高药低酸型叶用银杏无性系综合评选

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250519

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 筛选兼具高药用成分（总黄酮、萜内酯）和低银杏酸含量的叶用银杏无性系，为叶用银杏优良品种的进一步选育和银杏叶用林的栽培提供无性系材料。方法: 测定46个银杏无性系的叶表型性状（单叶干质量、单叶面积、比叶干质量）、叶药用成分（总黄酮、萜内酯）和银杏酸含量，采用聚类分析、基于隶属函数的主成分分析法对46个无性系进行综合评价。结果: 46个银杏无性系的叶表型性状、叶药用成分和银杏酸含量等存在显著差异，表现出丰富的遗传多样性，平均变异系数为13.8%；基于隶属函数的主成分综合评价并结合聚类分析结果，筛选出25、34、1、5、45、3号6个综合表现优良且高药低酸型叶用无性系，这些无性系具有较大比叶干质量、较高总黄酮和萜内酯含量及中低银杏酸含量，其中34号无性系单叶面积、单叶干质量、总药用成分含量等均较高，银杏酸含量较低。结论: 不同银杏无性系的表型性状、主要药用成分和银杏酸含量变异丰富，药用成分和银杏酸存在一定协同变化，但药用成分之间的相关性更强，可为高药低酸型叶用银杏无性系选育提供可能。

关键词: 银杏, 无性系筛选, 药用成分, 银杏酸, 综合评价

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to screen superior clones of Ginkgo biloba for leaf production with high medicinal components (total flavonoids and ginkgolides) and low ginkgolic acid content. Method: The phenotypic traits (dry weight per leaf, leaf area, specific leaf dry weight) and medicinal component contents (total flavonoids, terpene lactones) of leaves from 46 ginkgo clones, as well as ginkgolic acid content, were systematically measured. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis based on membership functions were employed to comprehensively evaluate the 46 clones. Result: There were significant differences in leaf phenotypic traits, medicinal component contents, and ginkgolic acid content among 46 ginkgo clones, indicating rich genetic diversity, with an average coefficient of variation of 13.8%. Based on the comprehensive evaluation using principal component analysis based on membership functions and combined with cluster analysis, six high-quality clones with high medicinal value and low ginkgolic acid content were selected, namely clones 25, 34, 1, 5, 45, and 3. These clones generally had higher specific leaf dry weight, higher contents of total flavonoids and terpene lactones, and moderate to low levels of ginkgolic acid. Among them, clone 34 had relatively larger leaf area, higher dry weight per leaf, and higher total medicinal component content, while its ginkgolic acid content was relatively low. Conclusion: There are abundant variations in phenotypic traits, main medicinal components and ginkgolic acid content among different ginkgo clones. There is a certain synergistic change between medicinal components and ginkgolic acid, but the correlation between medicinal components is stronger. The results provides the possibility for the breeding of leaf-using ginkgo clones with high medicinal components and low ginkgolic acid.

Key words: Ginkgo biloba, clone selection, medicinal components, ginkgolic acid, comprehensive evaluation

中图分类号:

S722

张源辉,汪贵斌,王语,国靖,刘玉华,余鹏飞. 高药低酸型叶用银杏无性系综合评选[J]. 林业科学, 2026, 62(4): 25-33.

Yuanhui Zhang,Guibin Wang,Yu Wang,Jing Guo,Yuhua Liu,Pengfei Yu. Comprehensive Selection of Ginkgo biloba Clones for Leaf Production with High Medicinal Value and Low Acid Content[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(4): 25-33.

图/表 7

表1

银杏无性系叶表型性状①"

