降水减少和间伐对日本落叶松人工林根系分布与生理特性的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240646

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 设置培育措施与人工模拟气候变化的耦合试验，探讨间伐和降水减少双重影响下日本落叶松人工林土壤理化性质、根系分布与生理特性变化，为未来气候变化背景下落叶松人工林的合理经营提供科学依据。方法: 以辽宁省东部山区19年生日本落叶松人工林为研究对象，2019年4月设置对照（CKN）、未间伐+30%降水减少（CKR）、45%间伐强度+自然降水（T45N）、45%间伐强度+30%降水减少（T45R）4种处理，2023年7月分土层进行土壤和根系取样，测定土壤理化性质、根系分布与生理特性。结果: 1）间伐和持续降水减少4年后，与对照相比，30%降水减少显著降低0~20 cm土层的土壤含水率、孔隙度、田间持水量，水解性氮、全氮、有效磷、全磷、速效钾和全钾含量，显著增加土壤密度；45%间伐强度和45%间伐强度+30%降水减少显著改善0~20 cm土层的土壤理化性质，间伐的正效应显著高于降水减少的负效应。2）降水减少显著降低各土层不同水平距离的林木根系特征（根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度、根生物量密度），促进根系在20~60 cm土层和各土层水平100~200 cm的分布占比；间伐显著提高各土层水平距离的根系分布和生理特性。3）主成分综合得分为T45N（1.54）>T45R（1.00）>CKN（–0.62）>CKR（–1.92），45%间伐强度和45%间伐强度+30%降水减少对土壤理化性质和根系特性具有正向影响，间伐可缓解降水减少对土壤理化性质以及根系分布与生理特性的负向影响。4）相关性分析结果表明，根系呼吸和活力与根系分布、土壤含水率显著正相关，与土壤密度显著负相关。结论: 降水减少显著降低日本落叶松人工林土壤质量以及根系密度与生理活性，间伐显著提高土壤质量以及根系密度与生理活性，且间伐的正向影响显著高于降水减少的负向影响，合理间伐可作为应对未来气候变化背景下降水减少的有效营林措施之一。

关键词: 间伐, 降水减少, 日本落叶松人工林, 土壤性质, 根系分布, 生理特性

Abstract:

Objective: The effects of thinning and precipitation reduction on soil physical and chemical properties, root distribution and physiological characteristics of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations were analyzed by developing a combined experiment of forest cultivation and artificial simulation of climate change, so as to provide scientific basis for the rational management of larch plantations under the background of future climate change. Method: In April 2019, four experimental treatments were conducted: control (CKN), no-thinning + 30% precipitation reduction (CKR), 45% thinning intensity + natural precipitation (T45N), and 45% thinning intensity+30% precipitation reduction (T45R) on a 19-year-old Japanese larch plantations located in the mountainous region of eastern Liaoning Province. In July 2023, soil and root samples were collected from different soil layers, and the soil physicochemical properties, root distribution, and root physiological characteristics were measured. Result: 1） Four years after the implementation of thinning and continuous precipitation reduction, compared to control, a 30% precipitation reduction significantly reduced soil moisture content, porosity, field capacity, hydrolyzed nitrogen, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, total phosphorus, available potassium, and total potassium in the 0–20 cm soil layer, while significantly increasing the soil bulk density. The 45% thinning intensity and 45% thinning intensity + 30% precipitation reduction significantly improved the physicochemical properties of the 0–20 cm soil layer, indicating that the positive effects of thinning were significantly greater than the negative effects of precipitation reduction. 2） Precipitation reduction significantly decreased root characteristics (root length density, surface area density, volume density, and biomass density) at different horizontal distances in each soil layer, and promoted root distribution in the 20–60 cm soil layer and at horizontal distance of 100–200 cm. Thinning significantly enhanced root distribution and physiological characteristics across soil layers and horizontal distances. 3） The comprehensive scores of principal components were as follows: T45N (1.54) > T45R (1.00) > CKN (–0.62) > CKR (–1.92), further demonstrating that 45% thinning intensity and 45% thinning intensity + 30% precipitation reduction had positive effects on soil physicochemical properties and root characteristics. Thinning mitigated the negative impact of precipitation reduction on soil physicochemical properties, root distribution, and physiological characteristics. 4） The correlation analysis results revealed that root respiration and vitality were significantly positively correlated with root distribution and soil water content, while significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Conclusion: Precipitation reduction significantly deteriorates the soil quality, root density, and physiological activity of L. kaempferi plantations, whereas thinning notably improves these attributes. Moreover, the positive effects of thinning are significantly greater than the negative effects of precipitation reduction, indicating that appropriate thinning can be an effective management strategy to counteract the impacts of future climate change.

