly expressed in male cones at the early stage, and the expression was drastically reduced with the development. However, the expression of the FCE 1 was always highly expressed in female cones at different developmental stages. Therefore, the FCE 1 may play a different role in the development of male and female cones. This study would provide a new method and facilitate future molecular biology studies on the development of male and female cones of P. tabulaeformis and other related species.

Squamosa promoter binding protein like genes(SPLs)play an important role in regulating flowering of plants. In this study, one SPL gene named BlSPL 1 was cloned from Betula luminifera using RACE (rapid-amplification of cDNA ends) strategy. The cDNA of BlSPL 1 is 1 825 bp in length with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 389 aa. The deduced protein sequence of the BlSPL 1 shares the highest identity with PpSPL 1 (EMJ10405) (67%) and belongs to group Ⅶ of SPL family from land plants. Expression analysis indicated that the BlSPL 1 transcripts were at a relatively low level in male flower and seedlings, but were apparently up-regulated during the development from buds to female flowers, which implied that BlSPL 1 might play important roles in early stage of female flower formation. At the same time, the corresponding genomic fragments of BlSPL 1 were also cloned from 57 different germplasms for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. A total of 98 SNPs were detected, and the frequency and diversity of SNPs were 1/26 bp and 0.007 12, respectively. There were 28 SNPs detected in the exons of BlSPL 1, among which, there were 11 synonymous and 17 missense mutations SNPs, respectively. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed that LD declined rapidly within the BlSPL 1 along with the length increasing in different population of B. luminifera, suggesting that LD mapping based on BlSPL 1 gene would be feasible and useful in B. luminifera.

Fifteen cDNAs, designated as AcEXPA 2 to AcEXPA16 (GenBank accession No. JF922686-JF922700) with the corresponding genomic DNA sequences (GenBank accession No. JF922701-JF922715), were isolated by amplifying conserved domain binding with genomic walking and 3'RACE techniques from four differential tissues in Anthocephalus chinensis. The size and sequence of these α-expansin homologues including known AcEXPA1 were highly conserved, and had the same sequence structures as an N-terminal signal peptide, three exons and two introns. Their amino acid alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that A. chinensis α-expansin genes were divided into four subgroups: A, B, C and D. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the transcript level of AcEXPA 1-16 was redundant in the same tissue and tissue-specific with each gene in different tissue, especially, the transcript level of AcEXPA 8 extremely high in the cambium region. These results suggest that AcEXPA 8 may play an important role in xylogenesis. This study on α-expansin genes from A. chinensis will lay the foundation for studying the relationship between α-expansin genes and growth rate and wood quality of the xylem in this fast-growing tree, and finally provide potential candidate genes for tree molecular breeding.

In this study, the differences in the growth and physiological characteristics of one-year seedlings of five Quercus mongolica provenances were compared to provide a theoretical basis for the excellent provenance selection. The results showed that the biomass of Jiangmifeng provenances was the maximum, and the difference of its total weight and root weight was significant from the others (P <0.05). The provenance also had certain advantages in leaf area, palisade tissue thickness, photosynthetic pigment content and net photosynthetic rate (P_n) to the other provenances. Distribution of organic matter was similar among different provenances, and the proportion of root weight was biggest, accounted for more than 70% of the total, followed by the leaf weight, and then stem weight. The latter two were both less than 10% of the total weight. Q. mongolica had simple leaf structure, and the thickness of palisade tissue was from 41.99 μm to 56.89 μm. There were significant differences in leaf area, palisade tissue thickness among different provenances (P <0.05). The photosynthetic pigment content of Jiangmifeng provenances was significant differences from the others (P <0.05). The P_n was from 6.25 to 8.94 μmol·m^-2s^-1 in five provenances, and there were no significant differences between provenances. Correlation analysis showed that biomass was very significantly correlated to the photosynthetic pigment, P_n, root weight, leaf weight, palisade tissue thickness (P <0.01), and was significantly correlated to the leaf area. In a word, there were significant or very significant differences in growth and physiological characteristics, the genetic resources of Q. mongolica were very rich and Jiangmifeng provenances had a greater potential value than the others.

