冬奥快速通道林带四季美景度评价

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20211205

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究冬奥快速通道典型植物群落四季美景度，探索影响群落四季景观的因子，为道路林景观质量提升提供科学依据。方法: 以北京市冬奥会场馆间城市快速路及高速公路的林带为研究对象，选取34块典型样地，对其进行4个季节的美景度评价。随机选取一张景观照片作为参照，借鉴Daniel & Boster计算美景度(SBE)的方法计算4个季节的SBE。基于数量化理论Ⅰ，采用定性变量逐步回归分析法，分别建立景观因子类目与SBE的景观评价模型及四季景观综合评价模型。结果: 1) 影响四季景观的综合因子包括林分密度、层次结构、彩叶植物存在方式、植物色泽、树干显示度，其中彩叶植物存在方式影响最大，贡献率达24.5%。2) 在影响三季景观的因子中，层次结构、彩叶植物存在方式是影响春秋冬3季的景观因子, 彩叶植物存在方式对秋冬季景观影响最大，贡献率分别为22.57%、21.91%；植物色泽是影响春夏冬3季的景观因子，对夏季景观影响最大，贡献率为24.31%；枝干色彩是影响春夏秋3季的景观因子，对夏秋2季景观的贡献率分别为11.99%、11.89%；林木排列方式是影响夏秋冬3季的景观因子，对秋季景观影响最大。3)在影响两季景观的因子中，植物生长状况、林缘线是春秋2季的景观因子；树种丰富度对春冬2季景观的贡献率分别为9.28%、5.64%；常绿树种比例对夏冬2季景观的影响均高于树形丰富度，常绿树种比例对夏季景观的贡献率达22.01%；乡土树种比例对夏秋2季景观的贡献率分别为6.92%、11.89%。4)在影响一季的景观因子中，林分整洁度对春季景观的贡献率为10.77%，树干显示度对秋季景观的贡献率为9.12%，林分密度对冬季景观的贡献率为6.5%。结论: 依据不同景观因子对四季景观的贡献率，在景观质量提升时，需重点考虑彩叶植物存在方式、层次结构、植物色泽、林木排列方式、常绿树种比例、枝干色彩、植物生长状况等因子；但除考虑筛选出的景观因子外，仍需根据实际情况进行优化提升。

关键词: 美景度, 四季, 快速通道, 道路林带, 冬奥会, 北京市

Abstract:

Objective: The objectives are to study the scenic beauty in four seasons of typical plant communities along the Winter Olympics expressway, to explore the factors affecting the landscape in four seasons, and to provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of road forest landscape. Method: Taking the urban expressway and expressway among the venues of Winter Olympics in Beijing as the research object, 34 typical sample plots were selected to evaluate the beauty in four seasons. A landscape photo was randomly selected as a reference, and the scenic beauty estimation(SBE) in four seasons was calculated by Daniel & Boster's method. Based on the quantitative theory I, the landscape evaluation model of landscape factor category and SBE value and the comprehensive evaluation model of four seasons were established by stepwise regression of qualitative variables. Result: 1) The comprehensive factors affecting the landscape of the four seasons include stand density, hierarchical structure, patterns of composition of color-leaf plants, plant color and trunk visibility. The patterns of composition of color-leaf plants has the greatest influence, with a contribution rate of 24.5%. 2) Among the factors affecting the landscape in the three seasons, the hierarchical structure and the patterns of composition of the color-leaf plants are the landscape factors affecting three seasons of spring, autumn and winter. The patterns of composition of the color-leaf plants have the greatest impact on the landscape in autumn and winter, and the contribution rates were 22.57% and 21.91% respectively. Plant color is the landscape factor affecting spring, summer and winter, which has the greatest impact on the landscape in summer, with a contribution rate of 24.31%. 3) Among the factors affecting the landscape in spring and autumn, plant growth and forest edge line are the landscape factors in spring and autumn. The contribution rates of tree species richness to spring and winter are 9.28% and 5.64% respectively. The proportion of evergreen tree species has a higher impact on the landscape in summer and winter than the tree shape richness, and the contribution rate of the proportion of evergreen tree species to the landscape in summer is 22.01%. The contribution rates of native tree species to the landscape in summer and autumn are 6.92% and 11.89% respectively. 4)Among the landscape factors affecting one season, the contribution rate of stand cleanliness to spring landscape is 10.77%, the contribution rate of trunk display to autumn landscape is 9.12%, and the contribution rate of stand density to winter landscape is 6.5%. Conclusion: According to the contribution rate of different landscape factors to the landscape in four seasons, when improving the landscape quality, it is necessary to focus on the factors such as the existence mode, hierarchical structure, plant color, tree arrangement mode, proportion of evergreen tree species, branch color, plant growth status and so on. However, in addition to considering the selected landscape factors, it still needs to be optimized and improved according to the actual situation.

