Objectve: Aim of this study was to identify potential geographic areas in China suitable for growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis and to predict changes in response to climate change through simulation using the maximum entropy model. The major ecological factors affecting the distribution of E. camaldulensis in China were also analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable development of E. camaldulensis plantations in China. Method: Climate, soil and topographic data from landscapes across China, and data from current locations of successful E. camaldulensis plantations in China, as well as data from the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change were used to develop a MaxEnt model for predicting potentially suitable geographic areas for E. camaldulensis for different scenarios of current and future climate conditions in 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 respectively associated with low, medium, and high greenhouse gas emission. Ecological data from natural distribution of E. camaldulensis in Australia were compared to data from areas identified as being highly suited to this species in China. The dominant environmental factors affecting the distribution of E. camaldulensis were analyzed by Jackknife test to compare the ecological similarity between the natural distribution in Australia and highly suitable areas in China. Result: The model developed had a high precision, with the area under the curve (AUC) as training data and testing data being 0.939 and 0.847 respectively. The majority of the highly suitable areas (existence probability>0.66) identified for E. camaldulensis are concentrated in southeastern coastal hilly areas, Nanling mountain and western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Under different climate change scenarios, the areas highly suited to E. camaldulensis are expected to increase significantly by 2070, and the largest increases occur for scenarios with lower greenhouse gases emission levels (RCP 2.6) and with the most sensitive response. The area highly suitable for the species in the southeastern coastal hilly areas fluctuate slightly in latitudinal direction, the areas highly suitable for Nanling mountain expand internally and highly suitable areas in western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau expand to lower latitudes along the river systems. By the Jackknife test, the dominant ecological factors affecting the distribution of E. camaldulensis were found to be mean temperature of the driest quarter, seasonal temperature variance, maximum temperature of the warmest month, altitude, precipitation of the warmest quarter, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter, annual precipitation, slope, aspect and solar radiation. Collectively, these factors account for over 87.0% of the variation in suitable areas. Seasonal temperature variance, maximum temperature of the warmest month, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, altitude, and aspect range in areas identified as highly suitable for E. camaldulensis in China are similar to those in the natural distribution in Australia. Conclusion: The potentially high-suitability areas identified for E. camaldulensis are mainly concentrated in three regions in China, the southeastern coastal hilly areas, Nanling mountain, and western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Under future climate change, E. camaldulensis is expected to become suited to wider areas in the three regions. The mean temperature of the driest and warmest quarter, seasonal temperature variance, maximum temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the warmest quarter and annual precipitation, altitude, slope, aspect, and solar radiation are important environmental factors determining the distribution of E. camaldulensis. Even so, compared with the natural distribution, precipitation of the warmest quarter and annual precipitation in suitable areas of China are 2.24 and 2.10 times higher respectively, and these conditions in China favor rapid growth of E. camaldulensis.

Objectve: The paper was aimed to reveal the effect of urban forest in urban areas of Beijing through an analysis of current level of tree canopy in urban areas of Beijing and its variation at different spatial and temporal scales, aiming to discuss the influencing factors of urban tree canopy in residential areas from various aspects, and provide some useful references for urban forest development in residential areas in Beijing and other cities. Method: Based on the 2013 World View 2 satellite imagery of Beijing urban areas from July to September, 2013, and the raster and vector data of urban tree canopy in Beijing 2013 by eCognition 9.0 software was used as data sources. The residential area was selected according to the method of stratified sampling and ecological gradient sampling, and the principle of spatial equilibrium. With the spatial information of urban tree canopy in the sample plots was obtained from ArcGIS platform. In line with field investigation, we discuss temporal and spatial variation of urban tree canopy in urban residential areas of Beijing. Result: The coverage rate of the urban tree canopy of urban residential areas in Beijing was 29.67% of which in different types of residential areas presents as follows:affiliated residential areas(33.96%) > commodity residential areas(30.06%) > resettlement residential areas(20.77%). In different time periods, urban tree canopy of residential areas increased from 29.21% prior to 1980 to 30.7% after 2010. In spatial distribution, the urban tree canopy of residential areas showed that the highest was the northwest of Beijing(40.22%), while the lowest was the eastern part(24.96%). On the loop segment, the urban tree canopy rises in gradient from 21.99% in the second ring to 31.04% in the 1 km outside the 5-6 ring. In the administrative division, it presents that the canopy coverage rate in suburban periphery is higher than that in downtown. The potential urban tree canopy coverage rate was 0.22%, with a small patch of greening land existing in the suburbs. Various factors have an impact on the urban tree canopy in the residential areas, such as the category, completion time, distribution location of residential areas. And it's related to the development of real estate market and urban greening process. Meanwhile, indicators such as plot ratio, housing price, number of households and urban forest structure also have different impacts on urban tree canopy. Conclusion: A certain disparity remains in urban tree canopy coverage was a little lower compared to that of Beijing city as a whole(39.53%). Due to the low potential urban tree canopy coverage, it devitalizes the greening development. In spatial, the tree canopy coverage of urban residential area increases with the expansion of the ring roads while the canopy coverage rate decreases as urbanization increases. In time, remarkable outcomes have achieved in greening process with accelerating urban tree canopy coverage.