Soils from variable depths in larch (Larix gmelinii) forestlands, the adjacent clear-cut sites and farmlands were sampled and analyzed to determine the changes in soil C, fertility-related properties from deforestation-farming processes and their profiles in this paper. The results showed. 1) Average soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in the 0-20 cm soil layers of forestland from 4 sites was 93.0 t·hm^-2, and 57% and 24% higher than farmland and clear-cut site, respectively. However, the 20-80 cm soil layers in farmland usually had higher carbon storage than forestland and clear-cut sites (P <0.05), without significant difference in the latter two sites. The soil inorganic carbon (SIC) was three orders lower than the SOC storage, thus it imposed negligible influences on the total soil carbon budget although its variation was generally contrary to SOC; 2) Storages of N and alkaline-N in 0-20 cm soil layers in farmland were 52% and 65% lower than those of forestlands (P <0.05), and 30% and 86% lower than those of clear-cut sites (P <0.05), respectively. The deeper soils in farmland had higher storages than did those in forestland and clear-cut sites. The K storage in the 0-20 cm layers in farmland was 39% higher than that in the forest (P <0.05), but the differences became much smaller in the deeper soil layers. There were no remarkable influences in P storage in different soil layers over the different land utilizations (P >0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in soil pH and EC in different soil layers between forestlands, clear-cut sites and farmlands (P >0.05), but significant differences were observed in the bulk density (P <0.05). Soil bulk density of farmland in the 0-20 cm layers was 27% and 15% higher than that of forestland and clear-cuts sites, respectively, while the differences in deeper soil became not significant (P >0.05).4) Overall, land use changes could give greater influences on the surface soil than the deeper soil. For most of the tested parameters, variations between forestlands, clear-cut sites and farmlands in the surface soil layers differed from or even opposed to those in the deeper soil layers.

The shooting period of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is closely related to the feature of fast growth, high yield and strong carbon fixation, thus it is of vital significance to study the growth model of Moso bamboo shoot during the shooting period. This research for the first time pointed out that the growth of bamboo shoots could be interfered by many stochastic factors, that is, the growth is a stochastic process in essence. The stochastic process model was built based on stochastic process theory and Sloboda growth equation, and its characteristic functions were studied. Combined with the measured data, the model built in this paper shows that: 1) The bamboo shooting period finishes in about 55 days, which can be divided into two phases. Moso bamboo shoots grow slowly in the first stage (1^st-25^th day), and then grow rapidly in the second stage (25^st-55^th day). 2) For the given growth time (days), the cumulative growth of Moso bamboo shoots is a random variable, and the probability distribution curve gradually transforms from left skew peak into normal distribution. The peak value of distribution initially drops rapidly and then becomes smooth gradually. 3) The parameters (k, b) of Sloboda growth equation are the same for different bamboo shoots, but the values of SI follow a normal distribution. The stochastic process characteristic functions (mean function, correlation function, and standard deviation function) of the growth during the bamboo shooting period lay the foundation for further research on other characteristics of Moso bamboo.

There are four types of typical vegetable configurations, including conifer-broadleaved-herb species community, conifer-shrub-herb species community, broadleaved-shrub-herb species community and shrub-herb species community, as well as the mixed Pinus tabulaeformis forest and mixed Salix matsudana f. pendula forest in the urban forests in Beijing. The fine root morphological characteristics of the vegetables were studied by digging root samples in this paper. The relationships between fine root morphological traits and the soil nutrients were analysed. Results showed that majority of fine roots was distributed in shallow soil layers, and the fine root biomass in the soil layer of 0-20 cm was taken over 70% of the total fine root biomass. More fine roots were distributed in the soil layer of 0-20 cm in arbor-shrub-herb communities than that in other configuration types. More fine roots were distributed in the soil layer of 20-40 cm in shrub-herb communities than that in other configuration types. Thus fine root distribution was obviously affected by configuration types. Broadleaved arbor species had more fine roots in the soil layer of 0-20 cm while coniferous arbors had more fine roots in the soil layer of 20-40 cm. Shrubs produced more fine roots than arbor species in those communities in which dominant trees were coniferous species. The fine roots in mixed forests were well developed and the fine roots distributed more rationally. Syringa oblate produced the most quantitative fine roots in five types of mixed P. tabulaeformis forests, and Amygdalus triloba produced the most quantitative fine roots in five types of mixed S. matsudana f. pendula forests, indicating that fine roots in the soil were remarkably affected by tree species composition. We concluded that scientific determination of tree species composition and its configuration would play an positive role in meliorating urban forest soil and enhancing urban forest health by means of fine root decomposition and organic matter input and nutrient release.

