林业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (11): 31-48.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20221104
纪平1,4,5,邵全琴2,王敏3,刘华1,4,王晓慧1,4,凌成星1,4,侯瑞霞1,4,5
收稿日期:
2021-06-06
出版日期:
2022-11-25
发布日期:
2023-03-08
Ping Ji1,4,5,Quanqin Shao2,Min Wang3,Hua Liu1,4,Xiaohui Wang1,4,Chengxing Ling1,4,Ruixia Hou1,4,5
Received:
2021-06-06
Online:
2022-11-25
Published:
2023-03-08
摘要:
目的: 三北防护林工程第二阶段(2001—2020年)实施以来取得了巨大的生态效益,但局部地区仍然存在问题,甚至出现生态退化。以生态系统结构、质量、服务为核心,综合定量评价工程实施前后生态系统变化,厘清第四期(2001—2010年)和第五期(2011—2020年)工程对生态系统恢复的影响,为后续三北工程的滚动实施提供科学和有针对性的理论依据。方法: 基于"历史动态本底—恢复现状—恢复指数"的生态工程生态效益综合评估方法,以遥感解译反演和模型估算结果为基础,构建生态系统宏观结构变化指数(EMSCI)、质量变化指数(EQCI)、服务功能变化指数(ESCI)和生态系统恢复指数(ERI),全面评估三北防护林工程区生态系统类型结构、质量和关键服务功能的时空格局变化。利用空间叠加分析功能,厘清工程实施期间的生态系统变化过程,定量评价生态系统恢复程度。结果: 1)在三北防护林工程第二阶段,生态系统类型显著变动,整体动态度为12.22%,森林覆盖率持续增加,森林面积占比10.18%,且第四期增量(1.60万km2)大于第五期增量(0.69万km2)。2)生态系统质量显著改善,平均植被覆盖度和平均植被净初级生产力分别增加了3.77%和82.33 gC·m-2a-1,增长率为24.50%和34.96%。生态系统质量持续转好面积占比20.15%。3)与本底期相比,生态系统服务功能全面提升,单位面积水源涵养量增长1.25万m3 · km-2,单位面积植被固碳量增长134.19 gC·m-2a-1,单位面积土壤保持量增长6.76 t · hm-2a-1,单位面积防风固沙量增长9.81 t · hm-2a-1,分别提升了45.89%、34.96%、74.29%和24.96%。单位面积水蚀模数增加23.88%(因为近年来年均降水量比前期增加,造成侵蚀量和保持量均有所增加),风蚀模数下降25.58 t · hm-2a-1,风沙侵蚀危害程度降低46.49%。生态系统服务功能持续转好面积占比15.83%。4)生态系统恢复状况良好,持续转好和保持稳定区域面积占比为21.95%和20.29%。结论: 三北防护林工程区经第二阶段多期连续实施重点生态工程,已取得显著成效。东北华北平原农区、内蒙古高原中部风沙区和黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的生态系统恢复良好,森林覆盖率提高,平均植被覆盖度增加,平均植被净初级生产力提高,单位面积水源涵养量、植被固碳量、土壤保持量和防风固沙量等生态系统服务功能明显转好。但西北荒漠区生态系统仍较脆弱,整体生态系统状况并未得到有效改善。在天山附近、准葛尔盆地、柴达木盆地、南疆盆地固沙农牧区、坝上高原、内蒙古西部荒漠半荒漠草原等生态系统脆弱区域,森林面积增长放缓,草地面积减少,荒漠面积增加,防治草地沙漠化仍为未来工程实施的重点。
中图分类号:
纪平,邵全琴,王敏,刘华,王晓慧,凌成星,侯瑞霞. 中国三北防护林工程第二阶段生态效益综合评价[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(11): 31-48.
Ping Ji,Quanqin Shao,Min Wang,Hua Liu,Xiaohui Wang,Chengxing Ling,Ruixia Hou. Monitoring and Assessment of Ecological Benefits of the Shelter Forest Program in the Three-North Region during 2001—2020[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(11): 31-48.
