大兴安岭林区瞭望塔空间分布对雷电活动的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20260019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究大兴安岭林区瞭望塔空间分布对雷电活动的影响规律，为优化瞭望塔选址布局、完善防雷设计以及降低森林雷击火风险提供参考。方法: 基于2018—2020年大兴安岭三维雷电监测数据、瞭望塔空间分布数据和地理信息数据，采用ArcGIS反距离权重法对雷电密度和雷电强度进行空间插值，分析区域雷电活动空间分布特征；以瞭望塔为中心构建0~1 km圆形缓冲区和1~2、2~3、3~4、4~5、5~6 km环形缓冲区，结合空间叠加、点距离分析与近邻分析方法，定量分析不同缓冲区内地闪密度和强度特征；依据瞭望塔海拔信息对其分组，解析瞭望塔不同海拔梯度分布下周围雷电活动特征，并通过单因素方差分析检验不同缓冲半径和海拔条件下雷电参数差异的显著性。结果: 1） 2018—2020年大兴安岭全区年均地闪密度为0.913次·km^-2a^-1，整体呈北高南低分布，大部分区域地闪强度大于20 kA。2）瞭望塔0~1 km缓冲区内负闪、正闪和地闪的平均强度分别为45.05、27.11和28.97 kA，显著高于外围其他缓冲区的雷电强度。瞭望塔周围23.26 m范围内未监测到地闪事件，一定程度上反映出防雷装置的屏蔽作用，但近塔区雷电强度表现出明显增强特征。3）瞭望塔分布海拔对周围雷电活动具有显著影响，各海拔范围内（200~1 800 m）的正闪平均强度高于负闪，负闪发生频次显著大于正闪。当瞭望塔分布于海拔1 200 m以上时，雷电平均强度显著大于其他海拔范围，并在海拔1 600~1 800 m达到最大值。结论: 林区瞭望塔空间分布可在一定程度上改变周围雷电活动特征，表现出对雷电的吸引和局部增强作用。瞭望塔0~1 km缓冲区内雷电发生密度和强度高于其他缓冲区，高海拔瞭望塔周围的雷电强度尤为突出。建议强化高海拔雷电热点区瞭望塔防雷设施的配置，并在瞭望塔规划布局中综合考虑雷电风险因素，以降低雷击火发生概率并提升林区防灾减灾能力。

关键词: 瞭望塔, 雷电, 地闪, 海拔, 缓冲区分析；大兴安岭

Abstract:

Objective: Lightning activity frequently occurs in the Daxing’anling region, and the spatial distribution of forest fire lookout towers plays an important role in shaping lightning characteristics. The revelation of this impact pattern is of great significance for optimizing tower siting and layout, improving lightning protection design, and reducing the risk of lightning-induced forest fires. Method: Based on three-dimensional lightning monitoring data (2018—2020), spatial distribution data of forest fire lookout towers, and geographic information data in the Daxing’anling Mountains, the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method in ArcGIS was applied to interpolate lightning density and current intensity, thereby revealing the spatial distribution characteristics of regional lightning activity. A circular buffer ranging from 0 to 1 km and annular buffer zones of 0–1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–5, and 5–6 km were constructed around each fire lookout tower. Combined with spatial overlay, point distance analysis, and nearest neighbor analysis, the characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning density and intensity within different buffer zones were quantitatively analyzed. Furthermore, towers were grouped according to elevation, and the characteristics of lightning activity around them under different elevation gradients were examined. One-way ANOVA was used to test the significance of differences in lightning parameters under varying buffer radii and elevation conditions. Result: 1) From 2018 to 2020, the annual mean cloud-to-ground lightning density in the Daxing’anling Mountains was 0.913 events·km^?2a^?1, and the lightning density generally showed a north-high and south-low spatial pattern, with most areas exhibiting an annual mean lightning current intensity greater than 20 kA. 2) Within the 0–1 km buffer zone of fire lookout towers, the mean lightning current intensity of negative flashes, positive flashes, and total cloud-to-ground flashes was 45.05, 27.11, and 28.97 kA, respectively, significantly higher than those in the outer buffer zones. No cloud-to-ground lightning events were detected within 23.26 m radius around the observation tower, reflecting to some extent the shielding effect of lightning protection devices. However, lightning intensity exhibited a clear enhancement in areas close to the towers. 3) The elevation distribution of fire lookout towers had a significant influence on surrounding lightning activity. Across all elevation ranges (200–1 800 m), the mean intensity of positive flashes was higher than that of negative flashes, while the frequency of negative flashes was significantly greater. When towers were located above 1 200 m, the mean lightning current intensity was significantly higher than that in other elevation ranges, reaching a maximum within the range of 1 600–1 800 m. Conclusion: The spatial distribution of forest fire lookout towers alters the characteristics of surrounding lightning activity to some extent, exhibiting both an attraction effect and localized enhancement effect on lightning. Lightning occurrence density and intensity within the 0–1 km buffer zone are higher than those in other zones, and lightning intensity is particularly pronounced around high-elevation towers. It is recommended to strengthen lightning protection facilities for towers located in high-elevation lightning hotspots and to incorporate lightning risk factors into tower planning and layout, thereby reducing the probability of lightning-induced forest fires and enhancing disaster prevention and mitigation capacity in forest regions.

