银杏无性系种实的无胚现象及其主要成分比较分析

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220486

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 全面测定银杏无性系种实的无胚率以及有胚、无胚种实的主要成分，筛选出无胚率高的银杏无性系种质资源，深入研究种实无胚现象出现的原因与机制，为银杏产业资源的进一步开发利用提供参考。方法: 于江苏省徐州市邳州国家银杏良种基地随机采集47个无性系雌株种实，抽样后逐一剥开，开展无胚现象调查，计算无胚率。根据国家和行业相关标准，区分银杏无胚种实、有胚种实，并分析其主要成分。结果: 47个银杏无性系的无胚率在17.16%~100%之间，平均59.74%，中位数59.02%，方差分析发现无性系之间的无胚率差异显著。银杏无性系的果形指数在1.19~1.81之间，果形指数与无胚率存在显著性相关，相关系数为?0.285。选择12个无性系测定发现，无胚银杏种实的脂肪、可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白、总氨基酸、总黄酮、萜内酯含量与有胚银杏种实差异不显著，银杏毒、Ca、Fe含量显著低于有胚种实。无胚率与淀粉、萜内酯含量均有较强相关性，相关系数分别为0.698、?0.599。结论: 从胚性有无角度深化对银杏种实加工利用的科学认识，发现银杏主要无性系胚性关系，找到无胚率90%以上或完全无心的银杏种质资源，区分无胚、有胚种实，分析其主要营养成分、矿物质和主要次生代谢产物的成分差异及其与胚性的关系，证实银杏无胚率与其淀粉含量呈极显著正相关，与其萜内酯含量呈显著负相关等，为银杏果业开发提供更精准的科技支撑。

关键词: 银杏无性系, 无胚种实, 果形指数, 主要成分

Abstract:

Objective: In this study, we comprehensively measured for the first time the embryo-free rate (EFR) and the main components of embryonic and embryo-free seeds of Ginkgo biloba clones, screened out high embryo-free germplasm resources of G. biloba clones, and conducted in-depth research on the causes and mechanisms of embryo-free phenomenon, in order to provide reference for further development and utilization of G. biloba industrial resources. Method: The seeds of 47 ginkgo clones were randomly collected from the female plants in the sole national Ginkgo Elite Variety Base in Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province. After sampling, the seed coat was peeled off one by one to observe the presence or absence of seed embryos, to investigate the embryo-free phenomenon, and to calculate the EFR. According to relevant national and industry standards, those ginkgo seeds were distinguished between embryo-free seeds and embryonic seeds. And their main nutrients were measured. Result: The EFR of the 47 ginkgo clones ranged from 17.16% to 100%, with an average of 59.74% and a median of 59.02%. There were significant differences in EFR among the clones determined by ANOVA. The fruit shape index (FSI) of these ginkgo clones ranged from 1.19 to 1.81, with a significant correlation coefficient of -0.285 between the FSI and the EFR. Twelve ginkgo clones were selected to differentiate the variety groups, and it was found that the fat, soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, total amino acids, total flavonoids and terpene lactones of embryo-free seeds were not significantly different from those of embryonic seeds; while the contents of ginkgotoxin, Ca and Fe were significantly lower than those of embryonic seeds. The EFR was also strongly correlated with starch and terpene lactone content, with correlation coefficients of 0.698 and ?0.599 respectively. Conclusion: The scientific understanding of the processing and use of ginkgo seeds has been deepened from the perspective of the presence or absence of embryonicity. The embryonic relationship of the main clones of G. biloba is discovered, and excellent ginkgo germplasm resources with an EFR of over 90% or 100% are found. We have distinguished between embryo-free and embryonic seeds of those clones, and found differences in their main nutritional components, minerals, and main secondary metabolites, as well as their correlations. This study confirms that the EFR of G. biloba was highly significantly positively correlated with its starch content and negatively correlated with its terpene lactone content, providing more accurate scientific and technological support for the development of G. biloba seed industry.

Key words: ginkgo clones, embryo-free seeds, fruit shape index, main components

中图分类号:

S664.3

于钊妍,刘甘萍,李芳弟,曹福亮,郭起荣. 银杏无性系种实的无胚现象及其主要成分比较分析[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(6): 12-18.

Zhaoyan Yu,Ganping Liu,Fangdi Li,Fuliang Cao,Qirong Guo. Comparative Analysis of Embryo-Free Phenomenon and the Main Components in Seeds of Ginkgo biloba Clones[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(6): 12-18.