无性系编号 Clone number	单叶干质量 Single leaf dry mass/mg	单叶面积 Single leaf area/cm²	比叶干质量 Specific leaf dry mass/(mg·cm^?2)	无性系编号 Clone number	单叶干质量 Single leaf dry mass/mg	单叶面积 Single leaf area/cm²	比叶干质量 Specific leaf dry mass/(mg·cm^?2)
1	513.7±145.3abcdef	37.42±9.48abcde	13.69±0.88cdefghijk	24	448.3±117.6bcdef	34.11±5.24abcde	13.01±1.34ghijk
2	419.22±81.4cdef	31.82±6.32bcde	13.18±0.13fghijk	25	744.9±229.2a	47.13±10.33a	15.60±1.68abcdefg
3	462.11±77.5bcdef	31.16±2.50bcde	14.77±1.44abcdefghij	26	542.2±383.3abcdef	34.34±22.20abcde	15.33±1.73abcdefgh
4	430.0±123.1cdef	27.20±7.14de	15.74±0.42abcdef	27	409.3±139.4cdef	27.54±8.99de	14.83±1.25abcdefghij
5	506.4±10.4abcdef	33.03±3.50abcde	15.44±1.59abcdefgh	28	489.8±80.9abcdef	32.79±2.09abcde	14.87±1.51abcdehghij
6	342.6±117.7def	24.97±2.28e	13.52±3.31efghijk	29	334.5±64.7ef	24.54±5.32e	13.68±0.34defghijk
7	359.7±47.3cdef	28.00±2.81cde	12.82±0.51hijk	30	552.9±57.5abcdef	36.17±5.48abcde	15.37±0.80abcdefgh
8	482.1±41.1bcdef	34.26±2.94abcde	14.10±1.13bcdefghijk	31	610.1±162.0abc	45.17±10.02ab	13.43±1.14fghijk
9	539.3±74.6abcdef	31.70±2.32bcde	17.06±2.65a	32	343.1±235.3def	28.68±17.27cde	11.68±1.21k
10	423.7±105.9cdef	28.25±7.08cde	15.00±0.65abcdefghi	33	434.8±87.9cdef	26.55±4.20e	16.31±1.28abc
11	481.8±100.8bcdef	33.26±6.86abcde	14.48±0.42abcdefghij	34	559.2±24.5abcdef	36.06±1.40abcde	15.54±1.28abcdefg
12	422.7±117.3cdef	27.54±4.70de	15.18±1.67abcdefgh	35	520.7±155.1abcdef	35.52±9.92abcde	14.61±0.28abcdefghij
13	429.7±128.2cdef	26.14±5.02e	16.25±1.85abcd	36	588.9±116.7abcde	38.07±7.87abcde	15.53±1.14abcdefg
14	434.4±145.8cdef	25.30±8.18e	17.10±1.29a	37	435.6±54.6cdef	33.96±4.91abcde	12.89±1.07hijk
15	362.1±143.9cdef	24.07±8.83e	14.90±0.75abcdefghij	38	581.9±68.8abcde	42.16±3.70abcd	13.78±0.51bcdefghijk
16	404.4±106.5cdef	27.15±6.09de	14.81±0.65abcdefghij	39	533.9±37.2abcdef	36.37±1.26abcde	14.69±1.10abcdefghij
17	312.0±102.9f	23.56±5.46e	13.13±2.16fghijk	40	418.6±87.9cdef	25.99±4.34e	16.09±1.63abcde
18	407.3±140.5cdef	32.05±8.77abcde	12.56±0.86ijk	41	443.9±249.7bcdef	34.44±13.08abcde	12.39±2.25jk
19	413.9±173.4cdef	28.53±10.41cde	14.33±0.74bcdefghij	42	527.0±102.3abcdef	34.67±8.09abcde	15.29±0.57abcdefgh
20	460.4±71.4bcdef	32.09±4.36abcde	14.34±1.16bcdefghij	43	704.2±90.6ab	43.04±3.55abc	16.33±0.84ab
21	441.5±110.1cdef	28.55±5.75cde	15.39±1.34abcdefgh	44	454.3±85.6bcdef	32.00±5.77bcde	14.18±0.14bcdefghijk
22	602.9±246.6abcd	38.56±12.36abcde	15.37±1.39abcdefgh	45	522.3±108.8abcdef	34.20±5.68abcde	15.20±0.66abcdefgh
23	384.3±59.1cdef	25.01±1.77e	15.30±1.25abcdefgh	46	527.9±32.7abcdef	36.94±3.00abcde	14.31±0.56bcdefghij

表1

表2

银杏无性系叶片中药用成分和银杏酸含量①"