Key words: scenic beauty estimation, four seasons, expressway, forest belt along road, Winter Olympic Games, Beijing

中图分类号:

S731.2

张致义,辛琳,邱尔发,谢晓阳,王新宇,孙振凯,姜莎莎,赵娇. 冬奥快速通道林带四季美景度评价[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(12): 43-56.

Zhiyi Zhang,Lin Xin,Erfa Qiu,Xiaoyang Xie,Xinyu Wang,Zhenkai Sun,Shasha Jiang,Jiao Zhao. Scenic Beauty Estimation in Four Seasons of the Forest Belt along the Winter Olympics Expressway[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(12): 43-56.

图/表 14

图1

表1

植物群落特征景观因子"

编号 No.	项目 Item	类目Sub-item
编号 No.	项目 Item	1	2	3	4
X₁	树种丰富度 Tree species richness	1~2	3~4	≥5
X₂	林分密度 Stand density	疏植 Thinning	较密 Denser	密植 Dense planting
X₃	层次结构 Hierarchy	单一乔木 Single tree	乔草 Trees and herbs	乔灌 Trees and shrubs	乔灌草 Trees, shrubs, herbs
X₄	常绿树种比例 Proportion of evergreen tree species	0	(0, 1/3]	(1/3, 2/3]	(2/3, +∞)
X₅	乡土树种比例 Percentage of native tree species	< 60%	60%~80%	≥80%
X₆	植物生长状况 Plant growth status	群落内大部分树木枯死枝干多，个体整体形态不完整；或多数树木病虫害严重，生长势弱，观赏效果差 Most of the trees in the community have many dead branches, and the overall shape of the individual is incomplete; or most trees have serious diseases and insect pests, weak growth potential, and poor viewing effects	群落内部分树木生长状况一般，树冠形态比较完整，有部分枯死枝干；叶色基本正常 The growth status of some trees in the community is normal, the crown morphology is relatively complete, with some dead branches and trunks; the leaf color is basically normal	群落内树木个体形态完整，无枯死枝干；叶色正常，无病虫害，植株整体健康 The individual morphology of the trees in the community is complete, with no dead branches; the leaf color is normal, there is no pests and diseases, and the plants are overall healthy
X₇	林木排列方式 Tree arrangement	规则式 Regular	自然式 Natural	混合式 Mixed
X₈	林缘线 Forest margin	规则 Regular	曲折 Tortuous	自然，且不影响交通安全 Natural, and does not affect traffic safety
X₉	林分整洁度 Stand cleanliness	杂乱 Messy	较整洁 Less tidy	整洁 Tidy
X₁₀	彩叶植物存在方式 Composition patterns of color-leaf plants	无 No	星散型 Scattered	密集型 Dense	综合型 Comprehensive
X₁₁	植物色泽 Plant color	暗 Dark	一般 General	亮 Bright
X₁₂	枝干色彩 Branch color	四季枝干色彩仅有灰褐色或黑褐色1种，色彩暗淡 The branches and stems in four seasons are only gray-brown or dark-brown in color, and the color is dim	春夏秋3季以灰褐色等暗淡的色彩为主色彩，但冬季枝条有黄色等较醒目的色彩 The three seasons of spring, summer and autumn are dominated by dark colors such as gray-brown, but in winter the branches have more eye-catching colors such as yellow	枝干色彩醒目，四季以灰白色等醒目的色彩为主色彩 The color of the branches is eye-catching, and the main color is gray and white in four seasons
X₁₃	树干显示度 Trunk visibility	不可辨 Indistinguishable	模糊 Blurry	清晰 Clear
X₁₄	树形丰富度 Tree shape richness	1种 1 type	2种 2 types	3种及以上 3 types and above
X₁₅	其他观赏类型 Other viewing types	无 No	观花或观果 View flowers or fruits