Key words: fire lookout tower, lightning, cloud-to-ground lightning, elevation, buffer analysis; Daxing’anling Mountains

中图分类号:

S762.3

龚俊伟,苗安宁,王雪蒙,苑尚博,陈锋,刘晓东. 大兴安岭林区瞭望塔空间分布对雷电活动的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2026, 62(8): 21-29.

Junwei Gong,Anning Miao,Xuemeng Wang,Shangbo Yuan,Feng Chen,Xiaodong Liu. Influence of the Spatial Distribution of Forest Fire Lookout Towers on Lightning Activity in the Daxing’anling Forest Region[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(8): 21-29.

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省份 Province	区域 Region	地闪平均密度 Mean density of cloud-to-ground lightning/(times·km^?2a^?1)	地闪平均强度 Mean intensity of cloud-to- ground lightning/kA
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	阿木尔 Amur	1.01	29.70
	韩家园 Hanjiayuan	1.28	15.80
	呼玛县 Huma County	1.22	16.40
	呼中 Huzhong	1.17	12.80
	呼中自然保护区 Huzhong Nature Reserve	1.11	31.20
	加格达奇 Jiagedaqi	1.04	53.30
	漠河县 Mohe County	0.58	134.20
	南瓮河自然保护区 Nanwenghe Nature Reserve	1.78	24.80
	十八站 Shibazhan	0.85	22.10
	双河自然保护区 Shuanghe Nature Reserve	0.87	19.50
	松岭 Songling	0.92	11.70
	塔河 Tahe	1.29	12.70
	塔河县 Tahe County	1.45	14.90
	图强 Tuqiang	1.09	94.30
	西林吉 Xilinji	1.19	17.30
	新林 Xinlin	1.24	63.10

内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	阿尔山Arxan	0.32	32.20
	阿里河 Alihe	0.90	10.90
	阿龙山 Alongshan	0.94	29.10
	北大河 Beidahe	0.61	33.80
	毕拉河 Bilahe	0.55	35.50
	绰尔 Chuoer	0.42	41.50
	绰源 Chuoyuan	0.53	31.70
	大杨树 Dayangshu	0.75	33.10
	得耳布尔 De’erbuer	0.67	8.70
	额尔古纳 Erguna	0.46	95.40
	甘河 Ganhe	0.75	30.70
	根河 Genhe	0.71	47.80
	汗马 Hanma	0.92	10.70
	吉文 Jiwen	0.66	19.10
	金河 Jinhe	0.97	21.30
	克一河 Keyihe	0.84	21.00
	库都尔 Kudur	0.73	27.17
	满归 Mangui	1.08	12.30
	莫尔道嘎 Moerdaoga	0.79	11.70
	诺敏经营所 Nuomin Management Station	0.79	25.80
	奇乾 Qiqian	0.65	175.80
	图里河 Tulihe	0.64	15.00
	乌尔旗汉 Wuerqihan	0.65	31.00
	乌玛 Wuma	0.63	14.90
	伊图里河 Yitulihe	0.82	14.40
	永安山 Yonganshan	1.11	12.10

因子 Factor		正闪平均密度 Mean density of positive lightning/ (times·km^?2a^?1)	负闪平均密度 Mean density of negative lightning/ (times·km^?2a^?1)	地闪平均密度 Mean density of cloud- to-ground lightning/ (times·km^?2a^?1)	正闪平均强度 Mean intensity of positive lightning/ kA	负闪平均强度 Mean intensity of negative lightning/ kA	地闪平均强度 Mean intensity of cloud-to-ground lightning/kA
缓冲区范围	F	58.251 9	76.299 7	79.173 7	0.100 6	0.029 3	0.016 9
Buffer range	P	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.991 5	0.999 6	0.999 9
海拔	F	0.139 0	0.263 6	0.248 4	32.475	246.001	240.361
Elevation	P	0.994 5	0.964 4	0.969 8	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

缓冲区范围 Ring buffer range/km	地闪次数 Number of cloud-to-ground	正闪次数 Number of positive lightning	负闪次数 Number of negative lightning	地闪平均密度 Mean density of cloud- to-ground lightning/ (times·km^?2a^?1)	正闪平均强度 Mean intensity of positive lightning/kA	负闪平均强度 Mean intensity of negative lightning/kA	地闪平均强度 Mean intensity of cloud- to-ground lightning/kA
0~1	6 565	684	5 881	1.07	45.05	27.11	28.97
1~2	17 651	1 918	15 733	0.96	42.33	26.43	28.16
2~3	29 327	3 223	26 104	0.95	42.39	26.44	28.20
3~4	40 141	4 405	35 736	0.93	43.02	26.28	28.12
4~5	50 165	5 518	44 647	0.91	41.87	26.41	28.17
5~6	56 882	6 238	50 644	0.84	42.26	26.45	28.18

雷电位置 Lightning location	正闪平均强度 Mean intensity of positive lightning/kA	负闪平均强度 Mean intensity of negative lightning/kA
距瞭望塔最近雷电 Lightning in the area closest to the watchtower	48.29	29.18
研究区所有雷电 All lightning in the study area	43.51	26.60

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