Objectve: Sinobambusa tootsik f. luteoloalbostriata is a bamboo species with creeping rhizomes, various levels of leave variegation and small- or medium-diameter stems, and has high ornamental value. This study aims to investigate the influence in photosynthetic capacity caused by variation in photosynthetic pigment content of four phenotypes of S.tootsik f. luteoloalbostriata cultivation, to lay a certain foundation for the cultivation and breeding of the bamboos with leave variegation. Method: Two-year-old seedlings of S. tootsik f. luteoloalbostriata were taken as materials. Photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the leaves of four phenotypes, including the whole green leaves, green leaves with white stripes, white leaves with green stripes and whole white leaves, were measured, and ultrastructure of green and white mesophyll cells were observed as well. Result: There was a significant difference in photosynthetic pigment content among four phenotypes, and it showed a significant reduction trend as the green area decreased in the leaves. The organelles of green mesophyll cells in S. tootsik f. luteoloalbostriata mesophyll were compact and intact, the chloroplast was well developed, and the membrane system was also well developed. In most white mesophyll cells, no complete chloroplast was found. Instead, degraded chloroplasts and etioplasts were found. The chlorophyll content was positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency, but negatively correlated with the intercellular CO₂ concentration. The original light energy capacity was low in white leaves due to the lack of PSⅡ reaction center, and a series self-protection of light inhibition could not be carried out. Conclusion: The developmental defect of chloroplasts in white mesophyll cells of S. tootsik f. luteoloalbostriata obstructed the chlorophyll synthesis, which affected the photosynthetic ability, so that the net photosynthetic rate was negative. With a poor self-protection mechanism, white leaves are easy to be burned under strong light, so appropriate shade is needed.

Objectve: This study aims to investigate the pattern of shoot emergence and degradation and the characteristics of nutrient quality changes during degradation of Phyllostachys edulis' Pachyloen', so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of degraded bamboo shoots. Method: In this study, we monitored the height growth of P. edulis' Pachyloen' shoots, and counted the number of emergence and degraded shoots and analyzed the pattern of the shoot emergence and degradation. In addition, the contents of nutrients (basic nutrients were determined by ordinary chemical composition analysis method, mineral elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, amino acids were determined by automatic amino acid analyzer) were measured and the change pattern of nutrients was analyzed during the degradation of bamboo shoots. Result: 1) There were 1171, 818 and 575 shoots, respectively in 2015, 2017 and 2018. The annual shoot emergence of P. edulis' Pachyloen' presented a normal distribution curve, and the percentage of degraded shoots increased from the early stage to the late stage of shooting. The height of degraded shoots was mainly below 50 cm, among which the proportion of degraded shoots below 30 cm was 69.81%, 83.60% and 86.09%, respectively in 2015, 2017 and 2018. The height growth of degraded shoots was lower than that of normal shoots in the same time, indicating that the physiological metabolism in degraded shoots is slow. 2) The contents of crude protein, soluble sugar and starch in degraded shoots were lower than those in normal shoots, while the contents of ash and acid detergent fiber were higher than those in normal shoots. The contents of different mineral elements ranged from high to low were:P > Mg > Ca > Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu. There were 17 kinds of amino acids in both degraded and normal shoots, and the total amino acid contents of degraded shoots was significantly lower than that of normal shoots, and decreased with the degree of degradation. Besides, there was no significant difference in the total amount of amino acids between the middle and late stages of degradation. Conclusion: P. edulis' Pachyloen' emerged many shoots every year, and there was no obvious difference in the shoot number between on-year and off-year, indicating that it is more suitable for cultivating high-quality bamboo forest and has higher value of economy. The percentage of degraded shoots of P. edulis' Pachyloen' was generally high, and the degradation mainly occurred within 50 cm in shoot height, which is consistent to that of P. edulis. The results indicated that the shoots of P. edulis' Pachyloen' degraded mainly in the early stage of height growth. The findings can be used as a theoretical basis for the cutting height of degraded shoots. P. edulis' Pachyloen' degraded shoots are still rich in proteins, amino acids, mineral elements, and so on, thus it has high edible value, and timely utilization of degraded shoots can effectively improve bamboo production value.

Objectve: This study was designed to investigate the effect of melatonin on lignin formation, scavenging-enzyme activity, and transcription-factor expression in Phyllostachys prominens shoots stored at 4℃. Method: We investigated the changes in the firmness, yellowness and brightness, lignin and cellulose contents, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, as well as the gene expression of NAC and MYB transcription factors in bamboo shoots of P. prominens during the different storage time (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 d) under low temperature (4℃) with or without melatonin (1.0 mmol·L^-1) treatment conditions. Result: Compared with the control, the exogenous melatonin slowed down the rate of hardening and yellowing of the shoots, and reduced lignin and cellulose contents, which proved that it effectively retarded shoot lignification. Furthermore, melatonin treatment inhibited PAL and POD activities significantly, while it enhanced SOD, CAT, and APX activities at different storage stages. Additionally, transcription factors of MYB20, MYB63, MYB85, SND2 and VND7 from the NAC and MYB families were up-regulated, MYB42, MYB43, NST1 and KNAST7 were down-regulated during postharvest storage of the bamboo shoots, and melatonin treatment inhibited the expression of MYB20, MYB42 and KNAT7, while induced the expression ofMYB43, MYB63, MYB85 and SND2 to some extent. Conclusion: These results indicate that melatonin treatment can effectively delay the occurrence of lignification in the process of postharvest low-temperature storage of P. prominens shoots. The delaying effect of postharvest bamboo shoot lignification was mainly attributed to reduction of activities of lignin biosynthesis-related enzymes and improvement of antioxidant capacity of bamboo shoots. Moreover, exogenous melatonin may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of the lignification process of bamboo shoots.

