黄土高原刺槐人工林立地指数变化及评价

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220621

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 在黄土高原研究刺槐人工林优势木平均高及立地指数（基准林龄15年时优势木平均高）对气候和立地因子的响应，建立模型评价立地质量。方法: 对样地调查及文献搜集数据，用外包线法确定优势木平均高的单因子响应规律和适宜函数形式，然后建立多因子耦合模型并用实测数据率定，籍此评价立地指数空间差异。结果: 地形部位对优势木平均高的影响差异较大，相对得分表现为沟底1.000>塬面0.906>梁坡下部0.837>梁坡中部0.438>沟坡0.210>梁坡上部0.176>梁峁顶0.000。当年均降水量小于550 mm时，优势木平均高随年均降水量升高快速增加，之后渐趋平缓；优势木平均高随年均气温升高呈先增后减，最适范围是7.5~11.0 ℃。建立了耦合气候和立地因子影响的优势木平均高模型，拟合度较好（R²=0.72）。依据对优势木平均高的影响，将年均气温和降水量都分为4级（<6.0 ℃，太冷，不能生长；6.0~7.5 ℃，冷，不宜或较宜生长；7.5~11.0 ℃，温，最宜生长；>11.0 ℃，暖，较宜或不宜生长。<400 mm，太旱，不能生长；400~450 mm，旱，不宜生长；450~550 mm，润，较宜生长；>550 mm，湿，最宜生长），据此确定了黄土高原不能刺槐造林的区域，提出了可刺槐造林区域的气候分区，其中温湿区、温润区、暖湿区和温旱区的平均立地指数均为中等或以上（>7.5 m），宜于刺槐生长；但冷旱/润区和暖润区立地较差，整体不宜刺槐生长。对各气候分区，计算了各立地类型（地形部位与坡向的组合）的立地指数，评价了立地质量。结论: 黄土高原刺槐人工林的立地指数同时受气候和立地因子影响。综合考虑这些影响的气候分区和立地评价可以指导精细的刺槐造林立地选择和林分科学经营。

关键词: 刺槐人工林, 立地指数, 耦合模型, 生长分区, 优势木平均高, 黄土高原

Abstract:

Objective: The response of average height of dominant trees and site index (the average height of dominant trees with a baseline forest age of 15 years) of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantations to climatic and site factors was studied on the Loess Plateau, for establishing a model to evaluate site quality. Method: Based on the survey of sample plots and collected literature data, the single factor response law and appropriate form of response function of the average height of dominant trees were determined using the envelope method, and then a model was established by coupling multiple factors and calibrated with the measured data to evaluate the spatial difference in site index. Result: The impact of topography positions on the average height of dominant trees varied greatly, with a relative score of: gully bottom 1.000 > tableland 0.906 > lower part of ridge slope 0.837 > middle part of ridge slope 0.438 > gully slope 0.210 > upper part of ridge slope 0.176 > hilly top 0.000. Within the variation range of mean annual precipitation (MAP) below 550 mm, the average height of dominant trees increased with rising MAP rapidly, and thereafter gradually tended to level-off; the average height of dominant trees increased first and then decreased with rising mean annual air temperature (MAT) , with an optimal range of 7.5–11.0 ℃. The model of average height of dominant trees was established by coupling the effects of climatic and site factors, with a satisfactory fitness ( R² = 0.72). According to the effects on the average height of dominant trees, both MAT and MAP on the Loess Plateau were divided into four levels (<6.0 ℃, too cold to grow; 6.0–7.5 ℃, cold and not suitable or relatively suitable for growth; 7.5–11.0 ℃, mild and the most suitable for growth; >11.0 ℃, warm and relatively suitable or not suitable for growth. <400 mm, too dry to grow; 400–450 mm, dry and not suitable for growth; 450–550 mm, moist and more suitable for growth; >550 mm, wet and the most suitable for growth). Then, the areas where black locust afforestation cannot be carried out on the Loess Plateau were determined, and the climate zoning of the rest areas where black locust afforestation can be carried out was proposed. The mild-wet, mild-moist, warm-wet and mild-dry subzones are suitable for black locust growth with an average site index of medium or higher classes (>7.5 m); while the cold-dry/moist and warm-moist subzones are not suitable for black locust growth as a whole. The site index of all site types in each subzone was calculated using fitted model for evaluating the site quality. Conclusion: The site index of black locust plantations on the Loess Plateau is affected by both climatic and site factors. The climatic zoning and site assessment with site index considering these effects can guide the refined site selection for afforestation and rational management of black locust plantations on the Loess Plateau.

