亚热带不同林龄杉木人工林红壤线虫群落结构特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20220209

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 分析亚热带地区不同林龄杉木人工林红壤线虫群落结构的变化，为亚热带杉木人工林可持续经营提供理论依据。方法: 利用空间替代时间的方法，选取幼龄林(5年)、中幼龄林(8年)、近熟林(21年)、成熟林(27年)和过熟林(40年)5个生长阶段的杉木人工林，采用浅盘法分离提取土壤线虫，分析土壤线虫密度，鉴定土壤线虫种属、各营养类群线虫相对丰度，计算线虫香农多样性指数(H′)、植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)。通过非度量多维度(NMDS)分析不同林龄杉木人工林土壤线虫群落结构的变化。结果: 1) 共分离出9 872头线虫，隶属68个属，杉木人工林不同生长阶段的线虫优势属存在差异，除幼龄林外，植物寄生线虫根结属在所有林分中占优势地位；2) 随着林分发育，土壤线虫总密度及多样性指数均无明显变化；40年与5年、8年林分的土壤线虫群落结构存在差异，说明杉木人工林生长发育改变了土壤线虫群落结构；植物寄生线虫相对丰度最高，捕食-杂食线虫次之，食细菌线虫相对丰度高于食真菌线虫；随着林分发育，植物寄生线虫相对丰度呈现先降后增的变化趋势，在8年达到最低；随着林龄增加，食真菌线虫密度呈下降趋势，在5年达到最高；但杉木人工林生长发育对食细菌线虫和捕食-杂食线虫的密度及相对丰度均无显著影响；3)植物寄生线虫成熟度指数随杉木人工林生长发育呈先降后增的变化趋势，在21年达到最低；随着林分生长发育，瓦斯乐斯卡指数总体呈现降低趋势，在5年林分显著高于40年。相关分析表明，瓦斯乐斯卡指数与土壤pH值呈正相关，植物寄生线虫密度及相对丰度与土壤总碳含量、土壤碳磷比呈正相关。结论: 在亚热带杉木人工林中，植物寄生线虫在数量上占据优势地位；杉木人工林长期种植改变了土壤线虫群落结构，尤其提高了植物寄生线虫相对丰度，可能对森林土壤健康和植物正常生长产生不利影响。

关键词: 人工林, 线虫, 土壤食物网, 土壤健康, 红壤

Abstract:

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the changes of soil nematode community structure in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with different forest ages in subtropical region, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of C. lanceolata plantation. Method: C. lanceolata plantations at five different forest ages (5, 8, 21, 27, 40 a) were selected as research object using a space-for-time substitution approach. Soil nematodes were isolated and extracted using the platter method. The species and genera of soil nematodes were identified, and the density of total nematodes, the relative abundances of various nutritional nematode groups were determined simultaneously. The Shannon diversity (H′), the maturity indexes of plant parasities (PPI) and the Wasilewska index (WI) were calculated as well. The changes of soil nematode community structure in C. lanceolata plantations with different ages were analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scale (NMDS). Result: 1) A total of 9 872 nematodes, were isolated, belonging to 68 genera, and the dominant genus was different at the different stand ages of C. lanceolata. The genus, Meloidogyne, was predominant in all forest stands except for the young stage of C. lanceolate. 2) The total density and diversity of soil nematodes did not change significantly in the all stand developmental stages. There were differences in community structure of soil nematodes between 40-year-old stand and 5-year-old and 8-year-old stands, indicating that the development of C. lanceolata plantation had changed the structure of soil nematode community. The relative abundance of plant parasitic nematodes was the highest, followed by omnivores-predators and bacterivores, and the relative abundance of fungivores was the lowest. The relative abundance of plant parasites decreased first and then increased, reaching the lowest in 8 years. The relative abundance of fungivores was the highest in 5 years, and decreased with the increment of the stand age of C. lanceolata. The development of C. lanceolata plantation had changed the relative abundance of plant parasities as well as the density of fungivores. However, there was no significant difference in the relative abundance and density of bacterivores or omnivores-predators with the development of C. lanceolate. 3) The maturity indexes of plant parasites decreased first, reaching the lowest in 21 years, and then increased with the development of C. lanceolata. The Wasilewska indexes in 5-year-old stand were significantly higher than those in 40-year-old stand. The WI value showed a decreasing trend with the development of stand ages. The correlation analysis showed that the Wasilewska index was positively correlated with soil pH, and the density and relative abundance of parasitic nematodes were positively correlated with the soil total carbon and carbon phosphorus ratio, respectively. Conclusion: In subtropical Chinese fir plantation, plant parasitic nematodes occupy a dominant position in quantity. The long-term plantation of C. lanceolata has changed the soil nematode community structure, especially triggering a dominant role of the plant parasites, which could probably result in adverse effects on soil health and plant growth. More attention should be paid to the study of soil nematode community structure and underlying mechanisms for the sustainable management of C. lanceolata plantations in subtropical China.

