林业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (7): 142-150.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200715
施小瑜,付迪,胡玉洁,陈哲皓,王利琳*
收稿日期:
2019-05-27
出版日期:
2020-07-25
发布日期:
2020-08-11
通讯作者:
王利琳
基金资助:
Xiaoyu Shi,Di Fu,Yujie Hu,Zhehao Chen,Lilin Wang*
Received:
2019-05-27
Online:
2020-07-25
Published:
2020-08-11
Contact:
Lilin Wang
摘要:
我国的极小种群植物多数为我国特有物种,对物种多样性的维持具有重要意义。天目铁木作为浙江省特有的极小种群野生植物,野生植株仅存5株,分布地域狭窄,其濒危机制的揭示是种群得以保护和恢复的重要基础。本文从气候变化、人为干扰和病虫危害等外部因素,以及天目铁木自身的光合能力、生长节律、种子活力和遗传多样性等内部因素2个角度综述了天目铁木濒危机制的研究进展:1)外部因素:第四纪冰期以来的气候变化,导致天目铁木有效种群数量急剧减少;人为干扰导致天目铁木生存压力增大,种群规模进一步减小;病虫害对其幼苗的存活也存在一定影响。2)内部因素:天目铁木较窄的光适应范围和较低的光合速率使其在群落光照资源竞争中处于劣势,环境适应能力较弱;雌雄花授粉时间短,花粉萌发率低、寿命较短等生长节律特点导致其种子产量低、品质差;种子结构特点及内源营养物质、植物激素的限制造成其种子萌发条件苛刻,萌发率低,自然更新幼苗数量十分有限;极小的种群规模、低水平的遗传多样性引发天目铁木近交严重,子代个体杂合度降低,遗传力、生殖力、生活力、适应力减弱。综上,人为干扰和气候变化应是天目铁木种群规模急剧减小的直接原因;极小的种群规模导致其近亲交配更为频繁,遗传多样性降低,进而导致其生殖生长发育存在潜在的缺陷;加之天目铁木所处群落中其他种群的资源竞争,幼苗自然更新存在很大困难,种群规模难以恢复。然而,针对天目铁木这样遗传多样性低的极小种群植物,早期保护工作多集中于濒危因素的去除或控制,对其特有的遗传学问题则缺乏考虑。因此,为有效保护天目铁木,应当科学设计人工杂交策略、结合无性繁殖技术,增加野生个体繁殖力,在有限基因库中尽可能维持其遗传多样性,结合就地保护、迁地保护、野外回归等多种手段,最终使这一物种得以保护和恢复。
中图分类号:
施小瑜,付迪,胡玉洁,陈哲皓,王利琳. 极小种群植物天目铁木的濒危机制[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(7): 142-150.
Xiaoyu Shi,Di Fu,Yujie Hu,Zhehao Chen,Lilin Wang. Mechanism of Endangerment of Ostrya rehderiana with Extremely Small Populations[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(7): 142-150.
表1
各引种地现存天目铁木植株数量及与母树的亲缘关系(袁叶飞, 2015)"
分布地 Distribution | 植株数量 Plant number | 遗传关系最近的母树 The Original Tree which has the closest genetic relationship |
西天目山东树木园 East arboretum in the west of Tianmu Mountain | 118 | No. 2 |
西天目山西树木园 West arboretum in the west of Tianmu Mountain | 67 | 与5个母树遗传差异区分不大 Similar genetic relationship with the 5 Original Tree |
浙江省林业科学研究院 Zhejiang Academy of Forestry | 6 | No. 1 |
杭州植物园 Hangzhou Arboretum | 4 | No. 4 |
杭州午潮山森林公园 Wuchaoshan National Forest Park, Hangzhou | 37 | — |
丽水庆山五岭坑 Wulingkeng, Qingshan, Lishui | 17 | — |
丽水百山祖保护区 Baishanzu Reserve, Lishui | 2 | No. 5 |
舟山市林业科学研究所 Zhoushan Forestry Institute | 6 | No. 1 |
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