图/表 6

表1

表2

表3

表4

银杏无性系区分胚性的种实营养成分①"

编号 gb	胚类型 Embryo type	脂肪 Fat(%)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar/ (mg·g^?1)	淀粉 Starch/(mg·g^?1)	可溶性蛋白 Soluble protein/ (mg·g^?1)	总氨基酸 Total amino acids/ (mg·g^?1)	总黄酮 Total flavonoids/ (mg·g^?1)	萜内酯 terpene lactones/ (mg·g^?1)	银杏毒 Ginkgotoxin/ (μg·g^?1)	钾 K/(mg·g^?1)	钙 Ca/(mg·g^?1)	铁 Fe/(μg·g^?1)
11	Y	3.32±0.02b	65.53±2.43gh	537.54±18.61cd	10.68±0.41cd	13.11±0.43bcd	0.20±0.00a	4.21±0.15fg	303.79±11.54hi	12.49±0.10a	0.25±0.01bc	34.31±0.50c
11	-free	3.11±0.06b	76.37±1.50d	676.15±17.10ab	10.54±0.43cd	14.90±0.44abc	0.15±0.00def	4.25±0.04efg	238.99±8.92mn	11.81±0.05bc	0.23±0.00d	32.14±0.13d
12	Y	2.78±0.08d	88.32±1.04a	672.17±27.72ab	9.32±0.49ef	13.49±0.22abc	0.19±0.01a	4.27±0.12efg	321.73±5.16h	11.78±0.04bc	0.28±0.00a	32.21±0.73d
12	-free	3.02±0.04b	87.47±2.01a	647.47±8.31b	9.45±0.41e	15.99±0.63ab	0.16±0.00cd	4.12±0.08g	272.51±6.25kl	11.51±0.19c	0.26±0.01b	31.58±0.71d
15	-free	2.57±0.07e	62.42±1.57i	516.19±18.54cd	11.95±0.25a	13.99±0.43abc	0.18±0.00a	5.35±0.18a	223.65±3.23n	12.18±0.18ab	0.28±0.01a	36.14±0.93ab
27	Y	3.07±0.03b	87.30±1.47a	641.14±44.10b	11.65±0.33a	14.41±0.71abc	0.17±0.00b	4.20±0.19fg	292.15±4.93ij	10.88±0.08d	0.29±0.00a	34.58±0.33c
27	-free	3.02±0.11b	85.75±0.87a	676.76±11.84ab	11.19±0.14abc	15.32±0.40abc	0.15±0.00fg	4.33±0.14efg	256.46±7.58lm	11.18±0.03cd	0.28±0.01a	30.84±0.91de
34	Y	2.79±0.07d	65.29±1.76gh	658.37±29.52b	11.47±0.29ab	14.86±0.75abc	0.15±0.00def	4.23±0.05efg	391.00±9.35ef	12.72±0.22a	0.26±0.01b	32.16±0.54d
34	-free	2.90±0.12c	84.59±0.57a	659.86±19.62b	10.44±0.31cd	16.74±1.30ab	0.14±0.00g	4.30±0.16efg	308.50±2.90hi	12.40±0.12ab	0.22±0.00e	30.09±0.79e
49	Y	3.75±0.14a	72.17±0.88e	649.15±52.15b	11.40±0.36ab	14.20±0.59abc	0.15±0.00fg	4.39±0.09defg	377.74±3.68f	10.57±0.09de	0.27±0.01b	35.70±0.76abc
49	-free	3.55±0.04a	87.86±2.34a	713.38±27.57a	10.30±0.35d	14.74±0.62abc	0.14±0.00g	4.28±0.24efg	283.13±4.94jk	11.07±0.07d	0.25±0.00c	32.16±0.68d
54	Y	2.56±0.05e	67.24±0.88fg	641.04±30.88b	10.47±0.46cd	10.23±0.22cd	0.17±0.00b	4.46±0.12def	481.34±5.34e	12.40±0.16ab	0.23±0.00d	35.52±0.59abc
54	-free	2.69±0.03d	64.66±1.69gh	665.28±13.19b	11.03±0.35abc	14.95±0.26abc	0.16±0.00cd	4.54±0.21de	399.65±6.73e	12.56±0.19a	0.19±0.00ef	36.57±0.09a
68	Y	3.03±0.06b	63.39±0.44 h	682.30±24.76ab	11.08±0.47abc	14.07±0.83abc	0.16±0.00de	4.29±0.06efg	380.15±42.44ef	10.84±0.04d	0.22±0.00e	34.65±0.15c
68	-free	2.99±0.06c	65.98±1.28gh	687.71±13.49ab	10.44±0.23cd	14.36±0.66abc	0.15±0.01efg	4.42±0.28defg	344.76±7.58g	12.71±0.22a	0.18±0.01f	32.48±0.51d
73	Y	2.31±0.07e	64.87±1.20gh	553.86±8.95c	10.94±0.55bcd	12.24±0.76bcd	0.15±0.01def	4.28±0.16efg	428.48±6.27e	11.51±0.36c	0.24±0.00cd	35.04±0.59bcd
73	-free	2.47±0.03e	66.63±1.50g	559.37±32.25c	10.80±0.14bcd	12.36±0.43bcd	0.15±0.00fg	4.48±0.22def	274.41±9.04hi	11.63±0.28c	0.24±0.00cd	31.82±0.36d
80	Y	3.49±0.03a	70.03±2.41ef	523.93±14.44cd	9.67±0.23e	15.95±0.69ab	0.14±0.00g	4.67±0.08cd	398.45±2.80e	12.19±0.09ab	0.25±0.00c	36.92±0.79a
80	-free	3.37±0.05b	80.30±1.39b	497.13±30.69d	10.47±0.08cd	13.86±0.43abc	0.13±0.01f	4.18±0.15fg	358.19±5.17g	12.07±0.15b	0.25±0.00c	35.91±0.55ab
83	Y	3.01±0.06b	69.71±2.68ef	493.86±7.70d	9.02±0.28ef	15.45±0.64abc	0.14±0.00gh	4.40±0.15defg	526.50±5.66ab	10.48±0.24e	0.23±0.00d	35.10±0.55bc
83	-free	2.90±0.04c	85.74±2.30a	538.81±11.28cd	8.75±0.43ef	15.82±0.56abc	0.12±0.00i	4.84±0.19bc	449.11±15.69d	10.28±0.19e	0.22±0.00e	34.74±0.56bc
84	Y	3.09±0.02b	77.15±3.08cd	502.09±15.30d	10.83±0.30bcd	13.07±0.77bcd	0.13±0.00h	4.83±0.20bc	544.44±4.09a	11.51±0.37c	0.19±0.00e	35.71±0.48abc
84	-free	2.89±0.03c	86.30±0.85a	507.59±3.65d	11.46±0.25ab	13.49±0.22abc	0.13±0.00h	5.00±0.25b	511.51±11.80b	11.59±0.41c	0.17±0.00f	31.78±0.39d