Objectve: 'Fengdan'(Paeonia ostii) is a new woody oil crop. It is not clear about the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry and source-sink structure in this plant species. This study compared the seasonal variations of C, N, P, and soluble sugar concentrations and allocations, as well as the ratios of C:N, C:P and N:P in different organs of 'Fengdan' in an annual cycle at different stages of development, in order to lay a foundation for the analysis of its yield composition and provide a guidance for the cultivation and management of oil peony. Method: A destructive strategy was applied to sample roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of 4-, 6-, and 8-year-old plants from Tongling peony garden in Anhui Province at the stage of bud dormancy, flowering, fruit mature, and defoliation. The dynamic changes of C, N, P and soluble sugar concentrations in those samples were measured, and then the allocation and stoichiometry dynamics were analyzed. Result: The results showed that:1) all organs had a similar seasonal dynamics of C content, and it increased with tree age. N content in roots and stems had a similar seasonal variation, and it also increased with tree age. Whereas N contents in leaves of different plant ages had a similar changing trend, and it reached the highest values at flowering stage. There were differences in P concentrations in both different organs and different plant ages. 2) The C:N ratio in all Fengdan organs increased first and then decreased in the annual cycle, which was significantly influenced by tree age. The change trend of C:P ratio over seasons in all organs was different. The C:P ratio in roots and stems was 6 a > 8 a > 4 a. The C:P ratio in leaves presented difference only at flowering stage, with 4 a < 6 a < 8 a. The C:P ratio of reproductive organs was 6 a > 8 a > 4 a. In the annual cycle, the N:P ratio of 'Fengdan' decreased gradually. The N:P ratio in all organs ranged from 2.71 to 7.62, and was 6 a > 4 a > 8 a. 3) At dormancy and defoliation stages, C, N, and P were all equally allocated to root and stem. At flowering and fruit mature stages, C was evenly portioned to each organ, whereas N and P were relatively more distributed in leaves and reproductive organs. The effects of plant age on the element allocations were different among C, N and P. 4) There was significantly difference in soluble sugar concentration among different organs. Soluble sugar concentration in source or sink structure was used to indirectly express the source or sink strength, and then to estimate the ratio of source:sink. At the beginning of annual cycle (at dormancy stage), the source structure was root and stem, and it was leaf at flowering and fruiting stages when reproductive organs (flower or fruits) were the main sink structure. At the same time the sink structure included root and stem, as well as flower and fruit. Six-year-old plants had the biggest source strength and eight-year-old plants had the biggest sink strength. Six-year-old plants had the highest source:sink ratio at flowering stage, whereas 4-year-old plants had the highest source:sink ratio at fruiting stage. Conclusion: Stoichiometry and source-sink structure of 'Fengdan' varied with plant development and growth stages, and were influenced by tree age. N was a limiting factor for plant growth in 'Fengdan', and appropriate addition of N was able to increase seed yield of oil peony.

Objectve: Lots of studies have shown that there are differences in the distribution of cytokinins in Phyllostachys edulis different internodes which are growing fast, which may be one of the main causes of rapid growth of P. edulis. So the study was intended to explore the effect of expression patterns of cytokinin-related key genes in the rapid growth of P. edulis shoot, and provide a theoretical basis for further elucidation of the rapid growth mechanism. Method: We extracted cytokinin-related gene families by the retrieval of Arabidopsis thaliana genome database, Oryza sativa genome database and KEGG metabolic pathway. The cytokinin-related key genes were identified by NCBI, Pfam and SMART online. The P. edulis genome database was blasted with the obtained cytokinin-related key gene family to extract P. edulis related key genes. The evolutionary relationships of homologous proteins were analyzed by constructing phylogenetic trees and motifs of homologous proteins. The expression patterns of cytokinin-related gene and their effects on the rapid growth of P. edulis were investigated by qRT-PCR with different internode tissues of rapidly growing P. edulis. Result: There are five cytokinin-related key gene families including isopentenyl-transferases family, cytokinin oxidase family, histidine kinases family, histidine phosphotransferase family and response regulator family. The cytokinin-related key genes of P. edulis is more closely phylogenetic to rice genes. The motifs of gene families in Arabidopsis, rice, and P. edulis are highly conserved, but some homologous genes show species-specific. The expression of five key gene families were specifically analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the expression level of the PhIPT2 was higher in young internodes and the PhIPT1 decreased slightly; while the expression level of PhCKXs decreased gradually; the expression level of receptor gene PhHKs was not stable in different internodes of P. edulis; the expression level of the transporter PhHPs increased slightly with the younger internodes; the expression level of the response regulator PhRRs increased and decreased between different internodes. Conclusion: The most cytokinin-related key genes are highly conserved in structure and biological function, but some of them are species-specific in structure and evolution. The expression patterns of cytokinin-related key genes in P. edulis shoot were studied, and the content of cytokinin in the morphologically upper part of P. edulis was higher than that in morphologically lower part. Therefore, we supposed that cytokinin plays a major biological function in the rapid growth of P. edulis, and regulates the growth and thickening of stems.