Key words: black locust plantations, site index, coupling model, growth zoning, average height of dominant trees, Loess Plateau

中图分类号:

李平平,王彦辉,段文标,王依瑞,于澎涛,甄理,李志鑫,尚会军,史再军,于艺鹏. 黄土高原刺槐人工林立地指数变化及评价[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(4): 18-31.

Pingping Li,Yanhui Wang,Wenbiao Duan,Yirui Wang,Pengtao Yu,Li Zhen,Zhixin Li,Huijun Shang,Zaijun Shi,Yipeng Yu. Variation and Evaluation of Site Index of Black Locust Plantations on the Loess Plateau of Northwest China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(4): 18-31.

图/表 8

表1

刺槐林文献数据地点及笔者调查地点基本情况①"

调查地点 Study sites	林龄 Forest age/ a	密度 Stand density / (trees·hm^?2)	MAP/mm	MAT/ ℃	海拔 Altitude/ m	SA/（°）	坡度 Slope gradient/（°）	样地数 Plot quantity	参考文献 References
甘肃省 Gansu Province
泾川县官山林场 Guanshan Forest Farm of Jingchuan County	7~45	1 100~3 240	475~555	9.2~10.5	1 035~1 314	21~157.5	0~38	37	笔者调查 Author's survey
泾川县官山林场 Guanshan Forest Farm of Jingchuan County	7~45	1 100~3 240	475~555	9.2~10.5	1 035~1 314	21~157.5	0~38	27	王云等，2007；张晓梅等，2019；景贯阳等，2017； Kai et al., 2018
庄浪、天水、通渭、环县 Counties of Zhuanglang, Tianshui, Tongwei, Huan xian	8~28	3 330~6 990	408~548	7.5~11	—	22.5~67.5	—	4	柳洋等，2021；马玉玺等，1990
陕西省 Shaanxi Province
安塞县纸坊沟流域 Zhifanggou watershed, Ansai County,	9~40	900~2 475	500~543	8.8	1 006~1 296	45~169.5	16~43	14	刘愿等，2019；刘愿，2019
安塞县南沟流域 Nangou watershed, Ansai County	2~9	675~2 800	505	8.8	1 050~1 440	22.5~157.5	—	9	刘建利等，2008
延安羊圈沟小流域 Yangguangou small watershed in Yan'an	12~28	1 200~2 500	531.0	9.8	1 169~1 172	90	24~26	2	Jiao et al., 2016
黄陵、陇县、富县、延长、清涧、米脂、神木、永寿县 Counties of Huangling, Long xian, Fu xian, Yanchang, Qingjian, Mizhi, Shenmu, Yongshou	11~25	1 222~3 334	441~630	8.5~10.8	—	22.5~157.5	—	11	马玉玺等，1990
山西省 Shanxi Province
吉县蔡家川流域 Caijiachuan watershed, Jixian County	18~36	667~1 625	576	10	1 091~1 226	70~160	18~33	8	朱悦，2012；赵丹阳等，2021
吉县红旗林场 Hongqi forest farm, Jixian County	14	—	576	10	1 100~1 270	22.5~157.5	—	11	王斌瑞等，1982
方山县和吉县 Fangshan County and Jixian County	11~25	833~2 222	497~576	7.3~10.6	800~1 350	22.5~157.5	—	46	玉宝等，2011；2012；史振华，2009
偏关县以南的西部沿黄一带 Western area along Yellow River， south of Pianguan County	2~18	—	500	8	—	22.5~157.5	—	45	卫三平等，2002
古县、兴县、离石县 Counties of Guxian, Xingxian , and Lishi	7~20	1 894~4 813	491~576	8.9~11.8	—	22.5	—	3	马玉玺等，1990
宁夏回族自治区 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
固原、西吉 Counties of Guyuan and Xiji	11~23	1 660~1 665	435~478	6~6.2	—	22.5	—	2	马玉玺等，1990

表1

表2

图1

图2

图3

表3

图4

表4

黄土高原可生长刺槐的各气候分区内不同立地类型的刺槐人工林立地指数"

