小兴安岭红松林冠层截留降雪特征及模拟

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210702

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究小兴安岭红松林林外降雪、林内穿透雪和林冠截雪特征，深入认识森林冠层对降雪截留再分配的影响，为定量评价该区域红松林的生态雪水文效应提供理论依据。方法: 连续2年冬季定位观测红松林林外降雪和林内穿透降雪特征，并调查林分结构因子，利用基于物理机制的半经验性理论降雪截留模型模拟红松林冠次截留雪量。结果: 2013年11月至2014年4月和2014年11月至2015年4月，共观测到17场降雪，平均次降雪量10.3 mm，平均次降雪强度4.41 mm·d^-1；平均次穿透降雪量7.4 mm，平均次穿透率69.3%，次穿透降雪量和次穿透率均随次降雪量增加而增大；林冠次截留雪量与次降雪量呈较好的幂函数正相关关系，并与郁闭度显著正相关（P＜0.05），而林冠次降雪截留率与次降雪量呈负指数函数关系（P＜0.05），次降雪量、胸径、郁闭度、树高和坡度对林内次穿透雪量有显著影响；林冠截留降雪存在饱和截留量限制，林冠次降雪截留率随次降雪量增加逐渐降低；林冠次降雪截留率与次降雪量和郁闭度紧密相关（P＜0.05），而与胸径、树高、胸高断面积、林冠高度、林冠宽度、叶面积指数和坡度等指标相关性不显著。结论: 次降雪量和林冠郁闭度对林冠次截留雪量影响显著，次降雪量、胸径、郁闭度、树高和坡度对林内次穿透降雪量有显著影响。Pomeroy等（2002）和修正的降雪截留模型能较好拟合小兴安岭地区红松林冠次截留雪量。

关键词: 小兴安岭, 林冠, 降雪, 模型, 截留

Abstract:

Objctive: This study aims to characterize snowfall outside forest, penetrated snowfall inside forest, and canopy intercepted snow, and hence to deepen understanding of the effects of forest canopy on snowfall interception and the penetrated snowfall in Korean pine forests in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains. Method: Characteristics of snowfall outside forest, penetrated snowfall inside forest, and stand structure were measured in 2 successive years using positioning observations. A semi-empirical theoretical model was used to introduce and conduct snow interception simulations at the stand level in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains region. Result: During the winter period from November 2013 to April 2014 and November 2014 to April 2015, 17 snowfall events were observed, and the average total amount of snowfall each time was 10.3 mm, the average intensity of snowfall was 4.41 mm·d^-1, and the average through-snowfall each time was 7.4 mm, with an average proportion of through-snowfall of 69.3%. Through-snowfall and through-snowfall rate increased with the increase of snowfall. Snow interception and fall showed a strong power function correlation, but snow interception and canopy density showed a strong negative correlation(P < 0.05). Snow interception efficiency and snowfall showed a negative exponent function correlation(P < 0.05). This study demonstrates the limitations of the forest canopy in its capacity to intercept snow. Snow interception efficiency gradually decreases with the increase of snowfall and is particularly sensitive to the amount of snowfall and canopy density(P < 0.05), although it shows no significant correlations with average diameter at breast height, tree height, basal area, canopy height, canopy width, leaf area, or slope gradient. Conclusion: Snowfall and canopy density have a significant effect on the canopy interception. Snowfall, average diameter at breast height, canopy density, tree height, and slope gradient have a significant effect on through-snowfall. The Pomeroys interception model and the revised one provide a satisfactory simulation of snow interception of Korean pine forest in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains.

Key words: Xiaoxing'an Mountains, canopy, snowfall, model, interception

中图分类号:

S715

肖洋,张淑兰,张海军,宋国华,王全波,宋纯彦. 小兴安岭红松林冠层截留降雪特征及模拟[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(7): 11-19.

Yang Xiao,Shulan Zhang,Haijun Zhang,Guohua Song,Quanbo Wang,Chunyan Song. Characteristics and Simulation of Snow Interception by the Canopy of Korean Pine Forests in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains of China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(7): 11-19.

图/表 8

表1

图1

图2

表2

红松林内56个集雪槽的平均次穿透降雪量、平均次截留雪量以及林分特征和坡度"