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等级 Grade	景观Ⅰ Landscape Ⅰ				景观Ⅱ Landscape Ⅱ
等级 Grade	f	cf	cp	z	f	cf	cp	z
3	76	76	0.129 0	-1.131 0	55	55	0.093 4	-1.320 2
2	81	157	0.266 6	-0.623 3	94	149	0.253 0	-0.665 2
1	140	297	0.504 2	0.010 6	129	278	0.472 0	-0.070 3
0	140	437	0.741 9	0.649 3	163	441	0.748 7	0.670 5
-1	75	512	0.869 3	1.122 9	80	521	0.884 6	1.198 0
-2	44	556	0.944 0	1.589 0	44	565	0.959 3	1.742 1
-3	33	589	1.000 0	0.000 0	24	589	1.000 0	0.000 0
Z	0.269 6				0.259 2
SBE	SBE₁=0.269 6-0.259 2=0.010 4				SBE₂=0.259 2-0.259 2=0

变异来源 Source of variation	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 df	均方 Mean square	F	p
树种丰富度Tree species richness(X₁)	0.025 2	2	0.012 6	4.881 1	0.023 3
层次结构Hierarchy(X₃)	0.063 6	3	0.021 2	8.205 5	0.001 8
植物生长状况Plant growth status(X₆)	0.025 0	2	0.012 5	4.839 3	0.023 9
林缘线Forest margin(X₈)	0.020 2	2	0.010 1	3.904 9	0.043 1
林分整洁度Stand cleanliness(X₉)	0.014 2	2	0.007 1	2.745 7	0.096 4
彩叶植物存在方式Composition patterns of color-leaf plants (X₁₀)	0.026 8	3	0.008 9	3.451 5	0.043 6
植物色泽Plant color(X₁₁)	0.048 0	2	0.024 0	9.283 0	0.002 4
枝干色彩Branch color(X₁₂)	0.011 1	2	0.005 5	2.142 3	0.151 9
误差Error	0.038 8	15	0.002 6
总变异Total variation	0.219 7	33

项目 Item	类目 Category	系数 Coefficient	标准系数 Standard coefficient	标准误 Standard error	t检验值 t test value	p
树种丰富度 Tree species richness(X₁)	X_1-1	-0.061 1	-0.363 5	0.066 9	-0.914 1	0.375 1
	X_1-2	-0.099 3	-0.600 2	0.032 8	-3.028 0	0.008 5
	X_1-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

层次结构 Hierarchy(X₃)	X_3-1	-0.157 2	-0.745 5	0.072 5	-2.169 1	0.046 6
	X_3-2	0.087 6	0.415 5	0.044 3	1.978 4	0.066 5
	X_3-3	-0.019 8	-0.069 9	0.044 9	-0.441 0	0.665 5
	X_3-4	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

植物生长状况 Plant growth status(X₆)	X_6-1	-0.115 8	-0.510 3	0.064 7	-1.791 4	0.093 4
	X_6-2	-0.100 0	-0.594 2	0.032 1	-3.111 0	0.007 2
	X_6-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

林缘线 Forest margin(X₈)	X_8-1	0.107 9	0.511 6	0.044 6	2.418 3	0.028 8
	X_8-2	0.055 3	0.221 5	0.059 4	0.930 9	0.366 6
	X_8-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

林分整洁度 Stand cleanliness(X₉)	X_9-1	-0.035 2	0.330 0	0.091 1	1.723 8	0.105 3
	X_9-2	0.157 0	-0.199 3	0.024 0	-1.467 3	0.163 0
	X_9-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