Key words: plantation, nematode, soil food web, soil health, red soil

中图分类号:

S714.3

郑荧枫,王建青,邹秉章,王思荣,施秀珍,余再鹏,黄志群. 亚热带不同林龄杉木人工林红壤线虫群落结构特征[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(2): 80-88.

Yingfeng Zheng,Jianqing Wang,Bingzhang Zou,Sirong Wang,Xiuzhen Shi,Zaipeng Yu,Zhiqun Huang. Nematodes Community Structure in Red Soil of Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations with Different Ages in Subtropical China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(2): 80-88.

图/表 8

表1

表2

不同林龄杉木人工林土壤线虫属的平均丰度"

土壤线虫营养类群及属 Soil nematode trophic groups and genera	c-p值 c-p value	林龄 Forest age/a					总计 Total
土壤线虫营养类群及属 Soil nematode trophic groups and genera	c-p值 c-p value	5	8	21	27	40	总计 Total
食细菌线虫 Bacterivores
原杆属 Protorhabditis	1	0.72	2.56	0.61	0.18	0.47	0.91
中杆属 Mesorhabditis	1	0.65	3.38	1.77	0.18	0.88	1.37
小杆属 Rhabditis	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.29	0.00	0.06
盆咽属 Panagrolaimus	1	0.00	0.40	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.08
单宫属 Monhystera	1	0.00	0.32	0.55	0.00	0.00	0.17
地单宫属 Geomonhystera	1	0.60	0.00	1.29	4.04	2.33	1.65
真单宫属 Eumonhystera	1	0.60	0.65	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.25
丽突属 Acrobeles	2	1.87	1.42	2.60	1.17	2.35	1.88
拟丽突属 Acrobeloides	2	0.44	0.32	0.30	2.76	2.05	1.17
板唇属 Chiloplacus	2	0.18	0.00	0.25	0.00	0.00	0.09
头叶属 Cephalobus	2	0.27	0.65	0.25	0.52	0.17	0.37
真头叶属 Eucephalobus	2	0.65	0.73	1.54	0.00	0.29	0.64
唇绕线属 Chiloplectus	2	0.00	0.32	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.06
绕线属 Plectus	2	1.49	0.00	0.30	0.52	0.17	0.50
拟绕线属 Anaplectus	2	0.81	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.16
威尔斯属 Wilsonema	2	0.00	0.00	0.26	0.00	0.00	0.05
柱咽属 Cylindrolaimus	3	0.18	2.29	1.01	0.54	0.82	0.97
巴氏属 Bastiania	3	0.78	0.00	3.57	0.00	0.00	0.87
棱咽属 Prismatolaimus	3	4.11	1.88	0.61	4.25	2.41	2.65
杆咽属 Rhabdolaimus	3	0.30	0.32	0.50	0.00	0.00	0.22
无咽属 Alaimus	4	0.27	1.58	0.85	0.47	0.27	0.69
食真菌线虫 Fungivores
真滑刃属 Aphelenchus	2	0.76	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.15
丝尾垫刃属 Filenchus	2	18.02	3.53	5.84	4.54	5.59	7.50
拟矛线属 Dorylaimoides	4	2.13	0.00	0.30	0.00	0.17	0.52
短矛属 Doryllium	4	0.53	0.32	0.00	0.18	0.00	0.21
瘤咽属 Tylencholaimellus	4	0.48	0.00	0.49	0.00	0.00	0.19
