小兴安岭红松林冠层截留降雪特征及模拟

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210702

Abstract

Abstract:

Objctive: This study aims to characterize snowfall outside forest, penetrated snowfall inside forest, and canopy intercepted snow, and hence to deepen understanding of the effects of forest canopy on snowfall interception and the penetrated snowfall in Korean pine forests in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains. Method: Characteristics of snowfall outside forest, penetrated snowfall inside forest, and stand structure were measured in 2 successive years using positioning observations. A semi-empirical theoretical model was used to introduce and conduct snow interception simulations at the stand level in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains region. Result: During the winter period from November 2013 to April 2014 and November 2014 to April 2015, 17 snowfall events were observed, and the average total amount of snowfall each time was 10.3 mm, the average intensity of snowfall was 4.41 mm·d^-1, and the average through-snowfall each time was 7.4 mm, with an average proportion of through-snowfall of 69.3%. Through-snowfall and through-snowfall rate increased with the increase of snowfall. Snow interception and fall showed a strong power function correlation, but snow interception and canopy density showed a strong negative correlation(P < 0.05). Snow interception efficiency and snowfall showed a negative exponent function correlation(P < 0.05). This study demonstrates the limitations of the forest canopy in its capacity to intercept snow. Snow interception efficiency gradually decreases with the increase of snowfall and is particularly sensitive to the amount of snowfall and canopy density(P < 0.05), although it shows no significant correlations with average diameter at breast height, tree height, basal area, canopy height, canopy width, leaf area, or slope gradient. Conclusion: Snowfall and canopy density have a significant effect on the canopy interception. Snowfall, average diameter at breast height, canopy density, tree height, and slope gradient have a significant effect on through-snowfall. The Pomeroys interception model and the revised one provide a satisfactory simulation of snow interception of Korean pine forest in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains.

Key words: Xiaoxing'an Mountains, canopy, snowfall, model, interception

CLC Number:

S715

Yang Xiao,Shulan Zhang,Haijun Zhang,Guohua Song,Quanbo Wang,Chunyan Song. Characteristics and Simulation of Snow Interception by the Canopy of Korean Pine Forests in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains of China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(7): 11-19.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 2

Mean through-snowfall and mean snow interception by canopy at 56 trough-snowfall collectors and forest characteristics and slope in the Korean pine forests"