彩叶植物存在方式 Composition patterns of color-leaf plants (X₁₀)	X_10-1	-0.114 2	-0.626 5	0.035 9	-3.183 9	0.006 2
	X_10-2	-0.056 5	-0.329 1	0.028 2	-2.006 5	0.063 2
	X_10-3	-0.066 7	-0.316 4	0.041 7	-1.599 9	0.130 5
	X_10-4	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

植物色泽 Plant color(X₁₁)	X_11-1	0.004 2	0.008 9	0.087 4	0.048 2	0.962 2
	X_11-2	0.111 0	0.690 5	0.027 2	4.077 8	0.001 0
	X_11-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

枝干色彩 Branch color(X₁₂)	X_12-1	0.053 9	0.330 3	0.043 7	1.234 7	0.235 9
	X_12-2	0.085 4	0.497 3	0.042 5	2.010 9	0.062 7
	X_12-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

变异来源 Source of variation	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 df	均方 Mean square	F	p
常绿树种比例Proportion of evergreen tree species(X₄)	0.022 9	3	0.007 6	5.804 4	0.005 9
乡土树种比例Percentage of native tree species(X₅)	0.002 8	2	0.001 4	1.047 5	0.371 2
林木排列方式Tree arrangement(X₇)	0.006 7	2	0.003 3	2.533 8	0.107 3
植物色泽Plant color(X₁₁)	0.022 4	2	0.011 2	8.488 5	0.002 5
枝干色彩Branch color(X₁₂)	0.003 1	2	0.001 5	1.165 4	0.334 3
树干显示度Trunk visibility(X₁₃)	0.006 5	2	0.003 3	2.467 0	0.113 0
树形丰富度Tree shape richness(X₁₄)	0.007 8	2	0.003 9	2.941 3	0.078 5
误差Error	0.023 7	18	0.001 3
总变异Total variation	0.097 5	33

项目 Item	类目 Category	系数 Coefficient	标准系数 Standard coefficient	标准误 Standard error	t检验值 t test value	p
常绿树种比例 Proportion of evergreen tree species(X₄)	X_4-1	-0.076 7	-0.653 0	0.026 5	-2.895 9	0.009 6
	X_4-2	-0.026 5	-0.231 7	0.030 0	-0.882 7	0.389 1
	X_4-3	-0.090 7	-0.747 0	0.027 8	-3.263 7	0.004 3
	X_4-4	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

乡土树种比例 Percentage of native tree species(X₅)	X_5-1	0.028 5	0.249 2	0.021 7	1.313 8	0.205 4
	X_5-2	0.005 7	0.040 9	0.024 4	0.235 2	0.816 7
	X_5-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

林木排列方式 Tree arrangement(X₇)	X_7-1	-0.054 2	-0.429 4	0.025 5	-2.123 5	0.047 8
	X_7-2	-0.057 0	-0.343 2	0.032 7	-1.744 3	0.098 2
	X_7-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

植物色泽 Plant color(X₁₁)	X_11-1	0.081 1	0.708 6	0.027 1	2.990 5	0.007 8
	X_11-2	0.100 2	0.934 4	0.024 7	4.056 0	0.000 7
	X_11-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

枝干色彩 Branch color(X₁₂)	X_12-1	0.049 4	0.440 7	0.033 0	1.496 2	0.151 9
	X_12-2	0.048 7	0.401 0	0.033 7	1.445 4	0.165 5
	X_12-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

树干显示度 Trunk visibility(X₁₃)	X_13-1	0.037 6	0.226 0	0.027 4	1.370 7	0.187 3
	X_13-2	0.029 8	0.266 0	0.016 7	1.781 2	0.091 8
	X_13-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—

树形丰富度 Tree shape richness(X₁₄)	X_14-1	0.026 6	0.237 2	0.025 7	1.032 1	0.315 7
	X_14-2	-0.022 1	-0.206 1	0.023 6	-0.938 6	0.360 4
	X_14-3	0.000 0	0.000 0	0.000 0	—	—