垫咽属 Tylencholaimus	4	1.01	5.87	3.64	1.24	2.10	2.77
植物寄生线虫 Plant parasites
垫刃属 Tylenchus	2	0.83	0.52	3.08	1.71	3.36	1.90
滑刃属 Aphelenchoides	2	1.04	2.92	1.36	0.69	0.17	1.24
茎属 Ditylenchus	2	7.66	7.10	9.13	2.64	3.64	6.03
裸矛属 Psilenchus	2	0.69	0.58	0.30	0.00	0.29	0.37
角头属 Tylocephalus	2	0.18	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.04
针属 Paratylenchus	2	1.56	1.76	5.29	0.55	0.44	1.92
矮化属 Tylenchorhynchus	3	0.30	0.00	0.26	0.00	0.17	0.15
螺旋属 Helicotylenchus	3	6.54	3.57	2.00	2.84	1.84	3.36
轮属 Criconemoides	3	2.93	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.59
环属 Criconema	3	1.36	1.58	2.33	0.47	0.44	1.24
鞘属 Hemicycliophora	3	0.30	0.00	0.26	0.00	0.00	0.11
短体属 Pratylenchus	3	1.55	0.00	0.30	0.35	0.71	0.58
异皮属 Heterodera	3	0.00	0.00	2.42	5.38	8.73	3.31
根结属 Meloidogyne	3	7.13	11.63	15.88	21.91	23.21	15.95
潜根属 Hirschmanniella	3	0.54	0.00	0.30	0.36	0.65	0.37
短体长针属 Longidorella	4	0.78	0.80	0.30	0.00	0.00	0.38
缢咽属 Axonchium	5	1.48	2.42	1.27	1.40	0.82	1.48
剑属 Xiphinema	5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.47	1.60	0.41
长针属 Longidorus	5	0.50	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.10
颚针属 Belondira	5	0.00	0.32	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.06
捕食-杂食线虫 Omnivores-predators
三孔属 Tripyla	3	0.66	1.49	1.03	0.71	0.64	0.91
真矛线属 Eudorylaimus	4	2.46	1.32	0.82	2.51	0.97	1.62
单齿属 Mononchus	4	1.16	0.26	0.00	0.00	1.15	0.51
基齿属 Iotonchus	4	4.11	4.45	2.56	7.16	4.94	4.64
等齿属 Miconchus	4	2.14	3.98	3.25	4.05	3.40	3.36
螫属 Pungentus	4	5.49	11.49	8.88	9.74	9.45	9.01
微矛线属 Microdorylaimus	4	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.35	0.18	0.11
拱唇属 Labronema	4	0.00	0.00	0.25	0.18	0.00	0.09
大矛属 Enchodelus	4	0.30	0.40	0.30	0.66	0.00	0.33
伊龙属 Ironus	4	1.61	0.40	0.25	0.00	0.00	0.45
拟桑尼属 Thorneella	4	1.34	1.64	0.81	1.17	0.64	1.12
狭咽属 Discolaimium	5	0.00	0.58	0.26	0.00	0.27	0.22
穿咽属 Nygolaimus	5	0.00	0.66	0.26	0.00	0.17	0.22
小穿咽属 Nygolaimellus	5	0.18	0.00	0.00	0.35	0.00	0.11
锐咽属 Carcharolaimus	5	0.18	0.52	0.00	0.35	0.00	0.21
孔咽属 Aporcelaimus	5	1.20	0.66	1.05	0.71	0.17	0.76
前矛线属 Prodorylaimus	5	0.00	0.00	0.26	0.52	0.00	0.16
中矛线属 Mesodorylaimus	5	1.89	1.06	0.55	0.00	0.17	0.73
丝尾属 Oxydirus	5	4.24	11.32	7.21	11.16	11.52	9.09
盘咽属 Discolaimus	5	0.54	0.00	1.26	0.70	0.17	0.53