集雪槽编号 No. of through-snowfall collectors	平均次穿透降雪量 Mean through-snowfall/mm	平均次截留雪量 Mean snow interception/mm	株数 Quantity of trees(DBH>5 cm)	郁闭度 Canopy density(%)	叶面积指数 Leaf area index	胸径 DBH/cm	胸高断面积 Basal area/(m²·hm^-²)	林冠高度 Canopy height/m	林冠宽度 Canopy width/m	树高 Tree height/m	坡度 Slope/(°)
1	9.6	2.1	2	47.6	2.41	43.2	63.4	21.4	8.6	26.3	0
2	9.5	2.2	2	54.6	2.13	59.0	109.3	27.5	12.0	33.5	0
3	9.4	2.3	4	43.9	1.50	48.3	23.0	22.5	10.2	28.4	0
4	8.1	3.6	6	60.5	2.08	43.3	74.2	18.5	7.2	22.9	29
5	9.5	2.3	4	53.1	2.05	32.1	45.1	13.8	6.4	20.4	22
6	8.2	3.5	5	63.6	2.90	36.7	53.0	21.9	8.2	27.6	17
7	8.2	3.5	3	63.8	2.50	40.8	64.0	19.1	10.2	24.5	8
8	10.8	1.1	2	45.5	1.42	67.7	144.3	18.6	9.6	26.6	25
9	10.1	1.7	1	31.0	1.09	62.4	122.3	18.9	11.3	27.4	21
10	10.4	1.4	3	39.2	1.46	55.0	100.2	22.9	9.9	30.1	5
11	9.4	2.4	2	51.2	2.56	60.0	114.5	20.9	11.4	28.4	17
12	9.7	2.0	6	56.2	2.60	31.4	53.9	12.3	6.1	20.5	38
13	9.5	2.2	2	55.1	2.77	46.9	79.2	14.5	7.8	20.8	38
14	9.7	2.0	2	36.3	3.44	34.5	53.4	8.9	5.5	13.0	56
15	10.3	1.4	4	62.4	3.03	54.2	92.8	16.9	10.3	25.8	56
16	9.5	2.2	3	25.8	0.73	8.7	2.9	3.5	2.9	6.2	56
17	8.5	3.2	3	45.3	1.40	44.5	68.3	17.6	8.5	24.7	56
18	7.1	2.0	4	54.2	1.65	38.3	54.2	14.4	9.5	23.6	31
19	6.9	2.6	3	52.8	2.16	47.3	40.0	20.0	8.0	26.0	31
20	6.9	2.5	4	69.3	2.58	38.4	55.6	15.6	8.8	25.3	31
21	7.4	3.0	3	56.3	2.27	29.5	45.3	12.3	7.6	18.7	31
22	8.2	2.3	5	53.2	2.04	42.3	62.0	15.1	10.3	23.0	49
23	7.7	3.0	2	42.4	1.28	59.2	113.2	14.5	9.1	21.9	49
24	7.9	4.3	5	45.3	1.33	32.0	32.2	16.3	8.3	22.8	49
25	7.4	4.7	1	53.0	1.67	59.8	112.3	20.7	11.4	30.0	49
26	7.8	3.0	2	57.1	4.33	51.4	128.5	17.1	9.5	20.6	35
27	7.3	3.3	1	44.2	1.48	29.7	27.7	20.8	7.6	24.0	35
28	6.2	3.1	3	64.5	3.67	51.1	84.4	16.9	10.2	24.0	35
29	5.8	2.8	8	68.0	3.22	20.3	17.9	9.6	5.4	12.4	35
30	6.2	3.2	2	52.4	2.19	43.2	63.4	21.4	8.6	26.3	0
31	6.5	2.7	3	57.0	2.74	37.5	36.0	17.5	9.0	26.9	0
32	6.1	3.1	7	62.6	3.01	27.0	44.2	9.9	6.1	16.5	0
33	6.5	2.8	3	49.9	2.26	28.5	31.8	13.6	5.9	19.5	0
34	5.9	3.3	3	46.1	1.50	54.1	105.1	17.0	10.6	27.0	0
35	6.2	3.1	3	58.5	2.16	35.5	67.2	14.3	8.9	23.4	0
36	4.7	4.6	4	63.7	2.64	36.8	102.5	21.9	11.0	29.8	0
37	7.5	1.7	1	23.7	0.63	49.0	75.4	16.0	9.2	26.4	35
38	6.3	2.9	1	47.4	1.81	41.0	61.8	17.9	8.6	25.3	34
39	5.8	3.5	2	42.6	1.47	32.3	34.0	12.9	9.0	17.7	30
40	5.7	3.6	4	58.6	2.22	35.3	51.0	14.8	8.6	20.5	23
41	5.3	4.0	5	63.3	2.32	41.6	65.0	19.8	8.5	25.7	23
42	5.2	4.1	6	65.5	3.14	39.4	60.8	19.3	8.7	24.5	10
43	5.5	3.8	3	60.9	2.78	40.8	64.0	19.1	10.2	24.5	8
44	5.5	3.8	8	72.0	2.77	42.0	73.3	15.7	23.6	8.1	0
45	5.9	3.4	4	65.5	4.11	37.1	56.0	15.5	22.2	7.4	7
46	5.9	3.3	5	55.6	1.99	35.2	56.8	14.4	20.2	6.9	17
47	7.7	1.5	1	40.5	1.50	60.0	90.0	23.0	10.0	29.0	0
48	6.1	3.1	3	51.9	1.75	34.5	52.6	14.5	18.0	7.1	21
49	7.0	2.2	2	38.2	1.33	41.6	54.9	17.9	23.9	8.2	26
50	7.8	1.4	2	46.3	1.85	18.0	10.5	11.1	14.9	5.9	37
51	6.0	3.3	3	54.7	2.04	43.9	69.1	22.7	29.1	9.9	0
52	7.7	1.6	1	30.6	1.40	57.6	104.2	26.7	37.2	10.0	0
53	6.7	2.5	4	49.5	2.78	38.1	52.4	13.7	22.2	6.1	37
54	7.0	2.3	2	51.2	2.56	60.0	114.5	20.9	28.4	11.4	17
55	6.8	2.4	2	41.7	1.91	69.4	154.4	23.3	35.6	9.3	17
56	6.2	3.0	4	65.2	3.36	47.6	85.2	14.8	25.8	8.5	9

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.3

Table 5

Fig.4

References 0

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指标 Index	次穿透降雪量 Through-snowfall	次截留雪量 Snow interception
平均胸径Mean DBH	0.264^*	-0.241
林冠郁闭度Canopy density	-0.439^**	0.513^**
平均树高Mean tree height	0.273^*	0.047
平均胸高断面积Mean basal area	0.193	-0.142
平均林冠高度Mean canopy height	0.053	0.022
平均林冠宽度Mean canopy width	-0.250	-0.071
叶面积指数Leaf area index	-0.241	0.238
坡度Slope	0.3^*	0.46

模型 Model	相关系数 Correlation coefficient(R²)	模拟次数 Simulation times
I=3.94LAI(1-e^{-C_cp_c/5.8LAI})	0.800	17
I=3.77LAI(1-e^{-C_cp_c/5.54LAI})	0.802	17

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Characteristics and Simulation of Snow Interception by the Canopy of Korean Pine Forests in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains of China

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样地编号 Plot No.	林龄 Forest age/a	林分密度 Forest density/hm^-2	胸径 DBH/cm	树高 Tree height/m	林冠高度 Canopy height/m	林冠宽度 Canopy width/m	郁闭度 Canopy density(%)	叶面积指数 Leaf area index(%)	坡度 Slope/(°)
A	150~300	357	40.8	22.7	16.5	7.5	45	1.96	9.8
B	150~300	1 032	42.8	25.9	19.0	8.9	65	2.19	8.9