间伐对'凤丹’牡丹生长、籽粒产量及品质的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20220117

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究不同间伐强度对油用牡丹'凤丹’植株生长发育、不同冠层的光合性能、籽粒产量及油脂品质的影响, 为油用牡丹人工林质量精准提升和可持续利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。方法: 以河南省沁阳市试验基地2013年10月定植的'凤丹’牡丹人工林为研究对象, 初植密度为57 000株·hm^-2。2017年进入丰产期, 果荚成熟后调查发现, 高密条件下遮荫导致弱苗死亡, 保有密度为46 800株·hm^-2, 于2018年3月13日发芽后进行人工间伐, 间伐强度为0%(CK)、17%(A)、35%(B)、47%(C)和62%(D)。2019年测定植株的生长状况、冠层光合参数、产量性状等指标。结果: 1) 间伐对'凤丹’植株的生长状况、光合特性、籽粒产量与品质均有显著影响(P < 0.05)。单株植株叶面积随间伐强度的增大依次比对照增加7.0%、11.9%、21.2%和25.1%。单株冠幅、开花数量、花径、新生叶片数、叶夹角、新生枝条数呈现相同的变化趋势, 株高趋势则相反。2) 叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量、净光合速率(P_n)、SOD与CAT活性在冠层间表现为: 上层>中层>下层, MDA含量表现趋势相反, 间伐明显改善了'凤丹’冠层光能分布, 提高了叶片的光合性能。3) 单株结果数、单株籽粒数以及单株果荚质量随间伐强度的增大逐渐升高, 百粒质量和籽粒产量呈先升高后降低的趋势, 以间伐强度47%效果最好, 比CK增产47.97%, 显著高于其他处理(P < 0.05)。牡丹籽仁脂肪酸组份与含量没有显著差异, 但总维生素E含量随着间伐强度呈现先增加后下降的过程, 间伐强度47%的牡丹籽仁维生素E各组分与含量均高于其他处理, 间伐后籽粒粗脂肪、淀粉和蛋白质含量均有显著改变。结论: 通过间伐降低油用牡丹的群体密度, 能够调节群体条件下冠层光能分布、改善个体营养状况和降低空间竞争压力, 保持油用牡丹高产稳产的生产性能, 中等强度(47%)的间伐调控'凤丹’牡丹人工林群体结构的效果最好。间伐是调控'凤丹’牡丹群体光合性能和籽粒产量与品质的有效措施。

关键词: 油用牡丹, '凤丹’, 间伐, 生长状况, 光合特性, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

Objective: In this study, the effects of different thinning intensity on plant growth, photosynthetic performance of different canopies, grain yield and oil quality of high density oil tree peony 'Fengdan' were investigated, which aimed to provide theoretical basis and technical support for accurate promotion and sustainable utilization of oil tree peony plantation. Method: This experiment was conducted in Qinyang experimental base of Henan Province, where the 'Fengdan' peony plantation was planted in October 2013. The initial planting density was 57 000 trees·hm^-2. In 2017, the 'Fengdan' peony entered the high-yield period, and when the fruits were ripe, it was founded that shading resulted in the death of the weak seedlings under high density condition. The actual density of the seedlings was 46 800 plants·hm^-2. In March 2018, after bud sprouting, thinnings were conducted with different intensities of 0% (CK), 17% (A), 35% (B), 47% (C) and 62% (D), respectively. The growth status, canopy photosynthetic parameters and yield traits and other indexes of plants were measured in 2019. Result: 1) Thinning had significant effects on the growth status, photosynthetic characteristics, grain yield and quality of 'Fengdan' (P < 0.05). The leaf area of the plant increased by 7.0%, 11.9, % 21.2% and 25.1% compared with the CK for the thinning intensities of A to D. The crown width, number of flowers, flower diameter, number of new leaves, leaf angle and number of new branches of plants showed the same change trend, while the tendency of plant height was the opposite. 2) Contents of leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein, rate of net photosynthetic (P_n), activities of SOD and CAT in the canopy layers were as follows: upper > middle > lower. The change of MDA content of leaves displayed opposite trend. Thinning significantly improved canopy light energy distribution and leaf photosynthetic performance. 3) The number of fruits, the number of grains and the quality of fruit pods per plant gradually increased with the increase of thinning intensity. The 100 grain mass and grain yield first increased and then decreased. The effect of 47% thinning intensity was the best, which grain yield was 47.97% higher than that of CK, and also significantly higher than other treatments (P < 0.05). There were not any differences in the fatty acid composition and content of tree peony kernel, but the total VE content first increased and then decreased with the thinning intensity. The components and content of VE in tree peony kernel treated with 47% thinning intensity were higher than those of other treatments, and the crude fat, starch and protein contents of the kernel also changed significantly with different thinning intensity. Conclusion: Reduction of the population density of oil tree peony through thinning can adjust the distribution of canopy light energy under growth stages, improve individual nutritional status and reduce space competition pressure, and maintain high and stable production performance of oil tree peony. It is most beneficial to improve the population structure of 'Fengdan' plantation by thinning in the range of medium intensity. The results suggest that thinning is an effective measure to promote photosynthetic performance, grain yield and quality of tree peony 'Fengdan'.

