火烧迹地植被恢复对生长季林内小气候的调节作用

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210402

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究大兴安岭重度火烧迹地不同恢复年限兴安落叶松人工林生长季的空气温湿度和土壤温度变化特征，深入认识火烧迹地植被恢复对林内小气候的调节作用。方法: 采用空间代时间的方法，对重度火烧迹地后不同恢复年限（3~24年）的兴安落叶松人工林原位观测生长季（6—9月）内空气温湿度和土壤温度，利用HOBO Prov2温湿度记录仪监测距地表 1.5 m高处空气温湿度，利用WatchDog B101型按钮温度记录仪监测5和10 cm深处土壤温度，每隔1 h自动记录数据，比较不同恢复年限兴安落叶松人工林空气温湿度、土壤温度日变化及生长季变化。结果: 空气温度日变化呈现早晚低、日间高的倒"U"字型变化趋势，空气相对湿度日变化呈现"U"字型变化趋势，土壤温度日变化呈现不同相位的正弦曲线，5 cm深处土壤温度日较差比10 cm深处大，5 cm深处土壤最高温和最低温出现时间比10 cm深处早；各恢复年限兴安落叶松人工林生长季空气温度日较差高于土壤温度日较差，空气最低温和最高温出现时间早于土壤；随着恢复年限增加，空气温湿度和土壤温度的最高值及最低值的出现时间均表现出延迟效应，日较差也逐渐减小；恢复24年时，空气和土壤的最高温、最低温出现时间比对照样地晚1~2 h，空气相对湿度的最高值、最低值出现时间比对照样地晚1~3 h；随恢复年限增加，林内空气温度逐渐降低，恢复24年时6、7、8、9月空气温度比对照样地显著降低3.5、2.96、3.46和3.84 ℃；植被恢复过程中6—9月空气相对湿度为58.69%~85.79%，恢复24年时最高，对照样地最低，恢复24年时6、7、8、9月空气相对湿度比对照样地显著提高14.19%、12.89%、13.16%和13.67%；随恢复年限增加，5和10 cm深处土壤温度均逐渐降低，恢复24年时6、7、8、9月5 cm深处土壤温度分别比对照样地低9.71、6.85、6.17和4.76 ℃，10 cm深处土壤温度比对照样地低10.96、7.82、7.13和5.03 ℃；小气候因子（M）与恢复年限（t）可用M=kt+p（k为方程回归系数；p为方程常数项）方程拟合，且拟合效果显著（P < 0.05）。结论: 重度火烧迹地种植兴安落叶松人工林后，随恢复年限增加，林内空气温度和土壤温度逐渐降低，空气相对湿度逐渐升高，森林小气候向更加荫凉潮湿的方向发展，且波动性减弱，稳定性增强。