无性系编号 Clone number	总黄酮 Total flavonoids	萜内酯 Terpene lactones	银杏酸 Ginkgolic acid	无性系编号 Clone number	总黄酮 Total flavonoids	萜内酯 Terpene lactones	银杏酸 Ginkgolic acid
1	16.11±1.26abcdefg	7.16±0.45abcdefghij	10.23±1.36ghijklmn	24	18.10±1.76abcde	7.36±0.51abcdefg	16.21±3.77a
2	15.96±2.63abcdefg	7.22±0.61abcdefgh	8.61±1.32mn	25	13.06±0.62defg	6.43±0.32efghijk	11.06±0.86efghijklm
3	17.32±1.32abcdef	7.17±0.46abcdefghij	9.10±0.27jklmn	26	17.47±5.52abcdef	6.97±0.89bcdefgk	11.81±0.75bcdefghijklm
4	13.64±0.79cdefg	6.29±0.22ghijk	9.32±3.57ijklmn	27	15.11±3.59abcdefg	7.14±0.33abcdefghij	14.43±1.14abcd
5	16.87±3.24abcdef	6.92±0.23bcdefghijk	9.43±1.67hijklmn	28	17.49±3.88abcdef	7.36±0.41abcde	11.77±1.42bcdefghijklm
6	18.50±6.55abcd	6.90±0.76bcdefghijk	8.74±1.02lmn	29	20.15±4.27a	7.66±0.72abc	13.95±0.83abcde
7	15.72±3.26abcdefg	6.65±0.58defghijk	11.57±0.40bcdefghijklm	30	14.26±1.97bcdefg	7.15±0.24abcdefghij	12.47±1.05bcdefghi
8	11.06±0.87g	6.50±0.42defghijk	9.10±1.32jklmn	31	16.88±3.86abcdef	8.06±0.28a	12.67±2.64bcdefgh
9	12.03±0.72 fg	6.64±0.81defghijk	9.72±3.17ghijklmn	32	19.80±5.98ab	7.48±0.77abcd	14.81±3.73ab
10	12.84±0.96defg	6.52±0.34defghijk	10.79±1.19efghijklm	33	12.26±0.73fg	7.21±0.81abcdefghi	13.68±2.14abcdef
11	15.21±0.54abcdefg	7.28±0.13abcdefg	11.32±0.26cdefghijklm	34	17.24±2.48abcdef	7.17±0.60abcdefghij	11.08±1.09efghijklm
12	13.79±1.82cdefg	6.51±0.61defghijk	12.14±3.98bcdefghij	35	18.29±1.79abcde	7.67±0.04abc	11.66±1.07bcdefghijklm
13	15.37±1.74abcdefg	6.71±0.29cdefghijk	11.74±0.81bcdefghijklm	36	16.50±5.40abcdefg	7.08±1.03bcdefghij	12.87±1.87bcdefg
14	13.42±0.40cdefg	7.12±0.55abcdefghij	12.16±0.19bcdefghij	37	17.43±1.92abcdef	7.75±0.27ab	13.60±1.60abcdef
15	15.11±1.55abcdefg	6.96±0.24bcdefghijk	14.45±2.45abc	38	13.37±0.81cdefg	6.78±0.30bcdefghijk	12.05±0.46bcdefghijk
16	17.14±3.76abcdef	6.75±0.47cdefghijk	11.17±0.40defghijklm	39	14.17±0.52bcdefg	7.24±0.59abcdefgh	11.54±0.04bcdefghijklm
17	16.44±2.37abcdefg	6.42±0.57efghijk	10.80±0.15efghijklm	40	15.55±1.84abcdefg	6.72±0.36cdefghijk	7.54±0.61n
18	14.53±1.37abcdefg	6.49±0.17efghijk	10.86±1.51efghijklm	41	13.76±2.31cdefg	6.03±0.26k	12.53±2.60bcdefghi
19	15.61±1.46abcdefg	6.52±0.67defghijk	11.92±1.47bcdefghijkl	42	14.15±1.09bcdefg	6.24±0.14ijk	11.68±2.48bcdefghijklm
20	12.69±1.09efg	6.29±0.56hijk	11.92±0.89bcdefghijkl	43	15.17±0.23abcdefg	6.10±0.10k	8.92±1.21jklmn
21	18.35±3.87abcde	6.37±0.58fghijk	11.65±0.13bcdefghijklm	44	15.98±2.58abcdefg	6.26±0.19hijk	10.64±0.49fghijklmn
22	11.95±0.22fg	6.22±0.15jk	12.07±0.85bcdefghijk	45	17.34±2.91abcdef	6.58±0.21defghijk	8.77±0.60klmn
23	18.79±6.38abc	7.41±0.45abcde	11.96±1.24bcdefghijkl	46	16.02±1.77abcdefg	6.01±0.34k	9.91±0.95ghijklmn

表2

图1

图2

图3

表3

表4

参试银杏无性系综合评价结果与排名①"

