林业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (11): 1-9.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20221101
• 前沿与重点:雷电监测和森林雷击火动态 • 下一篇
司莉青1,苑尚博2,赵凤君1,舒立福1,王明玉1,*,马启明2
收稿日期:
2022-04-18
出版日期:
2022-11-25
发布日期:
2023-03-08
通讯作者:
王明玉
Liqing Si1,Shangbo Yuan2,Fengjun Zhao1,Lifu Shu1,Mingyu Wang1,*,Qiming Ma2
Received:
2022-04-18
Online:
2022-11-25
Published:
2023-03-08
Contact:
Mingyu Wang
摘要:
雷电是主要的自然火源,雷电引发的雷击火与其他类型的森林火灾,共同组成全球林火体系。一般认为,作为自然火源的雷击火与人类没有关系,是区别于人为火源的,但其实不然。2019年以来由于受新冠疫情封控的严重影响,非必要活动和流动性减少,污染物的浓度和闪电均显著下降。本研究将雷击火与人类的现代化进程、居住地的扩张、下垫面的变化、预测技术与扑救技术的发展以及国家的法律法规相联系,探究人类活动对闪电以及森林雷击火发生的影响。闪电是雷击火发生三要素中的火源,能引发雷击火的闪电主要是云地闪电,近几十年来人类活动影响了环境中的气溶胶含量,而气溶胶是影响闪电的主要因素,城市地区排放的大量的污染气溶胶、生物质燃烧排放的烟尘气溶胶以及城市热岛效应均提高了闪电的发生概率。不同地表覆盖类型的年均地闪密度的差异较为明显,建设用地的年均地闪密度值最高。森林区域的强闪电密度值大,陡度也较高。森林大多分布在高海拔区域,这与之前研究的高海拔地区闪电频次高是吻合的。闪电强度大、陡度高,破坏力更强,所以森林区域容易发生雷击事故。雷电具有选择性放电的特征,即会向一些特殊地区放电,而这些特殊地区也被称为雷击选择区,比如地下水露出地面的地方、不同电导土质相接的地方、地下有金属矿体,如铜矿、铁矿以及地下湖泊和水库区。人类挖矿留下的矿区废石场、在山顶修建水库、山区铺设输电线路等活动均会造成土壤电导率的变化,进而带来雷击,同时由于山区树木繁多,避免由此引发的雷击火也同样重要。随着雷电监测技术的发展,我国在部分地区建立了闪电定位监测系统,特别是2021年国家林业和草原局启动森林雷击火防控"揭榜挂帅"应急科技攻关项目,项目组构建了以全波形三维雷电探测网为主体的大兴安岭雷击火感知系统,覆盖了大兴安岭林区,可以实时精准定位云地闪发生位置,提高了雷击火的监测预警能力,提高了雷击火的发现效率。而国家法律法规则通过影响森林植被和气候变暖而间接影响雷击火。该研究有望为未来森林雷击火的发生及防控预警提供参考,并为制定相应政策提供依据。
中图分类号:
司莉青,苑尚博,赵凤君,舒立福,王明玉,马启明. 雷电、雷击火发生与人类活动关系[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(11): 1-9.
Liqing Si,Shangbo Yuan,Fengjun Zhao,Lifu Shu,Mingyu Wang,Qiming Ma. Relationship between Lightning, Lightning Fire and Human Activities[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(11): 1-9.
表1
雷暴日PM2.5月平均浓度、雷暴总闪电次数、雷暴总天数①"
时间 Time | 雷暴天气期间的平均PM2.5 Averaged PM2.5 during days with thunderstorms/(μg·m-3) | 闪电次数 Lightning flashes | 雷暴日天数 Days with thunderstorms |
2017-03 | 22.26 | 4 453 | 9 |
2018-03 | 25.10 | 8 211 | 16 |
2019-03 | 19.25 | 2 120 | 9 |
2020-03 | 20.70 | 529 | 11 |
2017-04 | 18.12 | 37 740 | 16 |
2018-04 | 16.40 | 31 839 | 14 |
2019-04 | 13.98 | 48 586 | 19 |
2020-04 | 11.69 | 4 280 | 8 |
2017-05 | 12.83 | 650 750 | 24 |
2018-05 | 13.12 | 292 202 | 31 |
2019-05 | 9.55 | 127 296 | 20 |
2020-05 | 10.51 | 29 721 | 19 |
2017-06 | 14.18 | 313 252 | 22 |
2018-06 | 12.57 | 277 317 | 25 |
2019-06 | 15.03 | 206 780 | 23 |
2020-06 | 9.28 | 128 618 | 25 |
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