抚育间伐强度对樟子松人工林成熟龄的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240814

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究初植密度、立地条件和间伐管理对樟子松人工林成熟龄的影响，阐明间伐强度对樟子松人工林蓄积量、经济和径材收获的作用，为樟子松人工林经营管理提供科学依据。方法: 基于樟子松人工林固定样地数据，构建一组包含直径生长模型、枯损模型、树高曲线模型、地位指数模型、最大密度线与削度方程相耦合的樟子松生长收获模型组，集成为林分生长模拟器，以年均蓄积量、年均大径材材积和净现值最大分别为数量成熟、工艺成熟和经济成熟标准，通过模拟器模拟林分生长，对比不同强度间伐方案下的人工林数量、经济和工艺成熟龄及其成熟期蓄积量、净现值和材积收获。结果: 构建的林分生长模拟器可有效实现樟子松人工林生长与间伐模拟，模拟值与实测值平均相对误差均不超过5%。自然生长状态下，2种初植密度（3 300和2 500株·hm^?2）的樟子松人工林数量成熟龄为：地位指数（SI）= 15 m时44~45年，SI = 18 m时38~42年，SI = 21 m时36~40年；贴现率3%，樟子松人工林经济成熟龄为：SI = 15 m时50~54年，SI = 18 m时44~43年，SI = 21 m时39~40年；数量和经济成熟随立地质量提高和初植密度增加而提前，但80年前未达工艺成熟。中、上等立地林分，轻、中度间伐后，数量和经济成熟推迟，数量成熟时林分年均蓄积生长量为未间伐林分的91%~104%，经济成熟时林分总净现值为未间伐林分的113%~141%，大径材生产提前；重度间伐下，大径材工艺成熟提前至60~65年，成熟时林分年均大径材材积为未间伐林分80年时的106%~173%，经济成熟推迟4~7年，成熟期净现值为未间伐林分的102%~132%，且该强度间伐下，高初植密度林分数量成熟推迟而低初植密度林分数量成熟提前，但成熟时总蓄积量仅为未间伐林分的74%~89%；当保留林分达数量成熟时，即保留林分的生长潜力充分发挥，林分年均蓄积生长量仅为未间伐林分的93%~95%，林分总蓄积量可达未间伐林分的92%~128%。下等立地林分，轻、中度间伐后，数量成熟时，林分年均蓄积生长量为未间伐林分的80%~97%，经济成熟时，林分净现值为未间伐林分的94%~107%；尽管重度间伐使工艺成熟提前至60年前，但成熟时林分年均大径材产量仅为未间伐林分80年时的45%~64%，即使至保留林分数量成熟，林分总蓄积量也仅为未间伐林分的52%~61%，且该强度间伐下，林分数量和经济成熟时的总蓄积量与经济收益亦分别损失50%~56%与18%~33%。故当以培育大径材为目标时，建议选择中、上等立地林分并进行中高强度间伐管理，实施高强度间伐时需关注保留林分的数量成熟龄以充分发挥其生产力潜力。结论: 在人工林高效培育和储备林建设背景下，基于模拟?优化技术探究不同抚育间伐措施下的森林成熟十分必要，可有效提升林分蓄积量、大径材产量和经济收益。