表2

图1

图2

表3

图3

表4

表5

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林龄 Forest age/a	土壤质量含水量 Soil moisture/[g·(100 g)^-1]	pH值 pH value	总碳 Total C/(g·kg^-1)	总氮 Total N/(g·kg^-1)	总磷 Total P/(mg·kg^-1)	矿质氮 Mineral N/(mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P/(mg·kg^-1)	土壤C/P Soil C/P
5	37.04±3.59a	4.73±0.05a	20.19±0.40a	1.50±0.06a	458.00±76.66ab	18.52±1.27a	3.75±1.63a	45.34±4.42ab
8	36.52±2.26a	4.70±0.05a	18.02±4.97a	1.32±0.32a	561.33±71.28a	13.53±0.46b	2.07±0.18b	33.36±7.98b
21	36.54±2.13a	4.66±0.24a	20.35±3.94a	1.51±0.20a	425.33±13.20b	15.78±1.73ab	2.67±0.52ab	47.87±6.72ab
27	42.18±7.23a	4.44±0.12a	23.45±4.94a	1.75±0.37a	397.00±51.33b	15.04±1.57b	2.25±0.40ab	58.20±10.75a
40	42.65±4.61a	4.64±0.11a	20.44±2.73a	1.44±0.25a	477.00±57.37ab	16.54±2.35ab	2.00±0.50b	42.82±0.80ab

林龄 Forest age/a	食细菌线虫 Bacterivores	食真菌线虫 Fungivores	植物寄生线虫 Plant parasites	捕食-杂食线虫 Omnivores-predators
5	83.30±26.59a	119.43±46.21a	199.51±42.62a	163.87±83.41a
8	105.00±44.08a	61.04±18.43b	205.68±53.57a	244.65±65.62a
21	111.27±51.19a	66.59±8.19b	288.84±21.97ab	192.32±56.02a
27	62.62±5.71a	28.21±13.60b	198.76±124.38a	175.21±21.46a
40	58.48±20.57a	38.72±16.77b	219.47±36.11a	163.17±36.56a

林龄 Forest age/a	H′	PPI	WI
5	2.82±0.34a	2.80±0.10ab	1.09±0.35a
8	2.97±0.03a	2.80±0.14ab	0.80±0.20ab
21	2.96±0.11a	2.62±0.12b	0.61±0.15ab
27	2.62±0.23a	2.98±0.10a	0.65±0.31ab
40	2.66±0.11a	2.94±0.10a	0.44±0.04b

项目 Item	pH	SM	TC	TN	TP	Mineral N	Available P	C/P
合计 Total	0.225	-0.400	0.144	0.102	-0.120	-0.255	0.040	0.199
BF%	0.207	-0.004	-0.019	-0.005	0.194	0.002	0.180	-0.228
FF%	0.389	-0.030	-0.006	0.057	0.036	0.442	0.470^*	0.031
PF%	-0.465	0.097	0.469^*	0.285	-0.271	0.093	-0.176	0.494*
OP%	-0.027	-0.062	-0.425	-0.317	0.120	-0.492^*	-0.357	-0.522*
BF	0.344	-0.042	-0.252	0.075	0.124	-0.112	0.147	-0.078
FF	0.102	-0.027	0.146	0.071	0.027	0.369	-0.270	0.088
PF	-0.260	-0.119	0.484^*	0.228	-0.322	-0.153	0.079	0.643^**
OP	0.383	0.231	-0.433	-0.143	0.031	-0.545^*	0.031	-0.355
H′	0.372	-0.246	-0.200	-0.201	0.144	-0.147	-0.011	-0.280
PPI	-0.354	0.314	-0.186	-0.184	-0.117	-0.118	-0.285	-0.003
WI	0.473^*	-0.100	-0.076	-0.078	0.122	0.226	0.425	-0.312

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