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林业科学 ›› 2011, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8): 53-60.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20110809

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于SBE法的北京市郊野公园绿地结构质量评价技术

章志都1,3, 徐程扬1, 龚岚1, 蔡宝军2, 李翠翠1, 黄广远1, 李波1   

  1. 1. 北京林业大学省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室 北京 100083;2. 北京市园林绿化局 北京 100029;3. 福建省三明市林业局 三明 365000
  • 收稿日期:2010-02-03 修回日期:2011-03-26 出版日期:2011-08-25 发布日期:2011-08-25
  • 通讯作者: 徐程扬

Assessment on Structural Quality of Landscapes in Green Space of Beijing Suburban Parks by SBE Method

Zhang Zhidu1,3, Xu Chengyang1, Gong Lan1, Cai Baojun2, Li Cuicui1, Huang Guangyuan1, Li Bo1   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083;2. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry Beijing 100029;3. Sanming Forestry Bureau of Fujian Province Sanming 365000
  • Received:2010-02-03 Revised:2011-03-26 Online:2011-08-25 Published:2011-08-25

摘要:

以北京市已建的郊野公园为研究对象,共收集46张一般绿地景观照片、50张建筑与小品和道路等人造硬质景观周边绿地景观照片、54张滨水植物景观照片和相关资料,采用景观美景度评判法对郊野公园这3种绿地类型进行景观评判,并利用多元数量化模型Ⅰ构建相应的美景度模型,对绿地结构的质量进行评价。结果表明: 影响一般绿地结构主要因素为绿视率、郁闭度、植物色彩数量、植物色彩对比度、生活型构成和植物野趣程度; 影响人造硬质景观周边绿地结构的主要因素为相对枝下高、总体协调性、栽植方式、枝叶密度和建筑物风格; 影响滨水植物景观结构的主要因素为植被空间占有率、总体协调性、栽植方式和层片结构。根据景观美景度模型所反映的群众喜欢度,对郊野公园上述3种绿地的结构调整提出如下经营建议: 1) 对于一般绿地,应充分利用野生花草和乡土灌木,构建以乔灌草为主的林分结构,以增大绿地的绿视率,促进植被向近自然方向发展; 结合密度调整,对现有绿地进行局部物种组成调整,充分利用不同色系植物营造出具有一定变化和对比度的景观; 建议将郁闭度控制在0.6~0.8; 加大大径级林木的培育力度,营造疏密有致的林下游憩空间; 2) 对于建筑、小品和道路等人造硬质景观周边绿地,可通过合理的植物应用、建筑物体量和风格的控制,使人造硬质景观与环境更加协调,利用植物构建合乎人体空间尺度的内部开放空间以满足休闲游憩的需求; 在树种选择上,应选择分枝高度较高、枝叶密度较大的林木,避免规整成排种植树木的栽植方式,建筑物风格应以古朴为主; 3) 对于滨水景观,应优先协调植物空间占有率和水域面积的关系,林木栽植方式以孤植和列植为好,并注重植物的垂直结构配置,营造自然式的群落结构,形成自然、野趣的滨水景观。

关键词: 郊野公园, 美景度评判法, 景观结构质量, 游憩, 北京

Abstract:

Quality of landscape structure in green spaces of built-up suburban parks in Beijing were quantitatively assessed on bases of scenic beauty estimation (SBE) in this paper. A total of 46 photos of forest landscapes, 50 photos of green space landscapes around artificial landscapes of buildings, building pieces and roads, and 54 photos of waterfront landscapes were taken and SBE models were constructed by using Polybasic Mathematical Theory Ⅰ. The results showed that the main factors influencing the quality of forest landscape were green space ratio, canopy coverage, quantity of plant colors, contrast of the colors, composition of plant growth forms, and wild-like degree of landscape. The main factors affecting the structure of green space around artificial landscapes of buildings, building pieces and roads in county parks were relative trunk height below crown, harmony of landscape, planting pattern of trees, branch and leaf density of trees, style of building. And the main factors determining quality of waterfront landscape more efficiently were space occupied by vegetation, harmony of landscape, planting pattern of trees and vertical stratum structure of vegetation. According to public perception reflected in the SBE models, the management principles for modulating landscape structure of green space in suburban parks in Beijing were put forwards as: 1) Forest stand structure which consisted of arbors, shrubs and herbs should be constructed on basis of sufficient applying wild herbs and native shrubs so as to efficient increasing green space ratio and promoting structures of forest communities to success in close-nature way. Forest landscapes with colorfulness and high contrast should be constructed by utilizing tree species with different colors when tree species composition modulation was incorporated into stock density management. Large-diameter trees should be cultivated, and more open spaces should be created for recreation in forests and under forest canopy while the canopy coverage of a forest was proposed to control at 0.6-0.8. 2) Green area should be more harmonious with artificial landscapes of buildings, building pieces and roads by means of reasonable applying plant species, controlling size and style of buildings. Open spaces in forest or under tree canopies which suited to people activities were recommend to be created so as to meet the recreational need by reasonable arranging plant individuals. Tree species with higher trunk height below crown and thicker foliage should be chosen, while trees planted in neat rows should be avoided. And the building style should be unsophisticated. 3) The relationship between spatial occupancy of vegetation and water area was preferentially harmonized for waterfront landscape. The better planting patterns of trees were isolated and linear way. Different growth forms of plants were used to construct multi-strata structure in vertical plant configuration to create natural and wild-like waterfront landscapes.

Key words: suburban parks, scenic beauty estimation (SBE), structural quality of landscapes, recreation, Beijing

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