中国桉树人工林水文效应研究进展

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240236

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

桉树作为我国南方重要的外来速生用材树种，在缓解木材供需矛盾、保障国家木材安全及应对气候变化等方面发挥着重要作用。然而，伴随着桉树人工林的大面积扩张，其生态影响尤其是生态水文效应受到了广泛关注。桉树人工林种植是否会增加耗水，是否成为大型“抽水机”从而影响区域水资源，依然存在认识缺口。本研究在回顾我国桉树人工林发展的背景、进程及现状的基础上，通过整合迄今为止我国桉树人工林水文循环(包括降雨截留与再分配、树木蒸腾、林地蒸发、土壤和枯落物水分、林地产流与地下水等)文献数据，系统阐述桉树人工林种植的水文效应特征。研究发现：1960—2021年间，我国桉树人工林种植面积呈指数式增长；年尺度上，我国桉树人工林冠层降雨截留率、穿透雨率、树干茎流率、地表径流率和总径流率分别为19.9%±6.0%、74.3%±5.9%、1.9%±2.1%、15.0%±13.6%和18.7%±16.9%；个别对比研究表明桉树人工林深层土壤含水量和地下水位远低于裸地和当地混交林；由于不同观测区气候、地形、林分特征及经营管理措施等存在差异，桉树人工林的水文效应在空间层面表现出较大的变异性，目前还难以形成桉树人工林种植对流域水资源影响的定论；从桉树人工林水文过程观测的站点数量、林龄阶段、观测期长短等具体指标来看，该领域的相关研究仍然严重不足。未来有必要加强桉树人工林不同组成结构、经营措施及与同区域其他人工林或天然林的对比观测，同时注重桉树人工林不同时空尺度生态水文效应的整合研究。

关键词: 桉树, 人工林, 水资源, 耗水, 水源涵养

Abstract:

As an important exotic fast-growing timber species in southern China, eucalyptus plays an important role in alleviating the conflicts between supply and demand of wood, ensuring national wood supply safety and coping with climate change. However, the ecological impacts of large-scale expansion of eucalyptus plantation, especially the eco-hydrological effects, has received extensive attention. Whether eucalyptus plantations increase water consumption so called a large ‘water pump’ that affects regional water resources is still in controversy. This study reviews the current development of eucalyptus plantations and the hydrological effects of eucalyptus plantations by integrating the hydrological literature including rainfall interception and redistribution, tree transpiration, soil evaporation, forest litter and soil moisture, runoff yield and groundwater. The study found that the planting area of eucalyptus plantations in China has increased exponentially from 1960 to 2021. At the annual scale, the rates of canopy interception, throughfall, stemflow, surface runoff and total runoff of eucalyptus plantations in China are 19.9%±6.0%, 74.3%±5.9%, 1.9%±2.1%, 15.0%±13.6% and 18.7%±16.9%, respectively. Individual comparative studies show that the deep soil water content and groundwater level of eucalyptus plantations are much lower than those of bare land and local mixed forests. However, due to the differences in climate, topography, stand characteristics, and management measures in different observation areas, the hydrological effects of eucalyptus plantations show great variability. Current evidence remains insufficient to reach conclusive findings regarding the hydrological impacts of eucalyptus plantations at watershed scales. Judging from the specific indicators such as the number of stations, forest age stages, and length of observations, related research in this field is still seriously structures and management measures in eucalyptus plantations, as well as with other plantations or natural forests in the same region, while paying attention to the integrated research on eco-hydrological effects of eucalyptus plantations at different temporal and spatial scales.

Key words: eucalyptus, plantation, water resources, water consumption, water conservation

中图分类号:

S715

崔自杰,孙阁,张瑶琦,杜阿朋,刘效东. 中国桉树人工林水文效应研究进展[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(7): 129-139.

Zijie Cui,Ge Sun,Yaoqi Zhang,Apeng Du,Xiaodong Liu. Research Progress of the Hydrological Effects of Eucalyptus Plantations in China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(7): 129-139.

图/表 3

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