Objectve: In order to ensure the survival rate of sandalwood (Santalum album) and the quality of heartwood in later period, this paper proposed an image segmentation method of sandalwood and a soil available nitrogen nutrition method which was expected to provide a time-saving method to monitor the growth of sandalwood. Method: Converting an image from RGB to a HSI system, then Otsu method to S and I channel was applied in this study. Combining the advantages of the above channels and image filtering method as well as morphological operation method, the sandalwood leaves were segmented from complex background. Using RGB, HSI and Lab systems, the color mean values of leaf images were calculated respectively, and soil available nitrogen content prediction models were built under different fertilization levels and under all levels. For each color system, the mean value of single channel of sandalwood leaves was taken as an independent variable, and the available nitrogen content of each sandalwood tree was taken as a dependent variable to establish a quadratic polynomial of three variables. By calculating the model validation index of fitting data and validation data, the best model was determined. Result: 1) In sandalwood segmentation method under complex background, the S channel could divide the green plants into a whole part, while the I channel could distinguish sandalwood leaves from the other plant leaves. The combination of the two channels could successfully remove most of the background. Combining 7×7 median filter, morphological operation and super G factor, the foreground was extracted more accurately. The pixel number error of this algorithm was within 5%, and the average error of each color channel was controlled within 2%, which showed that the segmentation algorithm was feasible. 2) When building the prediction model of soil available nitrogen content, we compared the prediction result of different color systems. It was found that the Lab system could reflect soil available nitrogen content more accurately under different nitrogen application levels. So dumb variable method was used to build the model, and the prediction model of soil available nitrogen content based on dumb variable was also obtained. At the same time, considering the unknown level of nitrogen application in some forest farms due to neglect of management, this study established a prediction equation at the full level. The result showed that the Lab system was still the best one. The parameter test of the two models presented significant result, indicating that the effects were relatively ideal. Conclusion: The sandalwood leaves could be extracted accurately by combining the characteristics of S channel and I channel in HSI color system under Otsu method, and using median filter, morphological operation and super G factor for post-processing also guaranteed the accuracy. Based on the image color parameters obtained from complex background segmentation, the diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition sandalwood was carried out in this paper. We discovered that the Lab was the best color system regardless of whether nitrogen level was divided or not, and its quadratic polynomial model presented a good prediction ability. The method proposed in this paper could quickly obtain soil nitrogen nutrient content for managers and might ensure the healthy growth of sandalwood.

Objectve: How to accurately estimate species richness in some specific area is a basic scientific question in ecological research. In this study, a 60 hm² large-scale forest dynamic plot in Jianfengling National Nature Reserve of Hainan was selected as the typical mountain rain forest for quantification of soil microbial diversity. Species richness of soil bacteria and fungi were estimated using high-throughput sequencing and statistical inference estimation methods. Method: A total of 500 soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm soil layers in each 40 m×30 m quadrat in this 60 hm² large-scale plot. Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform was used to measure the bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) rRNA gene sequences of the soil samples. Parametric estimators SAC (species accumulative curve) and SAD (species abundance distribution), and non-parametric estimators Chao2, ICE (Incidence-based Coverage Estimator) and Jackknife1 were used to estimate the OTU richness of soil microbial community in all samples, and their effectiveness was evaluated. Based on the abundance and frequency of OTU in all samples, the sample coverage was analyzed by using R package iNEXT (iNterpolation and EXTrapolation of Hill number). Result: From the 500 soil samples, the number of high-quality DNA sequences belonging to soil bacteria and fungi was 14 000 317 and 7 656 130, respectively. These sequence data were identified as 42 873 and 22 923 OTUs for soil bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Comparing the estimation results based on the five parameters and nonparametric estimators, it was found that the difference among the five estimators was small, and all of them slight overestimated the number of observed species. Non-parametric Chao2 estimator was the best estimator to accurately estimate the soil bacterial and fungal OTU richness, with 42 828 bacterial OTUs and 23 137 fungal OTUs in the 60 hm² plot. The result of iNEXT analysis showed that the number of obtained sequences and the collected soil samples in the study covered more than 99% of the microbial populations in the 60 hm² plot. In particular, abundance-based sample coverage reached 100%. Conclusion: Non-parametric Chao2 was the best estimator of all five estimators, which showed a lower extrapolation error. The iNEXT analysis showed that at least 281 soil samples and 742 767 DNA sequences were required to cover 99% of the soil bacteria OTU richness, while at least 386 soil samples and 383 189 DNA sequences were needed to estimate the OTU richness of soil fungal communities. In sum, the present study provides a basis for investigating the soil microbial diversity in a 60 hm² large-scale plot in the tropical mountain rain forest of Jianfengling, Hainan Island and provides references for estimating methods, sample volumes, and sequencing depth for better estimation of microbial diversity.