表4

表5

表6

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	无胚率 Embryo-free rate	果形指数 Fruit shape index
无胚率 Embryo-free rate	1	?0.285*
果形指数 Fruit shape index	?0.285*	1

主要成分 Main components	均值Average		显著性 Significance
主要成分 Main components	有胚种实 Embryonic seeds	无胚种实 Embryo-free seeds	显著性 Significance
脂肪 Fat（%）	3.02	2.94	0.596
可溶性糖 Soluble sugar/(mg·g^?1)	71.91	77.98	0.125
淀粉 Starch/(mg·g^?1)	595.95	608.17	0.700
可溶性蛋白 Soluble protein/(mg·g^?1)	10.59	10.46	0.731
总氨基酸 Total amino acids/(mg·g^?1)	13.73	14.81	0.073
总黄酮 Total flavonoids/(mg·g^?1)	0.16	0.15	0.190
萜内酯 Terpene lactones/(mg·g^?1)	4.38	4.57	0.194
银杏毒 Ginkgotoxin/(μg·g^?1)	404.16	324.29	0.032*
K/(mg·g^?1)	11.58	11.81	0.456
Ca/(mg·g^?1)	0.25	0.22	0.049*
Fe/(μg·g^?1)	34.72	32.74	0.017*

	银杏毒 Ginkgotoxin	无胚率Embryo-free rate
脂肪 Fat	0.246	0.135
可溶性糖 Soluble sugar	0.204	?0.296
淀粉 Starch	?0.242	0.698**
可溶性蛋白 Soluble protein	?0.292	?0.110
总氨基酸 Total amino acids	?0.026	?0.113
总黄酮 Total flavonoids	?0.694**	0.538
萜内酯 Terpene lactones	0.030	?0.599*
银杏毒 Ginkgotoxin	1	?0.343
K		0.098
Ca		0.320
Fe		?0.392
无胚率 Embryo-free rate		1

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[2]	何立红, 李志文, 刘劲军, 司嘉怡, 曾爱平. 油茶象危害与小果油茶果实特征的相关性[J]. 林业科学, 2014, 50(12): 151-155.