北京城市河岸林木本植物种群多样性梯度变化

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20201121

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究北京城市河岸林的多样性，探索其木本植物种群多样性梯度变化规律，为河岸近自然植物群落的构建提供参考。方法: 以北京六环内城市河流为对象，通过实地踏查把六环内不同等级河流划分337个河段，在此基础上设置575个400 m²的样带，调查乔灌种名和株数等，然后对调查数据统计分析，比较不同环路、不同等级河流、不同硬化程度河岸梯度上城市河岸林的多样性变化特征。结果: 北京城市河岸林共有木本植物40科75属119种，其中乔木31科49属82种，灌木14科28属37种；不同环路梯度下城市河岸林乔木Margelf指数表现为五—六环>二—三环>二环内>三—四环>四—五环，而林下灌木Margelf指数表现为二—三环>五—六环>四—五环>二环内>三—四环；不同等级河流梯度下城市河岸林乔木Shannon-Wiener指数表现为一级河流>三级河流>二级河流，而林下灌木Shannon-Wiener指数与之相反；不同硬化程度河岸梯度下近自然河岸的乔木Margelf指数、乔木Shannon-Wiener指数、乔木Simpson指数和乔木Pielou指数最大，而林下灌木的多样性指数（除均匀度指数外）最大的是垂坝河岸。结论: 北京城市河岸林乔木树种多样性水平总体较低，随着距离城市中心的距离增加呈现先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势，与林下灌木的变化趋势一致；不同等级河流的河岸林乔木和灌木多样性变化趋势有所不同，且乔木多样性水平总体大于灌木；近自然河岸的乔木树种多样性指数较高，而林下灌木较低。应多利用合理的乔灌典型植被群落结构，提高北京城市河岸林的多样性水平。

关键词: 城市河岸林, 种群, 乔灌比, 多样性, 北京市

Abstract:

objective: This paper aims to study the diversity of urban riparian forests in Beijing and explore the regularity of gradient changes in the diversity of plant populations in order to provide a basis for the construction of close-to-nature riparian plant community. Method: Urban rivers of different scales within the sixth ring road of Beijing were divided into 337 river segments through field investigation. 575 transects in size of 400 m² were set up to investigate the species names and quantity of arbors and shrubs. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the changes of diversity of urban riparian forests among different ring roads, different scales of rivers and different hardening-degree river banks. Result: there are 119 species, 75 genera, 40 families of urban riparian forest in Beijing, including 82 species, 49 genera, 31 families of arbors and 37 species, 28 genera, 14 families of shrubs; the Margelf index of urban riparian arbors was ranked as 5th-6th ring road > 2nd-3rd ring road > within 2nd ring road > 3rd-4th ring road > 4th-5th ring road, while the Margelf index of shrubs was ranked as 2nd-3rd ring road > 5th-6th ring road > 4th-5th ring road > within 2nd ring road > 3rd-4th ring road; the Shannon Wiener indices of urban riparian forest in different river gradients presents first-grade river > third-grade river > second-grade river, while the Shannon-Wiener index of shrub displayed opposite orders.4)the Magnelf index, the Shannon-Wiener index and the Pielou index of close-to-nature river bank are the largest among banks with different hardening gradients, while the diversity index (except evenness index) of shrub in the vertical dam bank isthe largest. Conclusion: The level of diversity of urban riparian forest in Beijing is generally low. With the increase of the distance from the city center, it shows a trend of increase-decrease-increase, which is consistent with the change trend of undergrowth shrubs. The trend of arbor-bush diversity of riparian forest in different river grades is different, and the arbor species diversity level is generally higher than that of shrubs. The overall level of tree diversity is higher than that of shrub. The arbor species diversity index is higher in close-to-nature river bank, while the undergrowth shrub diversity index is lower. We should make more use of the reasonable plant community structure of typical vegetation of arbor and shrub to improve the diversity level of urban riparian forest in Beijing.

Key words: rban riparian forest, population, arbor-shrub ratio, diversity, Beijing

中图分类号:

S731.2

牛少锋,邱尔发,张致义,奚露. 北京城市河岸林木本植物种群多样性梯度变化[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(11): 198-206.

Shaofeng Niu,Erfa Qiu,Zhiyi Zhang,Lu Xi. Changes of Diversity Gradient of Woody Plants Populations in Urban Riparian Forests of Beijing[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(11): 198-206.