Objectve: This paper was proposed to compare the viscoelasticity of earlywood within different growth rings, and to investigate the relationships between absolutely dried density, rate of tracheid cell walls, microfibril angel and wood viscoelastic behavior, respectively, with an aim to reveal the deep mechanisms at cellular level. Method: The absolutely dried density, rate of tracheid cell walls, microfibril angel, modulus of elasticity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of earlywood within the third and sixth growth rings(heartwood)and the fourteenth and eighteenth growth rings(sapwood)were respectively measured by X-ray profile densimeter, ZEISS Imager A1 microscope, X-ray diffractometer, and dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA 2980). Result: 1) The absolutely dried density of sapwood(the fourteenth and eighteenth growth rings)was slightly higher than that of the heartwood(the third and sixth growth rings), and the rate of tracheid cell walls among the four growth rings exhibited no significant differences. With the increase of tree age, the microfibril angle decreased. 2) The elastic modulus, storage modulus and loss modulus increased with the increasing of tree age. The microfibril angle showed a significant negative correlation with elastic modulus, and the microfibril angle was a key factor affecting the stiffness and damping of earlywood. 3) In the temperature range(-120-120℃)of measurement, two mechanical relaxation processes were observed in all four growth rings earlywood. One was the α mechanical relaxation process at the temperature around 10℃, and there was no unified conclusion about its molecular movement; While the other β mechanical relaxation process at temperature around -40℃ was based on the reorientation of methylol groups in amorphous of wood cell wall. There was almost no difference in mechanical loss peak temperature among different growth rings. 4) With the testing frequency(1, 2, 5 and 10 Hz)increasing, the loss peak temperature of β mechanical relaxation process moved to a higher temperature range. But for the α mechanical relaxation process, the loss peak temperature almost did not change with the increase of testing frequency, that is to say, it had no frequency dependence. 5) Compared to the earlywood of sapwood(the fourteenth and eighteenth growth rings), the apparent activation energy of mechanical relaxation processes of the earlywood located in heartwood(the thirdth and sixth growth rings)were slightly higher, this could be because the heartwood had more extractives than sapwood for Chinese fir, and then the deposition of extractives limited the movement of molecular segments in cell walls. Conclusion: The MFA might be the key factor affecting the stiffness and damping of early wood in eralywood of different growth rings and the difference of apparent activation energy between heartwood and sapwood may be caused by the deposition of extracts.

Objectve: In this study, we analyzed the economic benefit level in different business strategies, in order to fill the gap that the industrial standard of forest musk deer breeding is not determined and the cost-benefit issue still remains unclear in forest musk deer farming industry. Method: Based on the field investigation of various typical musk deer farms in Fengxian county, Shaanxi Province, the largest breeding base of musk deer in China, we calculated costs and benefits of farms in different scales, sex ratios, business goals, and stages of development. Result: 1) There are three different modes of farms according to their business goals:producing and selling musk, producing and selling breeding stocks, both producing and selling musk and breeding stocks. According to the characteristics of production cost composition, the farms can be divided into three types:large-sized farms with more than 100 forest musk deer, medium-sized farms with 40-100, and small-sized farms with less than 40. According to different business years, there are three stages of development:start-up stage, accelerated development stage and maturity stage. 2) There are many kinds of breeding modes in Musk farms:the leading enterprises, invested by pharmaceutical companies, are large-sized farms in which production of musk is the only purpose. The companies, invested and managed by professional households, are both large-sized and medium-sized, with the purpose of concurrently operating musk and breeding stocks businesses. Smaller-sized farms, run by individual households, mainly sell breeding stocks as their start-up stage, and may also sell both musk and breeding stocks afterwards. 3) The average cost per feeding a forest musk deer is 3 963.58, 2 798.55, and 3 296.29 yuan per year, respectively for large-sized farms, medium-sized farms and small-sized farms. Large-sized farms generally have higher feeding cost than small and medium-sized farms, and do not express a scale advantage. 4) The profit level is associated with the farm scale, business goal, sex ratio and development stage. Medium-sized and small-sized farms that sell both musk and breeding stocks with female outnumbering male at accelerated development stage can gain higher profit, theoretically. 5) Leading enterprises make relatively lowest profit because of high unit production cost and the only musk production. However, when the musk produced by them will create more profits in the downstream pharmaceutical chain sector. 6) The large professional households have the most advantages in musk deer raising because of the production and management characteristics that they produce and sell both musk and breeding stocks, and have stronger anti-risk ability and higher flexibility to the market. Conclusion: Based on the analysis of business strategies of typical forest musk deer farms, we believe that forest musk deer farming industry has bright prospects. Macroscopically, although the increase of musk production has lagged behind the population growth of forest musk deer in recent year, there is a trend that operators' business goal is transferring into producing musk, which indicates that forest musk deer farming industry is approaching maturity stage. Microscopically, the development of farms is sustainable:the long-term operating farms do not showed the recession due to the aging of musk deer population. In view of the problems exposed in some cases, we suggest that:to develop breeding and utilization of endangered wild animals, we should adhere to the principle of protection first. Scientific artificial breeding should achieve two goals at the same time:protecting wild population in the field and meeting the market demand. Leading enterprises need some government support during their start-up stages to smoothly pass the difficult period of low benefit level. The government and Industry Association should guide professional investors to bear their social responsibility and reduce excessive speculation.