Key words: thinning, precipitation reduction, Larix kaempferi plantations, soil properties, root distribution, physiological characteristics

中图分类号:

S753

冉馨,孙晓梅,吴春燕,陈东升,王宏星,张守攻. 降水减少和间伐对日本落叶松人工林根系分布与生理特性的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2025, 61(7): 157-169.

Xin Ran,Xiaomei Sun,Chunyan Wu,Dongsheng Chen,Hongxing Wang,Shougong Zhang. Effects of Precipitation Reduction and Thinning on the Root Distribution and Physiological Characteristics of Larix kaempferi[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(7): 157-169.

图/表 12

表1

图1

表2

间伐和降水减少对土壤理化特性的影响①"

土壤理化性质 Physical and chemical properties of soil	土壤深度 Soil depth/cm	处理 Treatments				方差分析 Analysis of variance
土壤理化性质 Physical and chemical properties of soil	土壤深度 Soil depth/cm	CKR	CKN	T45R	T45N	间伐 Thinning	降水减少 Precipitation reduction	间伐×降水减少 Thinning× precipitation reduction
土壤含水率 Soil water content （%）	0~20	11.60 ± 0.10d	15.11 ± 0.57c	17.02 ± 0.42b	20.47 ± 0.35a	P<0.001	P<0.001	ns
	20~40	10.96 ± 0.42d	13.32 ± 0.34c	15.17 ± 0.46b	17.66± 0.50a
	40~60	9.44 ±0.13c	11.80 ± 1.03b	12.32 ± 0.12b	14.57 ± 0.80a
土壤密度 Soil bulk density/ （g·cm^?3）	0~20	1.48 ±0.01a	1.45 ± 0.02b	1.41 ± 0.01c	1.38 ± 0.02d	P<0.001	P<0.01	ns
	20~40	1.54 ±0.02a	1.48 ± 0.01b	1.44 ± 0.02c	1.41 ± 0.01d
	40~60	1.58 ±0.04a	1.53 ± 0.01b	1.48 ± 0.01c	1.45 ± 0.01c
土壤孔隙度 Soil porosity （%）	0~20	44.10 ±0.35d	45.12 ± 0.60c	46.83 ± 0.31b	47.90 ± 0.58a	P<0.001	P<0.01	ns
	20~40	41.98 ±0.76d	44.20 ± 0.33c	45.81 ± 0.62b	46.85 ± 0.10a
	40~60	40.38 ± 1.25c	42.40 ± 0.18b	44.34 ± 0.23a	45.47 ± 0.38a
田间持水量 Field capacity （%）	0~20	26.14 ± 0.96d	28.62 ± 0.21c	30.44 ± 1.06b	35.87 ± 1.26a	P<0.001	P<0.001	P<0.001
	20~40	25.62 ± 0.17c	26.41 ± 0.33c	29.09 ± 1.33b	34.97 ± 0.44a
	40~60	23.51 ± 0.09c	24.61 ± 0.75c	27.50 ± 0.24b	32.58 ± 1.42a
全氮 Total nitrogen/ （g·kg^?1）	0~20	0.76 ± 0.10c	0.95 ± 0.07b	1.74 ± 0.06 a	1.66 ± 0.08a	P<0.01	ns	ns
	20~40	0.43 ± 0.05b	0.48 ± 0.07b	0.91 ± 0.06 a	0.53 ± 0.07b
	40~60	0.31 ± 0.05b	0.40 ± 0.10b	0.79 ± 0.07 a	0.34 ± 0.07b
水解性氮 Hydrolyzed nitrogen/ （mg·kg^?1）	0~20	77.33 ± 7.86c	96.43 ±8.06b	161.67 ± 6.11a	160.00 ± 10.00a	P<0.05	ns	ns
	20~40	27.57 ± 7.87c	45.20 ± 6.49b	68.20 ± 9.49a	47.30 ± 7.02b
	40~60	22.67 ± 2.99c	35.93 ± 4.95b	60.37 ± 8.35a	31.23 ± 5.70bc
全磷 Total phosphorus / （g·kg^?1）	0~20	0.16 ± 0.02d	0.21 ± 0.03c	0.42 ± 0.04b	0.48 ± 0.05a	P<0.001	ns	P<0.05
	20~40	0.12 ± 0.02c	0.15 ± 0.03c	0.38 ± 0.04a	0.28 ± 0.04b
	40~60	0.11 ± 0.02c	0.12 ± 0.02c	0.36 ± 0.03a	0.20 ± 0.03b
有效磷 Available phosphorus / （mg·kg^?1）	0~20	2.48 ± 0.40d	3.80 ± 0.60c	7.67 ± 0.43a	5.41 ± 0.44b	ns	P<0.05	ns
	20~40	1.70 ± 0.16b	2.18 ± 0.23ab	2.84 ± 0.42a	2.49 ± 0.46a
	40~60	1.73 ± 0.25b	1.82 ± 0.24b	2.44 ± 0.23a	2.43 ± 0.35a
全钾 Total potassium / （g·kg^?1）	0~20	19.37 ± 0.81b	21.07 ± 0.86a	16.30 ± 0.44c	17.60 ± 0.82c	P<0.001	P<0.001	ns
	20~40	20.57 ± 0.67a	22.47 ± 1.56a	17.30 ± 1.37b	20.47 ± 1.50a
	40~60	21.63 ± 2.15ab	24.90 ± 2.10a	18.40 ± 1.28b	21.23 ± 1.86ab
速效钾 Available potassium/ （mg·kg^?1）	0~20	63.30 ± 5.25d	106.57 ± 6.87a	84.50 ± 4.19c	95.67 ± 4.93b	ns	ns	ns
	20~40	56.57 ± 5.10a	66.70 ± 6.10a	44.87 ± 4.05b	42.30 ± 6.93b
	40~60	52.50 ± 4.60ab	62.63 ± 7.3a	42.27 ± 6.60b	41.37 ± 6.12b
pH	0~20	6.15 ± 0.05a	5.62 ± 0.06c	5.80 ± 0.06b	5.89 ± 0.05b	P<0.001	P<0.05	ns
	20~40	6.17 ± 0.07a	6.04 ± 0.14ab	5.98 ± 0.09b	6.00 ± 0.05ab
	40~60	6.28 ± 0.14a	6.17 ± 0.13a	5.84 ± 0.10a	6.18 ± 0.06a