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河流级别	河流名称	河岸长度	调查长度	样带数量	样带总面积	乔木株数
River level	River name	River length/km	Survey length/km	Number of plots	Total areas of plots/m²	Arbor number
一级河流 First-order river	温榆河Wenyuhe	29.6	4.4	75	30 000	1 234
	北运河Beiyunhe	7.3	0.6	11	4 400	177
	永定河Yongdinghe	30.5	1.4	21	8 400	409
	小计Subtotal	67.4	6.5	107	42 800	1 820
二级河流 Second-order river	坝河Bahe	21.6	4.5	40	16 000	606
	北沙河Beishahe	11.5	1.0	17	6 800	311
	东沙河Dongshahe	7.1	0.6	9	3 600	185
	凉水河Liangshuihe	31.2	1.8	31	12 400	640
	南沙河Nanshahe	13.0	0.9	16	6 400	333
	清河Qinghe	20.2	2.2	40	16 000	701
	通惠河Tonghuihe	20.5	2.3	21	8 400	333
	小清河Xiaoqinghe	10.5	0.8	12	4 800	230
	小中河Xiaozhonghe	23.5	1.0	11	4 400	224
	小计Subtotal	159.1	15.1	197	78 800	3 563
三级河流 Third-order river	北旱河Beihanhe	7.2	0.5	8	3 200	130
	北护城河Beihuchenghe	5.8	0.8	14	5 600	207
	北小河Beixiaohe	16.6	1.4	25	10 000	457
	刺猬河Ciweihe	9.6	0.8	13	5 200	254
	京密引水渠Jingmi yinshuiqu	28.1	2.4	40	16 000	678
	莲花河Lianhuahe	4.2	0.3	16	6 400	310
	亮马河Liangmahe	9.3	1.0	16	6 400	245
	马草河Maocaohe	12.2	1.1	14	5 600	258
	南旱河Nanhanhe	7.0	0.6	7	2 800	145
	南护城河Nanhuchenghe	15.0	2.0	23	9 200	451
	南长河Nanchanghe	9.5	0.7	14	5 600	228
	土城沟Tuchenghe	10.2	1.0	12	4 800	192
	万泉河Wanquanhe	8.5	0.8	12	4 800	218
	萧太后河Xiaotaihouhe	16.5	1.4	18	7 200	362
	小龙河Xiaolonghe	7.3	0.5	6	2 400	98
	小月河Xiaoyuehe	10.2	1.2	9	3 600	162
	永定河引水渠Yongding yinshuiqu	17.6	1.4	24	9 600	398
	小计Subtotal	194.8	18.0	271	108 400	4 793
	合计Total	421.3	39.6	575	230 000	10 176

区域 District	Margelf		Shannon-Wiener		Simpson		Pielou
区域 District	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD
二环内Within 2nd ring road	2.667	0.686	2.258	0.549	0.844	0.101	0.875	0.017
二—三环2nd-3rd ring road	2.919	1.260	2.277	0.302	0.869	0.034	0.880	0.037
三—四环3rd-4th ring road	2.376	1.052	1.741	0.670	0.804	0.139	0.721	0.145
四—五环4th-5th ring road	1.679	0.815	1.304	0.720	0.487	0.413	0.446	0.361
五—六环5th-6th ring road	3.035	1.030	2.223	0.348	0.828	0.062	0.779	0.054

区域 District	Margelf		Shannon-Wiener		Simpson		Pielou
区域 District	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD
二环内Within 2nd ring road	2.012	0.382	1.715	0.146	0.479	0.066	0.427	0.112
二—三环2nd-3rd ring road	3.188	0.395	2.101	0.261	0.562	0.179	0.446	0.082
三—四环3rd-4th ring road	1.732	0.608	1.604	0.418	0.467	0.298	0.421	0.240
四—五环4th-5th ring road	2.323	0.351	2.152	0.334	0.595	0.130	0.548	0.360
五—六环5th-6th ring road	2.649	0.389	2.440	0.143	0.618	0.100	0.562	0.097

河流等级 River grade	Margelf		Shannon-Wiener		Simpson		Pielou
河流等级 River grade	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD
一级First-order	3.819	0.117	2.519	0.020	0.871	0.009	0.793	0.031
二级Second-order	2.930	1.312	2.143	0.440	0.814	0.076	0.760	0.049
三级Third-order	3.599	1.022	2.331	0.397	0.838	0.062	0.774	0.063

河流等级 River grade	Margelf		Shannon-Wiener		Simpson		Pielou
河流等级 River grade	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	均值 Mean	标准差 SD
一级First-order	2.341	0.050	2.041	0.010	0.583	0.016	0.526	0.059
二级Second-order	2.441	0.537	2.273	0.193	0.602	0.126	0.545	0.090
三级Third-order	3.142	0.325	2.222	0.179	0.584	0.106	0.449	0.141