The soil anti-erodibility is important index to evaluate the property of resistance to destructive erosion and soil quality. We compared the difference in soil anti-erodibility on different land use types through the static water disintegration. We also tested and analyzed the correlation between anti-erodibility and soil physical and chemical properties. The results showed that the disintegrated quantity of Platycladus orientalis(Oriental Arborvitae) forest land was smallest. The crop land had far greater disintegrated quantity than the forest land and waste-grassland in the 0-10 cm. The 10-20 cm layers soil in Populus nigra (Black Poplar) forest was disintegrated least, followed by Pinus tabuliformis(Chinese Pine), Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia(Black Locust). There was no significant difference in disintegration quantity between waste-grassland and the crop land in deep soil layers. Above results indicated the soil physical and chemical properties were related to the vegetation cover. The soil disintegrating rate increased gradually with the time, with the initial rate maximum. There was a significant correlation between soil aggregate content and soil anti-erodibility. Forests were able to improve the soil anti-erodibility by effectively improve the soil physical and chemical properties.

Algedomia coclesalis is one of the serious pest moths on bamboo. Antennal sensilla of A. coclesalis were observed with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the antennae of both adult female and male were filamentous and consisted of scape, pedicel and flagellar segments. The flagellar segment was consisted of 74-80 subsegments. Seven types of sensilla were found on the antennae of both female and male, i.e., trichodea(ⅠandⅡ), cheatica(ⅠandⅡ), coeloconica(ⅠandⅡ), auricillica(ⅠandⅡ), styloconica(ⅠandⅡ), squamiformia, and Böhm bristles(ⅠandⅡ). The trichodea was the most abundant, followed by coeloconica and auricillica. The morphology of sensilla was different between male and female. CoeloconicaⅡand auriculateaⅡ are found only on male, the other types are observed on both genders, although the number of trichodea in male was larger than in female. The shape, distribution, and difference of sensilla between male and female were described. Sensilla difference between A. coclesalis and other moths was discussed.

A phosphate-dissolving bacterium, Pseudomonads fluorescent JW-JS1, was selected from the poplar rhizosphere. The phosphate-dissolving characteristics of this isolated strain were studied by using liquid fermentation, and its growth promoting effect on poplar seedlings was conducted in a greenhouse. The results showed that the strain displayed its highest phosphate-dissolving capacity when using glucose as C source, (NH₄)₂SO₄ as N source and C/N as 100:1, and could dissolve phosphate at a rate of 580.72, 708.34 and 608.97 mg·L^-1, respectively; Under the following conditions of temperature 30 ℃, initial pH 7.0, filling amount 1/5 and 0% NaCl concentration, the strain produced the highest phosphate-dissolving capacity, and the phosphate-dissolving rate was as much as 562.89, 594.58, 638.62 and 527.82 mg·L^-1, respectively. The JW-JS1 significantly improved the growth of seedlings of NL-895 and P. deltoides, and could also increased the content of P, K, Ca and Mg in plants. As a result, the seedling height, diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of NL-895 and P. deltoides increased 21.96%, 5.04%, 57.33%, 54.36% and 51.66%, 1.98%, 150.18%, 168.49% than the control group, respectively; The contents of P, K, Ca and Mg in plants increased 25.16%, 19.75%, 17.12%, 10.10% and 27.55%, 125.53%, 55.47%, 102.94% than the control group, respectively.