编号No.	C₁	C₂	C₃	T₁	T₂	T₃	D	排名Rank
1	0.953	0.503	0.263	0.508	0.767	0.400	0.571	7
2	0.501	0.699	0.121	0.287	0.931	0.294	0.494	19
3	0.557	0.669	0.388	0.314	0.906	0.494	0.536	15
4	0.412	0.003	0.708	0.243	0.349	0.733	0.367	35
5	0.750	0.470	0.553	0.409	0.740	0.617	0.553	11
6	?0.010	0.741	0.062	0.037	0.967	0.249	0.373	34
7	0.224	0.230	0.077	0.151	0.539	0.260	0.295	43
8	0.862	?0.039	0.517	0.464	0.314	0.590	0.439	23
9	0.896	?0.062	1.064	0.481	0.295	1.000	0.516	17
10	0.461	?0.043	0.612	0.268	0.311	0.662	0.353	37
11	0.746	0.403	0.448	0.407	0.684	0.539	0.520	16
12	0.416	?0.091	0.625	0.246	0.271	0.671	0.331	42
13	0.349	0.105	0.761	0.213	0.435	0.773	0.386	29
14	0.384	0.093	0.997	0.230	0.425	0.950	0.424	26
15	0.120	0.044	0.520	0.101	0.383	0.592	0.281	45
16	0.275	0.335	0.404	0.176	0.627	0.506	0.381	31
17	?0.085	0.252	0.083	0.000	0.558	0.265	0.227	46
18	0.517	0.123	0.084	0.295	0.450	0.266	0.339	40
19	0.386	0.078	0.389	0.231	0.412	0.495	0.337	41
20	0.703	?0.242	0.522	0.386	0.144	0.594	0.347	38
21	0.394	0.182	0.487	0.235	0.499	0.568	0.380	32
22	1.315	?0.414	0.806	0.685	0.000	0.806	0.488	20
23	0.118	0.671	0.430	0.100	0.908	0.525	0.436	24
24	0.651	0.302	0.097	0.361	0.600	0.276	0.422	27
25	1.958	?0.225	0.850	1.000	0.159	0.840	0.701	2
26	0.881	0.338	0.554	0.473	0.629	0.618	0.549	12
27	0.369	0.112	0.523	0.223	0.441	0.595	0.360	36
28	0.699	0.545	0.441	0.384	0.803	0.533	0.545	13
29	?0.048	0.781	0.075	0.018	1.000	0.259	0.376	33
30	1.061	0.141	0.691	0.561	0.465	0.721	0.559	9
31	1.487	0.734	0.240	0.770	0.961	0.383	0.760	1
32	0.132	0.660	?0.271	0.106	0.899	0.000	0.341	39
33	0.463	?0.042	0.913	0.268	0.311	0.887	0.395	28
34	0.996	0.457	0.595	0.529	0.729	0.649	0.615	5
35	0.860	0.740	0.368	0.463	0.966	0.479	0.627	4
36	1.171	0.216	0.654	0.615	0.528	0.692	0.601	6
37	0.620	0.641	0.065	0.345	0.883	0.252	0.500	18
38	1.372	?0.021	0.432	0.714	0.329	0.527	0.556	10
39	1.017	0.269	0.550	0.540	0.572	0.615	0.564	8
40	0.289	0.454	0.672	0.183	0.727	0.706	0.453	22
41	0.719	?0.271	0.117	0.394	0.120	0.291	0.287	44
42	0.932	?0.198	0.666	0.498	0.181	0.702	0.434	25
43	1.643	?0.065	0.866	0.846	0.293	0.852	0.670	3
44	0.601	0.080	0.348	0.336	0.413	0.463	0.384	30
45	0.814	0.401	0.492	0.440	0.683	0.571	0.542	14
46	0.964	?0.006	0.391	0.513	0.341	0.496	0.455	21
W_i (%)	—	—	—	49.743	32.007	18.249	—	—

表4

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叶片指标 Leaf index	旋转后各主成分荷载 Loadings of each principal component after rotation
叶片指标 Leaf index	主成分1 The first principal component	主成分2 The second principal component	主成分3 The third principal component
单叶干质量Single leaf dry mass	0.941	–0.118	0.294
单叶面积Single leaf area	0.993	–0.039	–0.103
比叶干质量 Specific leaf dry weight	0.066	–0.16	0.969
总黄酮Total flavonoids	–0.209	0.619	–0.356
萜内酯Terpene lactones	0.014	0.907	–0.009
银杏酸Ginkgolic acid	–0.047	0.677	–0.094
方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate (%)	39.804	25.612	14.603
累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate (%)	39.804	65.416	80.019

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