Objectve: The aim of this study was to test the interactive relationships about environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) between forest resources and economic growth, and to explore the path to maintain the coordinated development of forest resources and economic growth. Method: Based on the theory of EKC, and regarded the per capita forest stock volume(pfsv) as the dependent variable, the constant price per capita GDP(pgdp) as independent variable and social economic factors as control variables, using the 1996-2015 provincial panel data in China, the relationships between the amount change of forest resources and economic growth were tested. In order to select the most appropriate regression model, the general EKC model and the extended EKC model with the control variables are constructed by using the panel unit root and cointegration test method, and find the time path of inflection point of each province. Result: 1) Two types of EKC model support the pfsv and pgdp present inverted N-EKC relationship, per capita forest resources along with the increase of pgdp showed the evolution process about "decline→rise→decline", but the extended EKC model fits better, and two inflection point will reach when the pgdp reached 639.79 yuan and 33 560.58 yuan, and most provinces are in the ascent phase of the EKC curve. 2) Different control variables have different influences on amount change of forest resources, the technical progress and government investment in environmental protection are positively related with forest resources growth, and can maintain the growth of forest resources effectively, but the positive correlation between industrial structure and forest resources is not significant, while the population size is negatively related to the growth of forest resources, and population growth will encroach on the growth of the forest resources. 3) Most provinces crossed the minimum inflection point to enter the uplift channel before 1990, and the time reach the maximum inflection point between different provinces is different, which is relevant with the level of economic development on the geographical spatial, and presented as the earliest in the east, followed by the middle, the latest of the west. Conclusion: It is in the rising stage of inverted N-EKC relationships between forest resources and economic growth at present. The forest resources increase with economic growth, but the growth of forest resources will reach saturation, the per capita forest resources growth will tend to be steady. Various measures can be adopted to continue to optimize the industrial structure, increase forestry investment and introduce private capital so as to avoid declining when per capita forest resources reach the maximum inflection point, and we must guide the transition to forest quality after forest quantity reach the maximum inflection point.

Objectve: To reveal the influencing factors and mechanism of the satisfaction of farmers with the grain for green project, and to provide a scientific basis for improving the satisfaction of direct participants in the grain for green project and promoting the sustainable development of the grain for green project. Method: Based on the relevant theories, the theoretical model for the factors affecting the farmers' satisfaction with the grain for green project was constructed. Based on a survey data from 273 farmers of Heqing county of Yunnan province and Zhijin county of Guizhou province, the Amos component of Spss24.0 software was used. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the parameters of the theoretical structural equations model. Result: 1) The impact of farmers' cognition of the grain for green project on their participation and satisfaction, P value is less than 0.01, the path coefficient is 0.193 and 0.254 respectively, indicating that the farmers' cognition of the grain for green project has a significant positive impact on farmers' participation and satisfaction of the project; 2) The influence of farmers' participation in the grain for green project on their satisfaction, P value is less than 0.01, and the path coefficient is 0.607, indicating that the participation of farmers in the grain for green project has a significant positive impact on farmers' satisfaction with the grain for green project; 3)The influence of the implementation degree of the grain for green project on farmers' recognition and satisfaction, P value is less than 0.01, the coefficients are 0.425 and 0.294 respectively, indicating that the implementation of the grain for green project significantly affects the farmers' cognition and satisfaction with the project; 4) The impact of the implementation of the grain for green project on their participation, P value is 0.145, which is significantly greater than 0.05, indicating that the implementation degree of the project has no significant effect on the farmers' participation in the project. Conclusion: The cognition and participation of farmers and the implementation degree are important factors affecting the farmers' satisfaction; the implementation and the farmers' cognition have significantly affected the farmers' participation in the project; The implementation degree significantly affects the farmers' cognition and farmers' expectation of the project; the degree of cognition and participation are important mediators of the theoretical model, not only do they directly affect satisfaction, but other variables indirectly affect farmers' satisfaction with the project through the two factors. Farmers' satisfaction can be further enhanced by further improving farmers' policy awareness and recognition of the project, continuously improving compensation method, improving compensation standards, extending compensation period, strengthening technical support, and timely improving management methods and means for the grain for green project.

Objectve: The MaxEnt ecologic niche model was used to predict the potential distribution area of Populus euphratica, in order to determine the potential distribution area of P. euphratica in China, and provide scientific basis for the introducing, cultivating technology, protection, utilization, and sustainable management of P. euphratica resources. Method: Through the literature search, database search, and field investigation, the distribution site information of P. euphratica was obtained. According to the environmental characteristics of the growing area of P. euphratica and its growth characteristics, 29 environmental factors were selected, including climatic, soil, and topographic factors. Main limiting factors for the P. euphratica distribution were determined by using multiple combination, and consequently the potential distribution areas of P. euphratica in China were identified. Meanwhile, using the receiver operating characteristic curve, the model precision was tested. Result: The result showed that the total potential distribution area of P. euphratica in China was 1.328 3 million km², accounting for 14.8% of the total land area of China. The potential distribution areas were Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The optimum distribution areas were Central South Xinjiang and the Ejina Basin of west Inner Mongolia, with a total area of 231 200 km², accounting for 2.4% of the total land area of China. Among them, the optimum distribution area in Xinjiang is 224 200 km², accounting for 96% of the total optimum distribution in China. The main environmental factors affecting P. euphratica potential distribution are the precipitation of the wettest month, altitude, annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, temperature annual range, temperature seasonality. Conclusion: The optimum distribution areas of P. euphratica require the climatic conditions of mean annual air temperature of 9.4-11℃, an extreme high air temperature of 39.2-44℃, an extreme low air temperature of-17—-25℃, the annual precipitation of 32.9-43.7 mm, and the soil pH-values of 7.9-8.5 as well as the altitude around 1 000 m.The result can be used to determine the suitable areas for the introduction and cultivation of P. euphratica to avoid the losses of human labor, material and financial resources due to improper decision, and to provide a scientific basis for the future introduction, cultivation and management of P. euphratica.