Wood qualities and properties were depended on the mature wood content. Determining the demarcation between juvenile and mature wood and predicting mature wood properties accurately play an important role on wood efficient utilization. In order to demarcate juvenile and mature wood of Pinus banksiana plantation and predict the anatomical properties of mature wood based on the anatomical properties of juvenile wood, support vector machines(SVM) was used. Results showed that the dividing point of juvenile and mature wood of Pinus banksiana plantation is 18^th years. The anatomical properties of mature wood were excellent with gently change than those of juvenile one. Mature wood prediction has low deviation, high correlation. The prediction curves can indicate the overall trend of anatomical properties, while have weak performance on catastrophe point and the following changing properties of the test set.

In order to study the differences of physical and mechanical properties between two new Catalpa bungei clones "Wanqiu 8401", "Wanqiu 8402" and "Jinsiqiu", three ramets of each clone were determination. The results showed that basic density, air-dried density, hardness of end surface, hardness of tangential section, hardness of radial section, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, compression strength parallel to grain, tensile strength parallel to grain, toughness, shear strength parallel to grain of tangential direction and shear strength parallel to grain of radial direction had significant differences among clones. "Wanqiu 8401" and "Jinsiqiu" were highly similar, which was significantly better than "Wanqiu 8402". Also, significant differences was obversed between mature wood and juvenile wood of three clones. Additionally, three clones were comparison with other timber which were popular in China, "Wanqiu 8401" and "Jinsiqiu" were better than Toona ciliate, but worse than Juglans mandshurica, "Wanqiu 8402" and Toona ciliata were highly similar, "Wanqiu 8401", "Jinsiqiu" and Cinnamomum camphora, Phellodendron amurense were highly similar.

Design a bi-taper mold to instead the single-taper mold of Hydraulic Briquetting Press. Take mechanical analysis to bi-taper mold, and build a finite element model of bi-taper mold based on ANSYS; take compression test for different materials in the same mold. Conclusion: taper α,β,taper length l₁,l₂,preserving length l₃ and outlet diameter affected forming density; through analysis the material(straw) deformation trend and friction distribution during the extrusion process, we got load variation of the material in the mold; different materials in the same mold had same variation during the compression cycle process. Besides, material average pressure and average density also had a certain relationship.

Increasing the forest carbon sequestration has become the important measure to meet climate change. To the typical forest of Chinese fir advocate produce in south China as a case, On the basis of assumption about afforestation on bare land at land types with three kinds' site conditions and management strength, this paper uses the improved Chinese fir growth model and the modified Faustman-Hartman model to analyze the impact of increasing carbon sequestration incomes on forest management. The results indicated that consider the carbon yield will increase forest land's value as assets.The increase of carbon sequestration incomes will obviously increase the value of forest land; the increase of forest land's value as assets may make the lands for other uses transfer to the forest lands, the optimal rotation will show the extension trend with the increase of carbon sequestration's price. However, it has different influences for different kinds of forest lands. carbon supply of average and poor land will be more sensitive to carbon sequestration's price, which also provides the possibility to change the forest land management ways and further increase the forest land's forest carbon sequestration supply by the means of market and price. Chinese fir forest carbon sequestration supply were negatively correlated to interest rate and the price of timber. but the interest rate and the timber price changes on different types of woodland are various. Interest rate and timber price change to good land's forest carbon sequestration supply affect overall is not significant, but at a lower interest rate level or timber price reduce situation, carbon supply of middle and inferior forest land increase. The relation of carbon supply and interest rate change makes using monetary means to stimulate increase forest carbon sequestration as possible.