Key words: oil tree peony, 'Fengdan', thinning, growth state, photosynthetic characteristics, grain yield

中图分类号:

张梦娇,史帅营,刘政安,朱学玲,范昆,史国安. 间伐对'凤丹’牡丹生长、籽粒产量及品质的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(1): 162-174.

Mengjiao Zhang,Shuaiying Shi,Zheng Liu,Xueling Zhu,Kun Fan,Guoan Shi. Effects of Different Thinning Intensity on Growth, Grain Yield, and Quality of Tree Penoy'Fengdan'[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(1): 162-174.

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间伐强度 Thinning intensity	单株开花数 Flowers per plant/(N·plant^-1)	位一花径 First-flower diameter/ cm	位二花径 Second-flower diameter/ cm	位三花径 Third-flower diameter/ cm	位四花径 Fourth-flower diameter/ cm
CK	9.2±1.4cB	12.89±1.92cB	11.77±2.21	8.50±1.58c
A	11.7±1.4bcAB	14.33 ±2.76bB	13.21±2.69	11.11±2.80b
B	13.9±1.2aAB	13.97±1.94bB	12.65±1.91	12.19±2.06ab	10.60±2.12
C	14.9±1.4aA	15.89 ±1.93aA	14.12 ±1.83	12.35±2.34a	9.30±0.85
D	13.9±1.5abAB	16.40 ±1.76aA	14.59±2.12	12.98±1.72a

间伐强度 Thinning intensity	单株新生枝条数 New branch number/plant^-1	新生枝粗度 New branch width/mm	新生枝条长度 New branch length/cm	单株新生叶片数 Number of leaves per plant/(N·plant^-1)
CK	8.6±0.6b	6.85±0.2c	36.0±1.3bB	78.2±12.5d
A	9.2±0.8b	7.22±0.27b	36.6±1.4bAB	103.0±12.8c
B	9.8±0.8ab	7.52±0.29ab	38.1±2.3abAB	137.2±14.7b
C	10.6±0.9a	7.65±0.29a	39.2±1.9aAB	133.0±13.5b
D	10.8±0.8a	7.76±0.27a	39.6±1.6aA	153.2±11.9a

间伐强度 Thinning intensity	叶片位置Leaf position
间伐强度 Thinning intensity	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th
CK	51.0±4.2	48.2±3.4d	49.2±4.3c	48.0±5.7c	54.0±3.1c	50.0±3.5d	48.6±3.4c	56.3±4.8c	56.7±2.9c
A	51.0±2.2	52.8±2.6c	54.2±1.6bc	50.2±2.0bc	57.6±2.5bc	53.2±2.2cd	48.0±2.7c	53.0±5.7d	53.8±3.9d
B	53.3±4.1	53.5±2.9c	58.3±5.2ab	55.7±3.8b	58.3±4.1bc	57.5±4.2bc	53.8±4.8b	55.0±5.0c	58.3±5.8ab
C	51.0±2.2	58.2±2.5b	61.0±4.2a	60.6±3.3a	64.0±6.5b	59.0±2.2b	53.0±2.7b	58.0±2.7b	57.5±2.9b
D	52.1±2.7	60.7±4.2a	61.7±3.5a	66.4±3.0a	74.3±2.2a	65.0±5.0a	61.3±2.5a	63.3±2.9a	60.0±5.0a