立地类型 Site types	冷旱/润区 Cold-dry/moist	温旱区 Mild-dry	温润区 Mild-moist	温湿区 Mild-wet	暖润区 Warm-moist	暖湿区 Warm-wet	平均值 Average
立地类型 Site types	6.0~7.5 ℃， >400 mm	7.5~11.0 ℃， 400~450 mm	7.5~11.0 ℃， 450~550 mm	7.5~11.0 ℃， 550~700 mm	>11.0 ℃， 450~550 m	>11.0 ℃， 550~700 mm	平均值 Average
沟底 Gully bottom	8.4	9.9	14.9	16.3	9.5	10.9	11.7
塬面 Tableland	8.1	9.6	14.4	15.8	9.2	10.5	11.3
阴面梁坡下部 Lower part of shady ridge slope	7.9	9.4	14.1	15.4	9.0	10.3	11.0
半阴面梁坡下部 Lower part of semi-shady ridge slope	7.7	9.1	13.6	14.9	8.7	9.9	10.7
半阳面梁坡下部 Lower part of semi-sunny ridge slope	7.4	8.8	13.2	14.5	8.4	9.6	10.3
阳面梁坡下部 Lower part of sunny ridge slope	7.2	8.5	12.7	14.0	8.2	9.3	10.0
阴面梁坡中部 Middle part of shady ridge slope	6.8	8.0	12.0	13.2	7.7	8.8	9.4
半阴面梁坡中部 Middle part of semi-shady ridge slope	6.6	7.8	11.6	12.8	7.5	8.5	9.1
半阳面梁坡中部 Middle part of semi-sunny ridge slope	6.4	7.5	11.3	12.4	7.2	8.2	8.8
阳面梁坡中部 Middle part of sunny ridge slope	6.2	7.3	10.9	12.0	7.0	8.0	8.6
阴面沟坡 Shady gully slope	6.1	7.2	10.8	11.9	6.9	7.9	8.5
阴面梁坡上部 Upper part of shady ridge slope	6.0	7.1	10.7	11.7	6.8	7.8	8.4
半阴面沟坡 Semi-shady gully slope	5.9	7.0	10.5	11.5	6.7	7.7	8.2
半阴面梁坡上部 Upper part of semi-shady ridge slope	5.8	6.9	10.3	11.3	6.6	7.5	8.1
半阳面沟坡 Semi-sunny gully slope	5.7	6.8	10.2	11.2	6.5	7.4	8.0
半阳面梁坡上部 Upper part of semi-sunny ridge slope	5.7	6.7	10.0	11.0	6.4	7.3	7.9
阳面沟坡 Sunny gully slope	5.6	6.6	9.8	10.8	6.3	7.2	7.7
阳面梁坡上部 Upper part of sunny ridge slope	5.5	6.5	9.7	10.6	6.2	7.1	7.6
梁峁顶 Hilly top	4.9	5.9	8.9	9.7	5.7	6.5	6.9
最大值 Max.	8.4	9.9	14.9	16.3	9.5	10.9	11.7
最小值 Min.	4.9	5.9	8.9	9.7	5.7	6.5	6.9
平均值 Average	6.5	7.7	11.6	12.7	7.4	8.5	9.1

表4

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地形部位 Topography positions	回归系数 $ {b}_{i} $ The regression coefficients of b_i	回归系数值 The values of regression coefficients	标准化的回归系数值 Standardized values of regression coefficients
常数项 Constant term	$ {b}_{0} $	4.910
沟底 Valley bottom	$ {b}_{1} $	0.993	1.000
塬面 Tableland	$ {b}_{2} $	0.827	0.906
梁坡下部 Lower part of ridge slope	$ {b}_{3} $	0.706	0.837
梁坡中部 Middle part of ridge slope	$ {b}_{4} $	0.001	0.438
梁坡上部 Upper part of ridge slope	$ {b}_{5} $	?0.462	0.176
沟坡 Gully slope	$ {b}_{6} $	?0.401	0.210
梁峁顶 Ridge top	$ {b}_{7} $	?0.772	0.000

年均气温/年均降水量 Mean annual temperature / Mean annual precipitation	<400 mm （过旱Too dry）	400~450 mm （旱Dry）	450~550 mm （润Moist）	550~700 mm （湿Wet）	合计 Total
<6 ℃（过冷Too cold）	5.62	2.38	1.29	0.46	9.74
6~7.5 ℃（冷Cold）	13.65	3.41	2.97	0.39	20.43
7.5~11.0 ℃（温Mild）	19.02	6.45	19.81	7.49	52.77
>11.0 ℃（暖Warm）	0.21	0.00	3.42	13.44	17.06
合计Total	38.49	12.24	27.48	21.78	100.00

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