In this paper, we analyzed the potential impact of forestry behavior on biodiversity under the forest carbon sequestration mechanism and the relevant problems existed in biodiversity protection regulations imposed by forest carbon sink in China. The authors proposed that the "forest law" and the relevant system should be improved under guidance with ecological value concept, an environmental impact assessment system on biodiversity in the forest carbon sink project should be established, and a forest biodiversity monitoring system, and REDD + project financing of biodiversity conservation compensation mechanism should also be established.

Influences of the soil temperature and water content on the needle litter decomposition were quantified with different site conditions in Pinus massoniana plantations in Three Gorges Reservoir Area by using litter bags method. The results showed that litter needle mass remaining rate was 63.57%, 59.80%, and65.50% after 540 d exposition in 20-, 30-,and 46-year-old forest, respectively, and the litter decomposition rate in 30-year-old stand was significantly greater than that in the other two forests. There was a significant quadratic relationship between needle litter decomposition rate and soil temperature (P <0.01), but no significant linear relationship was found between the decomposition and soil mossture content (P >0.05). Furthermore, needle litter decomposition rate was significantly in a cubic function correlated with the ratio of soil moisture content to soil temperature (P <0.01). The ratio of soil water content to soil temperature was 0.91-14.99, 0.49-4.57, and 0.63-11.25 in 20-, 30-, and 46-year-olf forest, respectively. When the ratio was in a range of 0-4.0 the litters decomposed relatively fast, and with the ratio of 4.0-12.0 the decomposition was relatively slow. The initial substrate quality, including N content, C/N ratio, and C/P ratio, of the needle litter was significantly different in the three stands. The needle litter carbon content was higher in 20-and 46-year-old forest than in 30-year-old forest after 540 d exposition. Compared with 30-year-old stand, litter carbon release dynamic in 20-, 46-year-old stands had significantly higher temperature sensitivity. These results indicated that the indirect effect of soil temperature to needle litter decomposition rate was controlled by carbon release rate instead of the initial carbon content. Litters with fast carbon release, accompanied with fast needle litter decomposition, has lower temperature sensitivity, and vice versa.

Under natural and artificial low temperature stress, the relative electric conductivity, SOD activity and soluble sugar content of varieties of ‘Zhuliu’ No.3 and ‘Zhuliu’ No.5 were determined, with hankow willow (Salix matsudana) served as control. The cold resistance of the plants was comprehensively evaluated by the method of subordinate function with the measured data. Results showed that under natural low temperature stress, relative electric conductivity, SOD activity and soluble sugar content of selected twigs first increased and then declined with the decrease and increase of natural temperature. Under artificial low temperature stress, relative electric conductivity of the twigs increased with the decrease of temperature, SOD activity and soluble sugar content presented first increased and then dropped. The semi-lethal temperature of hankow willow, ‘Zhuliu’ No.5, and ‘Zhuliu’ No.3 was-42.87,-37.27, and-31.60 ℃,respectively, and the cold resistance of the varieties was as the follows: hankow willow>‘Zhuliu’ No.5>‘Zhuliu’ No.3. The ‘Zhuliu’ No.5, with relatively stronger cold resistance, grew well and overwintered successfully in 2011 in Harbin, Daqing, Qiqihar, and Heihe of Heilongjiang Province. The study showed that ‘Zhuliu’ No.5 could be applied to the region where winter temperature is above-37.27 ℃ through introduction and overwintering acclimation at the seedling stage.