月份 Months	间伐强度 Thinning intensity	上层 Upper	中层 Middle	下层 Lower
5月May	CK	1.92±0.06bB	1.38±0.09C	1.19±0.02bB
	A	2.02±0.02aAB	1.42±0.04C	1.27±0.06aAB
	B	2.00±0.05aAB	1.45±0.09C	1.30±0.05aAB
	C	2.04±0.03aA	1.92±0.04B	1.32±0.07aA
	D	2.07±0.05aA	2.05±0.01A	1.33±0.03aA
6月June	CK	1.04±0.08C	0.95±0.05C	0.90±0.01C
	A	1.21±0.03B	0.97±0.06C	0.92±0.04C
	B	1.32±0.08B	1.20±0.04B	0.95±0.04C
	C	1.50±0.03A	1.35±0.03A	1.12±0.01B
	D	1.51±0.02A	1.37±0.05A	1.21±0.04A
7月July	CK	0.83±0.03dC	0.89±0.07cB	0.68±0.06cB
	A	0.93±0.07cC	1.00±0.03bB	0.70±0.04cB
	B	1.05±0.04bB	1.20±0.05aA	0.76±0.03bAB
	C	1.18±0.05aA	1.27±0.04aA	0.84±0.03aA
	D	0.89±0.02cdC	0.97±0.05bcB	0.83±0.04aA

月份 Months	间伐强度 Thinning intensity	SOD活性SOD activity/(U·g^-1min^-1)			CAT活性CAT activity/(U·g^-1min^-1)
月份 Months	间伐强度 Thinning intensity	上层 Upper	中层 Middle	下层 Lower	上层 Upper	中层 Middle	下层 Lower
5月May	CK	271.73±3.63b	266.2±3.13	236.31±10.34c	10.38±0.83	6.58±1.18b	6.34±0.66b
	A	270.81±8.96b	267.58±2.74	254.28±4.26b	10.16±1.29	6.72±0.91b	6.66±1.46b
	B	279.36±5.26ab	267.78±1.29	254.22±5.05b	10.54±0.33	7.62±1.08b	7.00±1.66b
	C	280.48±4.19ab	269.62±1.34	267.12±2.25a	10.48±1.09	8.00±0.44b	7.74±0.45ab
	D	287.13±2.43a	269.62±4.89	267.71±2.91a	10.72±0.92	10.70±0.36a	9.46±0.76a
6月June	CK	233.61±5.54B	211.30±2.47d	206.10±3.02b	5.30±0.25	5.02±0.5b	3.34±0.35cC
	A	232.83±1.57B	227.62±3.15c	212.95±16.02ab	5.34±0.97	5.44±0.09ab	4.22±0.33bBC
	B	236.05±5.04B	230.06±2.09c	213.08±4.72ab	5.44±0.56	6.22±0.21ab	5.68±0.55aA
	C	234.54±3.82B	237.37±1.49b	216.17±2.00ab	5.56±0.39	6.60±1.28a	5.78±0.5aA
	D	251.85±3.21A	247.96±4.05a	225.52±4.64a	5.70±0.81	5.86±0.28ab	5.36±0.31aAB
7月July	CK	103.08±1.72cdBC	99.46±2.20C	84.91±5.63dC	2.56±0.72bc	4.16±0.81	3.24±0.74cB
	A	111.05±2.69bcAB	117.10±8.88B	92.81±7.41cdBC	3.78±0.82ab	4.92±0.75	4.12±0.43bcAB
	B	114.8±4.42abAB	117.70±4.52B	100.84±1.61bcB	3.82±0.85ab	4.74±0.57	4.78±0.28abA
	C	123.29±12.62aA	140.87±6.9A	118.03±2.18aA	3.96±0.52a	4.86±0.52	4.76±0.09abA
	D	92.81±4.89dC	114.21±2.47B	103.81±2.37bB	2.82±0.47c	5.42±0.07	5.20±0.52aA