关键词: 兴安落叶松, 火烧迹地, 植被恢复, 空气温湿度, 土壤温度

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to characterize the changes of air temperature and humidity, and soil temperature in Larix gmelinii plantation in different years of restoration in severely burned areas of Great Xing'an Mountains, and to deepen understanding of the regulating effect of vegetation restoration on microclimate in burned areas. Method: In this study, the method of time-space mutual substitution was adopted to select L. gmelinii plantation in different years of (3-24 years) restoration in severely burned areas of Great Xing'an Mountains. Air temperature and humidity and soil temperature were measured in situ in the growing season from June to September in order to compare the diurnal and seasonal variation of air temperature, relative air humidity and soil temperature of L. gmelinii plantation among different years of restoration. Specifically, air temperature and humidity at 1.5 m above ground were automatically monitored hourly using the temperature-humidity recorder of HOBO Prov2, and soil temperature at 5 cm and 10 cm under ground was automatically monitored hourly using the temperature recorder of WatchDog B101. Result: The diurnal variation of air temperature showed an inverted U-shaped trend, with low values in the morning and evening, and high values during the daytime. The diurnal variation of relative air humidity showed a U-shaped trend, and the diurnal variation of soil temperature showed a sinusoidal curve of different phases. Diurnal variation of soil temperature at 5 cm under ground was higher than that of 10 cm under ground. Maximum and minimum soil temperature at 5 cm under ground occurred earlier than that of 10 cm under ground. Diurnal variation of air temperature was higher than that of soil, and the minimum and maximum air temperature appeared earlier than that of soil for L. gmelinii plantation among different years of restoration. With the increase of years of restoration, the occurrence time of maximum and minimum values of air temperature and humidity and soil temperature all showed a delayed effect, and the diurnal range gradually decreased. After twenty-four years of restoration, the occurrence time of maximum and minimum temperature of air and soil appeared 1-2 h later than that of the control plot, and the occurrence time of maximum and minimum relative air humidity occurred 1-3 h later than that of the control plot. Air temperature in the forest decreased with the increase of years of restoration. After twenty-four years of restoration, air temperatures from June to September were significantly lower than that of the control plot, with decrease of 3.5, 2.96, 3.46 and 3.84 ℃, respectively. In the process of vegetation restoration, relative air humidity from June to September ranged from 58.69% to 85.79%. After twenty-four years of restoration, the relative air humidities from June to September were significantly higher than that in the control plot, with increase of 14.19%, 12.89%, 13.16% and 13.67%, respectively. Soil temperatures at 5 and 10 cm under ground both decreased with the increase of years of restoration. After twenty-four years of restoration, soil temperatures at 5 cm under ground from June to September were 9.71, 6.85, 6.17 and 4.76 ℃ lower than that of the control plot, and soil temperatures at 10 cm under ground were 10.96, 7.82, 7.13 and 5.03 ℃ lower than that of the control plot. Microclimate factors (M) and years of restoration (t) can be fitted by the equation of M=kt+p (k is the regression coefficient of the equation; p is the constant term of the equation) and the goodness of fitting was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: During vegetation restoration, temperature of soil and air decreased gradually. However, relative air humidity increased gradually. Forest microclimate is likely to be cloudier, cooler, and wetter with the weakened fluctuations and increased stability.

Key words: Larix gmelinii, burned areas, vegetation restoration, air temperature and humidity, soil temperature

中图分类号:

S716.3

王丽红,高鸿坤,赵雨森,付强,何传源,孙鑫,梁建鑫,张啸鹏. 火烧迹地植被恢复对生长季林内小气候的调节作用[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(4): 14-23.

Lihong Wang,Hongkun Gao,Yusen Zhao,Qiang Fu,Chuanyuan He,Xin Sun,Jianxin Liang,Xiaopeng Zhang. Regulation Effects of Burned Areas Vegetation Restoration on Forest Microclimate Characteristics in the Growing Season[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(4): 14-23.

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恢复时间 Restoration time/a	造林年份 Afforestation year	海拔 Altitude/ m	坡度 Gradient/(°)	坡向 Slope aspect	平均胸径 Mean DBH/cm	平均树高 Mean tree height/m	郁闭度 Canopy density	优势种 Dominant species
24	1989	544	6	阳 Sunny	13.13±1.58	11.4±1.35	0.8	兴安落叶松 Larix gmelinii、樟子松 Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica、越橘 Vaccinium vitis-idaea、兴安杜鹃 Rhododendron dauricum、东北延胡索 Corydalis ambigua、地榆 Sanguisorba officinalis
21	1992	552	6	阳 Sunny	8.26±0.95	7.5±0.88	0.7	兴安落叶松 L. gmelinii、樟子松 P. sylvestris var. mongolica、兴安杜鹃 R. dauricum、东方野豌豆 Vicia japonica、小叶芹 Aegopodium alpestre
16	1997	575	5	半阳 Half sunny	3.38±0.42	4.2±0.53	0.4	兴安落叶松 L. gmelinii、樟子松 P. sylvestris var. mongolica、笃丝越橘 V. uliginosum、越橘 V. vitis-idaea、伞花山柳菊 Hieracium umbellatum、东方野豌豆 V. japonica
13	2000	544	5	半阳 Half sunny	2.68±0.34	3.4±0.42	0.2	兴安落叶松 L. gmelinii、白桦 Betula platyphylla、越橘 V. vitis-idaea、笃丝越橘 V. uliginosum、西伯利亚铁线莲 Clematis sibirica、红花鹿蹄草 Pyrola incarnata
3	2010	537	3	阳 Sunny	1.29±0.19	1.3±0.21	0.0	兴安落叶松 L. gmelinii、白桦 B.platyphylla、兴安杜鹃 R.dauricum、越橘 V. vitis-idaea、小叶章 Calamagrostis angustifolia、羊胡子苔草 Carex callitrichos
对照 Control	—	589	10	半阳 Half sunny	—	—	—	小叶章 C. angustifolia、羊胡子苔草 C. callitrichos