Objectve: The dominant species including Populus deltoides, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus phellos, Betula nigra, and Taxodium ascendens in the three freshwater wetland plantations(broad-leaved plantation, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed plantation, coniferous plantation) in the Tangpu Reservoir area of Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province were used to study the composition of δD of plant stem water within nine days after three different magnitudes of rainfall, and the contribution rate of different magnitudes of rainfall to plant stem water of every arbor species and use strategy of plant species was quantitatively clarified, providing scientific theoretical basis for quantitative research of water cycle process, rational utilization and management of water resources in the reservoir area. Method: Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes technique were used to study the dynamic change of water δD of dominant plants during the sampling time (within 9 days after each rainfall) and its comparison with δD values of precipitation, soil water before rainfall, and shallow underground water, etc., to determine the water source of the species. On this basis, Bayesian isotope mixing model MixSIAR (version 3.1.7) was used to calculate the contribution rate of three magnitudes of rainfall to plant stem water of dominant arbor species. Result: For the dominant plant water was mainly obtained from atmospheric precipitation, soil water before rainfall and shallow underground water in freshwater wetland plantation in the Tangpu Reservoir area, rainfall event was the main factor affecting the water δD and the water contribution rate of the plant. Within 9 days after rainfall, the sequence of contribution rate of light rain (7.5 mm) to plant stem water of dominant plants in broad-leaved plantation was L. styraciflua (45.2%-1.5%) > P. deltoides (38.0%-0.6%) > Q. phellos (31.2%-0.8%), the sequence of contribution rate of light rain to plant stem water of dominant plants in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed plantation was B. nigra (39.0%-0.6%) >T. ascendens (32.4%-0.8%) > Q. phellos (25.5%-0.6%). The order of contribution rate of moderate rain (14.5 mm) and heavy rain (35.0 mm) to plant stem water of tree species in the broad-leaved plantation was P. deltoides > Q. phellos > L. styraciflua, and contribution rate of moderate rain and heavy rain to plant stem water of B. nigra was the highest in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed plantation. The contribution rate of light rain, moderate rain and heavy rain to plant stem water to T. ascendens in the coniferous plantation were 40.2%-2.6%, 58.2%-2.7%, and 67.4%-20.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The dominant tree species can quickly absorb the precipitation in the freshwater wetland plantation in the Tangpu Reservoir area. The contribution rate of light rain to plant stem water of trees with abundant roots at surface layer (0-20 cm) is higher, while the contribution rate of moderate rain and heavy rain to plant stem water of trees with deeper root distribution is higher. Trees with deep root and shallow root in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed plantation and in the broad-leaved plantation of Tangpu Reservoir area have different water use strategies, which is conducive to the stability of the wetland plantation community and the coexistence of various tree species in the wetland plantation. It was suggested that tree species with different root distribution should be selected to achieve the rational use of water resources, and maintain the stability of wetland plantation ecosystems in the process of vegetation restoration in freshwater wetlands in the Yangtze River Delta region of China.

Objectve: The purpose of this study was screening the suitable DNA barcodes for identifying cultivars, which were used for studying the discrimination and the heredity differentiation of blueberry (Vaccinium) cultivars. Method: Eight DNA barcodes (rpoB, psbA-trnH, ycf5, rbcL, rpoC, matK, ITS and ITS2) of 108 individuals from 40 blueberry cultivars were amplified and sequenced. The amplification efficiency, sequencing success rate, genetic distance and barcoding gap were analyzed, and the calculations of genetic distance were verified using the Wilcoxon test. Finally, cluster analysis of blueberry cultivars was performed by N-J tree method. Result: Among the eight DNA barcodes, ITS and ycf5 could not be amplified in all samples. The amplification and sequencing rate of all the five barcodes (rpoB, psbA-trnH, rbcL, rpoC and ITS2) were 100%, except matK was 96.3% and 99.04% respectively. The rpoB sequences of all blueberry cultivars were completely consistent, so this fragment is highly conserved in blueberry. The mutation points of six barcodes were as follows:ITS2(11) > matK(4) > rbcL(3) > psbA-trnH(2) > rpoC(1) > rpoB(0). The genetic distances among or within blueberry cultivars were smaller, range from 0.000 16-0.002 58. The genetic distances were greater among cultivars than within cultivars. Barcoding gap analysis showed that, there was no obvious interval area formed in all barcodes, but according to distribution, barcodes ITS2, psbA-trnH and matK tended to be distributed at both ends, especially ITS2. Wilcoxon test showed that, the interspecific variation of barcodes ITS2 and psbA-trnH were more obvious than others, and greater intraspecific variation was found in psbA-trnH. The cluster analysis indicated that, blueberry cultivars could be divided into two groups by psbA-trnH or rpoC, three groups by rbcL or matK, and four groups by ITS2. Furthermore, the identification rate of blueberry cultivars could be improved by the combination of barcodes and with the highest success rate of 20% by ITS2+matK+rpoC+rbcL. Conclusion: The identification of blueberry cultivars by ITS2 was superior to other barcodes. A total of 40 blueberry cultivars were divided into 14 groups by the barcode combination of ITS2+matK+rpoC+rbcL, which can distinguish the major blueberry cultivars in Shandong province, such as 'Berkeley', 'Sunshineblue' and 'Northland' respectively. The barcode combination is suitable for the identification of blueberry cultivars.