表1
生态系统质量变化程度分级"
评价指标 Classification | 显著转差 Significantly worse | 明显转差 Obviously worse | 较明显转差 Slightly worse | 微弱转差 Roughly worse | 基本不变 No change | 微弱转好 Roughly better | 较明显转好 Slightly better | 明显转好 Obviously better | 显著转好 Significantly better |
变化率 Change percent(%) | < -15 | -15~-10 | -10~-5 | -5~-1 | -1~1 | 1~5 | 5~10 | 10~15 | ≥15 |
归一化值 Normalized value | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
表2
生态系统服务功能变化程度分级"
评价指标 Classification | 显著转差 Significantly worse | 明显转差 Obviously worse | 较明显转差 Slightly worse | 微弱转差 Roughly worse | 基本不变 No change | 微弱转好 Roughly better | 较明显转好 Slightly better | 明显转好 Obviously better | 显著转好 Significantly better |
变化率 Change percent(%) | < -15 | -15~-10 | -10~-5 | -5~-1 | -1~1 | 1~5 | 5~10 | 10~15 | ≥15 |
归一化值 Normalized value | -4 | -3 | -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
表3
生态系统质量及服务功能变化模式图谱分类"
序号 Number | 变化模式类型 Change modetype | 变化模式类型说明 Change modetype description |
1 | 持续转好 Keep improving | 第四期变化:较明显转好、明显转好、显著转好;第五期变化:较明显转好、明显转好、显著转好 The change in four period: slightly better, obviously better, significantly better; the change in five period: slightly better, obviously better, significantly better |
2 | 先转好后转差 Improving,worsening | 第四期变化:较明显转好、明显转好、显著转好;第五期变化:显著转差、明显转差、较明显转差 The change in four period: slightly better, obviously better, significantly better; the change in five period: significantly worse, obviously worse, slightly worse |
3 | 先转好后稳定 Improving,stabilize | 第四期变化:较明显转好、明显转好、显著转好;第五期变化:微弱转差、基本不变、微弱转好 The change in four period: slightly better, obviously better, significantly better; the change in five period: roughly worse, no change, roughly better |
4 | 先转差后转好 Worsening,improving | 第四期变化:显著转差、明显转差、较明显转差;第五期变化:较明显转好、明显转好、显著转好 The change in four period: significantly worse, obviously worse, slightly worse; the change in five period: slightly better, obviously better, significantly better |
5 | 持续转差 Keep worsening | 第四期变化:显著转差、明显转差、较明显转差;第五期变化:显著转差、明显转差、较明显转差 The change in four period: significantly worse, obviously worse, slightly worse; the change in five period: significantly worse, obviously worse, slightly worse |
6 | 先转差后稳定 Worsening,stabilize | 第四期变化:显著转差、明显转差、较明显转差;第五期变化:微弱转差、基本不变、微弱转好 The change in four period: significantly worse, obviously worse, slightly worse; the change in five period: roughly worse, no change, roughly better |
7 | 先稳定后转好 Stabilize,improving | 第四期变化:微弱转差、基本不变、微弱转好;第五期变化:较明显转好、明显转好、显著转好 The change in four period: roughly worse, no change, roughly better; the change in five period: slightly better, obviously better, significantly better |
8 | 先稳定后转差 Stabilize,worsening | 第四期变化:微弱转差、基本不变、微弱转好;第五期变化:显著转差、明显转差、较明显转差 The change in four period: roughly worse, no change, roughly better; the change in five period: significantly worse, obviously worse, slightly worse |
9 | 保持稳定 Keep stabilize | 第四期变化:微弱转差、基本不变、微弱转好;第五期变化:微弱转差、基本不变、微弱转好 The change in four period: roughly worse, no change, roughly better; the change in five period: roughly worse, no change, roughly better |