The effects of different concentrations (0,100,200,300 and 400 mmol·L^-1) of NaCl on two-year-old seedlings of halophytic plant Nitraria tangutorum were investigated in a pot experiment. In this study, plant growth, ions (Na⁺,Cl^-,K⁺ and Ca²⁺) uptake, transportation and distribution in roots, stems and leaves of N. tangutorum were measured. The results showed that 1) the plant growth, including such as relative height growth and individual biomass accumulation, of this species was enhanced by 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment compared with that of the no salt control. With the increase of NaCl concentration from 200 to 400 mmol·L^-1, the relative height growth and individual biomass accumulation of N. tangutorum presented a decreasing tendency, indicating that the growth was inhibited. 2) The uptake and accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^- in roots, stems and leaves tended to increase with the aggravation of NaCl stress. The contents of Na⁺ and Cl^- were both in an order of leaves > stems > roots. 3) The stressed N. tangutorum enhanced the K⁺ uptake and decreased the Ca²⁺ uptake with the increasing accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^- in roots. The ability of Ca²⁺ transportation from roots to shoot was enhanced, and there was no significant change in the ability of K⁺ transportation under the salt salinity. The abilities of ion selective absorption-transportation of N. tangutorum were important for maintaining ion homeostasis and natural physiological processes in leaves under the situations of salt stress. The results suggested that halophytic N. tangutorum could enhance its adaption abilities under salt stress, which is presumably derived from its maintenance of ion homeostasis in cell by selectivity of uptake, transportation and distribution of ions.

In this paper, we investigated the rooting characteristics of the softwood cutting of 'Gisela 6'(Prunus cerasus × P. canescens)and the changes in activity of peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO), total soluble sugar content, total nitrogen content and C/N ratio during the rooting. The results showed that:The rooting percentage, the root number and the average root length increased significantly when treated by IBA. The treatment of 1 000 mg·L^-1 IBA had the best effect on the rooting. The rooting percentage, the root number and the average root length were 81.2%, 10.5 and 2.95 cm, respectively. Compared with the control, the rooting percentage, the root number and the average root length increased by 133.3%, 262.1% and 45.3%, respectively. The activity of PPO, POD and IAAO, total soluble sugar content and C/N ratio changed regularly during the rooting. The activity of PPO and POD increased during the adventitious root induction and initiation, reached to a peak level on day 18, and then decreased during the root elongation period. However, the activity of IAAO decreased during the induction and initiation phase and increased slowly in the root elongation phase. The total soluble sugar content and C/N ratio increased during the induction phase, and then decreased in the following days. The total nitrogen content presented a continued decrease in the whole rooting process. The activity of PPO and POD enhanced significantly and changed more sharply during the rooting period after treatment with IBA. The IBA treatment also enhanced the total soluble sugar content and C/N ratio, but the total nitrogen content did not changed significantly. These results indicated that the activity of PPO, POD and IAAO, the total soluble sugar content and C/N ratio were related to the development of adventitious root closely. IBA increased rooting activities of the Gisela 6 softwood mainly owing to the increase of the activity of PPO and POD, the total soluble sugar content and C/N ratio and the reduction of the IAAO activity.

This paper firstly extends the single period optimal harvest decision model for the forest to infinite periods, so as to indicate that how to decide the optimal rotation length which can maximize the forest's revenue in all directions when repeat planting and harvesting trees on the same plot of earth till infinite future. The study also analyses the influence of discounting rate, timber price, harvesting cost, planting cost, and tax to the decision of optimal rotation length. As well as when we introduce the factors of continuously rising timber price and the ecological revenue of the forest, how the optimal rotation length will change. Secondly, the authors introduce the intergenerational equity principle into above model, giving a research on a resource exploiting manner which satisfies both the dynamic efficiency principle and the intergenerational equity principle. Last but not least, the research applies the above model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy, and explains the economic theory of institutions such as government purchasing ecological forest, tree compensation and forestry subsidization, which provides necessary theoretical foundation for future application of these new institutions. From the authors' point of view, the government may consider to encouraging private capital investing in the ecological forest construction by purchasing their forest in a reasonable price, or, compensating or subsidizing the operators certain amount of money, so as to improve their engagement in operating the ecological forest and thus increase the supply of forest ecological product, creating necessary condition for the balanced development of economy, ecological environment and society.

‘Chixia’, a new variety, was selected from the open-pollinated seedlings of Lagerstroemia indica ‘Victor’. It bears lush flowers with red, gorgeous color, and fragrant. Those traits have been certified to be stable after multiple years of propagation. The variety has strong adaptability, with excellent ornamental value in summer. It can be propagated through cuttings and grafting, and suitable for landscape greening in its suitable areas.