关键词: 樟子松, 人工林, 抚育间伐, 生长模拟, 森林成熟龄

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to systematically analyze the effects of initial planting density, site conditions, and thinning treatments on forest maturity age, clarifying the effects of thinning on the stand volume, net present value (NPV) and saw log production of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (Mongolian pine) plantations, so as to provide science-based guidelines for the management of Mongolian pine plantations. Method: Based on the fixed plot data of Mongolian pine, the study first developed a set of growth and harvesting models of Mongolian pine including individual tree diameter growth model and mortality model, height curve model, site index model, maximum-size density line coupled with taper equation, and then integrated them into a stand growth simulator. With the annual average volume, annual average large diameter timber volume, and maximum NPV as the criteria for quantitative maturity, technical maturity, and economic maturity, respectively, the simulator was used to simulate forest growth, and compare the quantitative, technical and economic maturity age (rotation length) of the plantations and the corresponding stand volume, NPV, and large diameter timber at mature stage under different thinning schedules. Result: The simulator was able to accurately simulate the development and thinning of Mongolian pine plantations, with an average relative error of 5% between the simulated values and the measured values of the sample plots. Under natural growth conditions, the quantitative maturity age of the stands at two initial planting densities (3 300 and 2 500 plants·hm^?2) was 44?45 a at SI = 15 m, 38?42 a at SI = 18 m, and 36?40 a at SI = 21 m. The economic maturity age at a discount rate of 3% was 50?54 a at SI = 15 m, 44?43 a at SI = 18 m, and 39?40 a at SI = 21 m. The quantity and economic maturity advanced with the improvement of site quality and the increase of initial planting density, but did not reach technical maturity within 80 years. For stands with medium-to-high site quality, light and moderate thinning delayed both quantitative maturity and economic maturity. The mean annual volume increment of the stands reached 91%–104% of that of unthinned stands at quantitative maturity, the total net present value (NPV) increased to 113%–141% of that of unthinned stands at economic maturity, and the production of large diameter timber advanced. Under severe thinning, the technical maturity for large-diameter timber was advanced to 60–65 years, with the mean annual volume of large-diameter timber at maturity reaching 106%–173% of that in unthinned stands at 80 years. Under this intensity, economic maturity was delayed by 4–7 years, with NPV at maturity being 102%–132% of unthinned stands. Under this intensity of thinning, the quantitative maturity in the stands with high initial planting density was delayed, while that with low initial density was advanced, yet the total stand volume at maturity was only 74%–89% of that of unthinned stands. When the residual stand reached quantitative maturity (their growth potential was fully realized), the mean annual increment volume of the stand was 93%–95% of that of unthinned stands, and the total stand volume recovered to 92%–128%. In contrast, for low-quality sites, after light and moderate thinning, the average annual volume growth of the stand at quantitative mature was 80% to 97% of the unthinned stand, and the NPV of the stand at economic mature was 94% to 107% of that of the unthinned stand. Although severe thinning advanced technical maturity to less than 60 years, the mean annual yield of large-diameter timber at maturity was only 45%–64% of unthinned stands at 80 years. Even when the residual stand reached quantitative maturity, the total stand volume was only 52%–61% of unthinned stands. Moreover, severe thinning on poor sites resulted in 50%–56% lower total stand volume at quantitative maturity and 18%–33% lower economic returns at economic maturity. Therefore, when large-diameter timber production is the management objective, mid-to-high site quality stands should be selected for moderate-to-severe thinning treatments. Particularly under heavy thinning regimes, close monitoring of the residual stands’ quantitative maturity age is essential to fully realize their productivity potential. Conclusion: In the context of efficient cultivation of plantation and construction of reserve forests, it is necessary to explore forest maturity under different thinning schedules based on simulation optimization technology, which can effectively improve stand volume, large diameter timber yield, and economic benefits.

Key words: Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), plantation, thinning, growth simulation, forest maturity age

中图分类号:

S757.4

左壮,金星姬,Pukkala Timo,李凤日. 抚育间伐强度对樟子松人工林成熟龄的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2026, 62(2): 1-14.

Zhuang Zuo,Xingji Jin,Timo Pukkala,Fengri Li. Effects of Thinning Intensity on the Maturity Age of Mongolian Pine Plantations[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(2): 1-14.

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变量 Variables		样本量 Number of samples	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	最小值 Min	最大值 Max
林分因子 Stand variables	林龄Age/a	200	33.4	11.7	13.0	66.0
	公顷株数Stems per hectare	271	1 955	1 084	144	8 400
	林分平均胸径Mean DBH/cm	271	16.8	5.7	6.3	33.5
	林分平均高Mean height/m	200	16.3	4.7	4.5	25.4
	林分优势高Dominant height/m	200	18.9	4.6	7.1	27.2
	公顷断面积Basal area per hectare/(m²·hm^?2)	271	33.5	7.6	8.0	57.7
	坡度Slope/(°)	170	5.7	6.2	0.0	22.0
单木因子 Individual tree variables	胸径DBH/cm	45 707	17.4	6.4	5.0	46.9
单木因子 Individual tree variables	树高Height/m	26 875	15.3	4.6	4.2	30.9

公顷株数 Stems per hectare	地位指数 Site index (SI)/m	林分平均胸径 Mean DBH/cm	林分优势高 Dominant height/m	样地号 No.
2 500	15	4.7	8.2	F1
	18	5.2	9.8	F2
	21	5.8	11.4	F3
3 300	15	4.3	8.2	F4
	18	4.7	9.8	F5
	21	5.3	11.4	F6

材种 Timber product	小头直径 Top diameter/ cm	最短长度 Shortest length/m	木材价格 Timber price/ (yuan·m^?3)
大径材Large timber	26	4	1 000
中径材Medium timber	20	4	800
小径材Small timber	6	4	450

样地号 No.	全林分数量成熟龄 Whole-stand quantitative maturity age/a				保留林分数量成熟龄 Residual-stand quantitative maturity age/a			全林分数量成熟期总蓄积量 Total volume at whole-stand quantitative maturity/(m³·hm^?2)				保留林分数量成熟期总蓄积量 Total volume at residual-stand quantitative maturity/(m³·hm^?2)
样地号 No.	0	10%	25%	40%	10%	25%	40%	0	10%	25%	40%	10%	25%	40%
F1	45	44	36	29	46	47	40	367	340	235	160	352	293	190
F2	42	50	48	37	50	56	56	525	627	549	344	625	628	483
F3	40	47	46	38	47	54	54	660	787	724	508	785	836	678
F4	44	44	39	30	46	48	43	379	368	286	186	380	341	230
F5	38	44	49	40	42	57	57	472	567	601	410	562	686	548
F6	36	42	47	40	42	54	55	591	714	783	582	710	885	758

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