表4
三北工程区第二阶段(2001—2020年)生态系统转移矩阵"
项目 Item | 第四期初 Beginning of fourth period(2001年Year) | ||||||||
森林 Forestland | 草地 Grassland | 农田 Farmland | 湿地与水体 Wetland and water | 荒漠 Desert | 城镇 Settlement | 其他 Others | 合计 Total | ||
第五期末 End of fifth period (2020年Year) | 森林 Forestland | 31.66 | 9.43 | 4.56 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 46.65 |
草地 Grassland | 7.63 | 103.18 | 10.84 | 1.01 | 12.04 | 0.36 | 0.51 | 135.58 | |
农田 Farmland | 3.97 | 13.91 | 59.76 | 0.84 | 1.99 | 2.54 | 0.00 | 83.02 | |
湿地与水体 Wetland and water | 0.27 | 1.38 | 0.84 | 3.90 | 0.96 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 7.41 | |
荒漠 Desert | 0.51 | 20.10 | 0.73 | 0.42 | 149.18 | 0.04 | 1.42 | 172.41 | |
城镇 Settlement | 0.29 | 1.30 | 5.07 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 1.80 | 0.00 | 8.87 | |
其他 Others | 0.04 | 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 2.71 | 4.32 | |
合计 Total | 44.36 | 149.94 | 81.81 | 6.48 | 166.06 | 4.95 | 4.67 |
表5
三北工程区第二阶段(2001—2020年)生态系统质量参数及其变化"
生态系统质量参数 Ecosystem quality type | 评估时段 Assessment period | 第四期 Fourth period | 第五期 Fifth period | 第二阶段 Second stage | ||||||||
第四期初 Beginning of fourth period | 第四期末 End of fourth period | 第五期末 End of fifth period | 变化量 Change amount | 变化率 Change rate(%) | 变化量 Change amount | 变化率 Change rate(%) | 变化量 Change amount | 变化率 Change rate(%) | ||||
平均植被覆盖度 Average vegetation coverage(%) | 15.42 | 16.93 | 19.19 | 1.51 | 9.84 | 2.26 | 13.35 | 3.77 | 24.50 | |||
平均植被净初级生产力 Mean vegetation net primary productivity/(gC·m-2a-1) | 235.49 | 300.88 | 317.82 | 65.39 | 27.77 | 16.94 | 5.63 | 82.33 | 34.96 |
表6
三北工程区第二阶段(2001—2020年)生态系统服务功能参数及其变化"
生态系统服务功能参数 Ecosystem service function type | 评估时段 Assessment period | 第四期 Fourth period | 第五期 Fifth period | 第二阶段 Second stage | ||||||||
第四期初 Beginning of fourth period | 第四期末 End of fourth period | 第五期末 End of fifth period | 变化量 Change amount | 变化率 Change rate(%) | 变化量 Change amount | 变化率 Change rate(%) | 变化量 Change amount | 变化率 Change rate(%) | ||||
单位面积水源涵养量 Water conservation per unit area/(104 m3 · km-2 a-1) | 2.72 | 3.53 | 3.97 | 0.81 | 29.78 | 0.44 | 12.46 | 1.25 | 45.96 | |||
单位面积固碳量 Carbon sequestration per unit area/(gC · m-2 a-1) | 383.85 | 490.43 | 518.04 | 106.58 | 27.77 | 27.61 | 5.63 | 134.19 | 34.96 | |||
单位面积土壤水蚀模数 Water erosion modulus per unit area/(t · hm-2 a-1) | 10.77 | 12.16 | 13.34 | 1.39 | 12.91 | 1.18 | 9.72 | 2.57 | 23.88 | |||
单位面积土壤保持量 Soil conservation per unit area/(t · hm-2 a-1) | 9.10 | 10.05 | 15.86 | 0.95 | 10.44 | 5.81 | 57.81 | 6.76 | 74.29 | |||
单位面积土壤风蚀模数 Wind erosion modulus per unit area/(t · hm-2a-1) | 55.03 | 36.94 | 29.45 | -18.09 | -32.87 | -7.49 | -20.29 | -25.58 | -46.49 | |||
单位面积防风固沙量 Sand fixation per unit area/(t · hm-2a-1) | 39.31 | 29.52 | 49.12 | -9.79 | -24.90 | 19.60 | 66.40 | 9.81 | 24.96 |
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