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

表3

表4

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处理 Treatments	胸径 DBH/cm	树高 Mean height/m	枝下高 Clean bole height/m	冠幅 Crown width/m	林分密度 Stand density /(tree ?hm^–2)	郁闭度 Canopy density
CKR	1.33 ± 0.12c	1.43 ± 0.06d	1.77 ± 0.06c	0.42 ± 0.06b	2 000 ± 32a	0.89 ± 0.02a
CKN	1.50 ± 0.10c	1.93 ± 0.06c	2.53 ± 0.12b	0.51 ± 0.05b	2 000 ± 32a	0.89 ± 0.02a
T45R	2.27 ± 0.12b	3.30 ± 0.10b	3.47 ± 0.21a	0.63 ± 0.07a	1 106 ± 41b	0.69 ± 0.02b
T45N	2.90 ± 0.10a	3.57 ± 0.12a	3.57 ± 0.06a	0.71 ± 0.01a	1 106 ± 41b	0.69 ± 0.02b

项目Item	主成分 Main component
项目Item	1	2	3
特征值 Eigenvalue	10.759	2.035	1.831
贡献率 Contribution rate （%）	63.291	11.973	10.771
累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate （%）	63.291	75.264	86.035
根系活力 Root vitality	0.943	0.122	–0.016
土壤含水率 Soil water content	0.935	0.095	0.224
水解性氮 Hydrolyzed nitrogen	0.922	0.037	–0.291
全氮 Total nitrogen	0.920	–0.068	–0.267
根表面积密度 Root surface area density	0.916	0.302	0.096
根系呼吸 Root respiration	0.913	0.004	0.226
根体积密度 Root volume density	0.879	0.282	0.306
全磷 Total phosphorus	0.863	–0.337	0.203
有效磷 Available phosphorus	0.850	–0.046	–0.257
根长密度 Root length density	–0.752	–0.240	0.170
根生物量密度 Root biomass density	0.751	0.422	0.158
田间持水量 Field capacity	0.734	0.004	0.551
土壤孔隙度 Soil porosity	0.681	–0.620	–0.197
土壤密度 Soil bulk density	–0.681	0.620	0.197
全钾 Total potassium	–0.666	0.560	0.151
速效钾 Available potassium	0.589	0.599	–0.447
pH	0.043	–0.208	0.840

处理组 Treatments	土壤深度 Soil depth/cm	综合得分 Synthesis score			平均得分 Average scores	排序 Order
未间伐+30%降水减少 No-thinning + 30% precipitation reduction	0~20	–0.880	–1.060	–0.520	–1.92	4
	20~40	–2.270	–1.990	–1.850
	40~60	–3.010	–2.770	–2.930
未间伐+自然降水 No-thinning + natural precipitation	0~20	1.720	1.420	1.580	–0.62	3
	20~40	–1.200	–1.090	–1.350
	40~60	–2.100	–2.540	–2.030
45%间伐强度+30%降水减少 45% thinning intensity+ 30% precipitation reduction	0~20	2.890	2.680	2.850	1.00	2
	20~40	0.500	0.700	0.460
	40~60	–0.510	–0.340	–0.210
45%间伐强度+自然降水 45% thinning intensity + natural precipitation	0~20	4.700	4.600	4.680	1.54	1
	20~40	0.280	0.880	1.090
	40~60	–0.630	–0.920	–0.840

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