Objectve: In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of Dendrolimus punctatus, and analyzed the mitochondrial genome characteristics and the higher-level phylogenetic relationships in moths of Lepidoptera. Method: The complete genome sequence of the mitochondrial genome of D. punctatus was determined by Hiseq X Ten sequencer. The genes were located and annotated based on the known complete mitochondrial genomes of Lepidopteran species. The tRNA Scan-SE 2.0 was used to predict the secondary structure of the tRNA genes online. Based on the whole nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genome, the phylogenetic relationships of 50 insect species from 11 families of Lepidoptera were reconstructed. Result: The results showed that the complete mitochondrial genome of D. punctatus was a circular molecule of 15 417 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one control region without gene rearrangement. Among the 13 protein-coding genes, amino acids of Phe, Leu, Ile, Tyr, and Asn (Count>290) were used more frequently, while Ala and Arg were uesd less frequently (Count < 50). In the use of its codon, except CGA as the starting codon of COI gene, the starting codons of the other genes were all typical ATN (ATA, ATT, ATG). The stop codon of COI、COII and ND4 was T, while that of the other genes was TAA. All tRNAs showed the classic clover-leaf structure, except that the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm of tRNA^Ser(AGN) formed a simple loop. The (A+T)-rich region contained some conserved structure including the motif ATAGAA, 14 bp ploy (T) stretch and two repeating units with a length of 13 bp and one (AT)₇ structure. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence and the nucleotide sequence of 13 protein-coding genes of D. punctatus were compared with other species of Dendrolimus genus, and the results showed that there was high homology between D.punctatus, D.wenshanensis, and D.tabulaeformis. Phylogenetic tree results show that D. punctatus is closely related with D. tabulaeformis, and D. spectabilis is closely related with D. kikuchii. Conclusion: The mitochondrial genes structure of D. punctatus are stable, the phylogenetic relationship of some species from Lepidoptera based on mitochondrial genome is consistent with the traditional morphological classification.

Objectve: Using solid laser to cut veneer, the aim of this paper was to obtain reasonable cutting process parameters, reduce the kerf width and saw road losses, and to guarantee the cutting veneer edge roughness of incision. Method: The mathematical model of laser cutting veneer is established based on the laser pulse energy in order to get the expression of the relationships between laser cutting speed and output power. Choosing the thickness of 0.3 mm, moisture content of 10% of black walnut veneer as processing object, two sets of laser output power were selected for test verification. The laser output power of each group corresponds to six different cutting speeds, and the theoretical cutting speed is within the range of the six experimental cutting speeds. The width of straight-line slit and the average value after machining and observing the incision width and the flatness of the incision section under a 40×10 light microscope were obtained, then the best test results of the cutting speed were found out, and theoretical cutting speed obtained by calculations were compared. Result: In the test conditions of the first set of laser output power(pulse voltage 400 V, single pulse energy 96.5 mJ, pulse frequency 10 Hz), when the cutting speed is 2.5 mm·s^-1, the incision of the board can be guaranteed to be completely cut through, a continuous and complete kerf is formed, and the width of the kerf is the narrowest. The mean value of the measurement kerf width is 0.54 mm. The saw road loss is minimal, and the edge of the kerf section is relatively flat. Under the test conditions of the second set of laser output power(pulse voltage 500 V, single pulse energy of 198.2 mJ, pulse frequency of 10 Hz), when the cutting speeds are 5.0 mm·s^-1 and 5.5 mm·s^-1, the incision of the board can be guaranteed to be completely cut through, width of the laser cut obtained was the narrowest, the mean value of the measurement kerf width was 0.69 mm and 0.62 mm, respectively, and the incisions obtained under the two cutting speeds are also relatively flat. Through the comparison of the two sets of test data, it can be concluded that when the cutting speed is close to the theoretical cutting speed, the cut of the black walnut cut is continuous and the width of the cut seam is the smallest. When the cutting speed is lower than the theoretical cutting speed, the width of the cut seam will gradually increased, when higher than the theoretical cutting speed, the resulting incision is prone to discontinuous phenomena. Conclusion: When a solid laser is used to cut a veneer, the choice of process parameters has a direct effect on the width of the kerf and the flatness of the edge of the kerf. Reasonable process parameters are crucial to obtain a small kerf width. Each laser output power corresponds to the best cutting speed. During the actual machining process, the cutting speed should be consistent with the theoretical cutting speed or close to the theoretical cutting speed, so that better final cutting effects might be obtained.