恢复时间 Restoration time/a	6月 June		7月 July		8月 August		9月 September
恢复时间 Restoration time/a	气温 Air temperature/℃	空气相对湿度 Relative air humidity (%)	气温 Air temperature/℃	空气相对湿度 Relative air humidity (%)	气温Air temperature/℃	空气相对湿度 Relative air humidity(%)	气温 Air temperature/℃	空气相对湿度 Relative air humidity (%)
24	15.39d	74.27a	15.26d	85.79a	15.11d	82.77a	6.91d	72.36a
21	16.69c	72.88ab	16.66c	82.60b	16.05c	80.99ab	7.82cd	72.08a
16	16.82c	72.98ab	16.99bc	81.70b	16.28c	80.17b	7.82c	71.78a
13	17.47bc	71.21b	17.58b	80.92b	17.02b	79.38bc	8.68bc	71.38a
3	18.17ab	67.75c	17.92ab	78.58c	17.54b	77.50c	9.33b	67.01b
对照 Control	18.89a	60.08d	18.22a	72.90d	18.57a	69.61d	10.75a	58.69c

恢复时间 Restoration time/a	6月 June		7月 July		8月 August		9月 September
恢复时间 Restoration time/a	5 cm	10 cm	5 cm	10 cm	5 cm	10 cm	5 cm	10 cm
24	8.75Af	6.52Bf	11.87Ae	10.23Bf	12.52Ae	11.13Bf	7.25Ad	7.10Ae
21	9.56Ae	7.72Be	12.11Ae	10.71Be	12.66Ae	11.57Be	8.23Ac	7.97Ad
16	11.34Ad	9.74Bd	13.37Ad	12.15Bd	13.76Ad	12.34Bd	8.65Abc	8.42Ac
13	11.66Ac	10.22Bc	13.98Ac	12.95Bc	14.06Ac	13.40Bc	8.94Ab	9.14Ab
3	17.34Ab	15.81Bb	18.59Ab	17.57Bb	18.40Ab	17.58Bb	11.60Aa	11.82Ba
对照 Control	18.46Aa	17.48Ba	18.72Aa	18.05Ba	18.69Aa	18.26Ba	12.01Aa	12.13Aa

月份 Month	指标 Indicator	拟合方程 Fitting equation	R²	P	月份 Month	指标 Indicator	拟合方程 Fitting equation	R²	P
6	气温Air temperature	M=-0.122 6t+18.812	0.923 0	0.002	6	空气相对湿度Relative air humidity	M=0.497 5t+63.477	0.817 0	0.013
7	气温Air temperature	M=-0.101 2t+18.404	0.824 8	0.012	7	空气相对湿度Relative air humidity	M=0.424 6t+74.966	0.874 4	0.006
8	气温Air temperature	M=-0.122 3t+18.331	0.934 2	0.002	8	空气相对湿度Relative air humidity	M=0.426 4t+72.931	0.779 5	0.02
9	气温Air temperature	M=-0.135 0t+10.284	0.914 4	0.003	9	空气相对湿度Relative air humidity	M=0.483 4t+62.679	0.749 4	0.026

月份 Month	土层 Soil layer	拟合方程 Fitting equation	R²	P	月份 Month	土层 Soil layer	拟合方程 Fitting equation	R²	P
6	5 cm	M=-0.418 8t+18.225	0.978 0	0.000	6	10 cm	M=-0.456 7t+17.11	0.987 4	0.000
7	5 cm	M=-0.317 6t+18.848	0.966 5	0.000	7	10 cm	M=-0.350 3t+18.105	0.982 1	0.000
8	5 cm	M=-0.284 5t+18.666	0.955 1	0.000	8	10 cm	M=-0.317 9t+18.126	0.970 2	0.000
9	5 cm	M=-0.196 9t+11.973	0.975 3	0.000	9	10 cm	M=-0.214 6t+12.184	0.984 0	0.000