集雪槽编号 No. of through-snowfall collectors	平均次穿透降雪量 Mean through-snowfall/mm	平均次截留雪量 Mean snow interception/mm	株数 Quantity of trees(DBH>5 cm)	郁闭度 Canopy density(%)	叶面积指数 Leaf area index	胸径 DBH/cm	胸高断面积 Basal area/(m²·hm^-²)	林冠高度 Canopy height/m	林冠宽度 Canopy width/m	树高 Tree height/m	坡度 Slope/(°)
1	9.6	2.1	2	47.6	2.41	43.2	63.4	21.4	8.6	26.3	0
2	9.5	2.2	2	54.6	2.13	59.0	109.3	27.5	12.0	33.5	0
3	9.4	2.3	4	43.9	1.50	48.3	23.0	22.5	10.2	28.4	0
4	8.1	3.6	6	60.5	2.08	43.3	74.2	18.5	7.2	22.9	29
5	9.5	2.3	4	53.1	2.05	32.1	45.1	13.8	6.4	20.4	22
6	8.2	3.5	5	63.6	2.90	36.7	53.0	21.9	8.2	27.6	17
7	8.2	3.5	3	63.8	2.50	40.8	64.0	19.1	10.2	24.5	8
8	10.8	1.1	2	45.5	1.42	67.7	144.3	18.6	9.6	26.6	25
9	10.1	1.7	1	31.0	1.09	62.4	122.3	18.9	11.3	27.4	21
10	10.4	1.4	3	39.2	1.46	55.0	100.2	22.9	9.9	30.1	5
11	9.4	2.4	2	51.2	2.56	60.0	114.5	20.9	11.4	28.4	17
12	9.7	2.0	6	56.2	2.60	31.4	53.9	12.3	6.1	20.5	38
13	9.5	2.2	2	55.1	2.77	46.9	79.2	14.5	7.8	20.8	38
14	9.7	2.0	2	36.3	3.44	34.5	53.4	8.9	5.5	13.0	56
15	10.3	1.4	4	62.4	3.03	54.2	92.8	16.9	10.3	25.8	56
16	9.5	2.2	3	25.8	0.73	8.7	2.9	3.5	2.9	6.2	56
17	8.5	3.2	3	45.3	1.40	44.5	68.3	17.6	8.5	24.7	56
18	7.1	2.0	4	54.2	1.65	38.3	54.2	14.4	9.5	23.6	31
19	6.9	2.6	3	52.8	2.16	47.3	40.0	20.0	8.0	26.0	31
20	6.9	2.5	4	69.3	2.58	38.4	55.6	15.6	8.8	25.3	31
21	7.4	3.0	3	56.3	2.27	29.5	45.3	12.3	7.6	18.7	31
22	8.2	2.3	5	53.2	2.04	42.3	62.0	15.1	10.3	23.0	49
23	7.7	3.0	2	42.4	1.28	59.2	113.2	14.5	9.1	21.9	49
24	7.9	4.3	5	45.3	1.33	32.0	32.2	16.3	8.3	22.8	49
25	7.4	4.7	1	53.0	1.67	59.8	112.3	20.7	11.4	30.0	49
26	7.8	3.0	2	57.1	4.33	51.4	128.5	17.1	9.5	20.6	35
27	7.3	3.3	1	44.2	1.48	29.7	27.7	20.8	7.6	24.0	35
28	6.2	3.1	3	64.5	3.67	51.1	84.4	16.9	10.2	24.0	35
29	5.8	2.8	8	68.0	3.22	20.3	17.9	9.6	5.4	12.4	35
30	6.2	3.2	2	52.4	2.19	43.2	63.4	21.4	8.6	26.3	0
31	6.5	2.7	3	57.0	2.74	37.5	36.0	17.5	9.0	26.9	0
32	6.1	3.1	7	62.6	3.01	27.0	44.2	9.9	6.1	16.5	0
33	6.5	2.8	3	49.9	2.26	28.5	31.8	13.6	5.9	19.5	0
34	5.9	3.3	3	46.1	1.50	54.1	105.1	17.0	10.6	27.0	0
35	6.2	3.1	3	58.5	2.16	35.5	67.2	14.3	8.9	23.4	0
36	4.7	4.6	4	63.7	2.64	36.8	102.5	21.9	11.0	29.8	0
37	7.5	1.7	1	23.7	0.63	49.0	75.4	16.0	9.2	26.4	35
38	6.3	2.9	1	47.4	1.81	41.0	61.8	17.9	8.6	25.3	34
39	5.8	3.5	2	42.6	1.47	32.3	34.0	12.9	9.0	17.7	30
40	5.7	3.6	4	58.6	2.22	35.3	51.0	14.8	8.6	20.5	23
41	5.3	4.0	5	63.3	2.32	41.6	65.0	19.8	8.5	25.7	23
42	5.2	4.1	6	65.5	3.14	39.4	60.8	19.3	8.7	24.5	10
43	5.5	3.8	3	60.9	2.78	40.8	64.0	19.1	10.2	24.5	8
44	5.5	3.8	8	72.0	2.77	42.0	73.3	15.7	23.6	8.1	0
45	5.9	3.4	4	65.5	4.11	37.1	56.0	15.5	22.2	7.4	7
46	5.9	3.3	5	55.6	1.99	35.2	56.8	14.4	20.2	6.9	17
47	7.7	1.5	1	40.5	1.50	60.0	90.0	23.0	10.0	29.0	0
48	6.1	3.1	3	51.9	1.75	34.5	52.6	14.5	18.0	7.1	21
49	7.0	2.2	2	38.2	1.33	41.6	54.9	17.9	23.9	8.2	26
50	7.8	1.4	2	46.3	1.85	18.0	10.5	11.1	14.9	5.9	37
51	6.0	3.3	3	54.7	2.04	43.9	69.1	22.7	29.1	9.9	0
52	7.7	1.6	1	30.6	1.40	57.6	104.2	26.7	37.2	10.0	0
53	6.7	2.5	4	49.5	2.78	38.1	52.4	13.7	22.2	6.1	37
54	7.0	2.3	2	51.2	2.56	60.0	114.5	20.9	28.4	11.4	17
55	6.8	2.4	2	41.7	1.91	69.4	154.4	23.3	35.6	9.3	17
56	6.2	3.0	4	65.2	3.36	47.6	85.2	14.8	25.8	8.5	9

表2

表3

图3

表5

图4

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指标 Index	次穿透降雪量 Through-snowfall	次截留雪量 Snow interception
平均胸径Mean DBH	0.264^*	-0.241
林冠郁闭度Canopy density	-0.439^**	0.513^**
平均树高Mean tree height	0.273^*	0.047
平均胸高断面积Mean basal area	0.193	-0.142
平均林冠高度Mean canopy height	0.053	0.022
平均林冠宽度Mean canopy width	-0.250	-0.071
叶面积指数Leaf area index	-0.241	0.238
坡度Slope	0.3^*	0.46

模型 Model	相关系数 Correlation coefficient(R²)	模拟次数 Simulation times
I=3.94LAI(1-e^{-C_cp_c/5.8LAI})	0.800	17
I=3.77LAI(1-e^{-C_cp_c/5.54LAI})	0.802	17

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