By linear interpolation approach and RHtest procedure, a serially completed and homogeneous daily maximum temperature dataset of 853 meteorological stations during 1961-2010 in Eastern Forest Region (EFR) in China was established. Based on the dataset, an analysis on the change characteristics of the maximum temperature prior to and after adjustment was carried out. The results showed that the adjusted maximum temperature data series had an average warming trend of 0.171, 0.233,-0.002, 0.201 and 0.263℃ per 10 years on annual and four seasonal (spring, summer, autumn and winter) timescales, respectively. On annual scale, the adjusted annual maximum temperature all exhibited a warming trend, while the annual maximum temperature prior to adjustment had a cooling trend for several meteorological stations. Spring, autumn and winter showed a warming trend almost everywhere in EFR, while summer had a cooling trend in most stations, especially in the regions between Yangtze River and Yellow River within the EFR.

In terms of the geographical distribution data of Quercus wutaishanica forest and the eight variables that potentially affect distribution of plants, including annual precipitation (P), annual range of monthly mean temperature (DTY), temperature of the coldest month (T_c) and temperature of the warmest month (T_w), growingday degrees above 5℃ (GDD₅), moisture index (MI),annual amount of solar radiation (Radi) and elevation (Elev), four dominant factors, including P, T_c, GDD₅ and Radi, influencing Q. wutaishanica forest distribution were selected with the MaxEnt Model. Thus, a relationship model between the geographical distribution of Q. wutaishanica forest and dominant variables was constructed. The results showed that this relationship model could effectively simulate the potential geographical distribution of Q. wutaishanica forest. The potential distribution regions include southern Northeast, central and south of North China, northwest of Central China, north of East China, eastern parts of Southwest and east of Northwest. The thresholds of the four dominant factors were 340 mm≤P≤1 060 mm,-17℃≤T_c≤4℃, 800℃·d^-1≤GDD₅≤3 700℃·d^-1, 1.08×10⁵ W·m^-2≤Radi≤1.41×10⁵ W·m^-2.

This study was conducted in Quercus wutaishanica forests in Huanglong mountains with two close-to-nature management measures of self-regeneration after thinning 13.4% (light thinning) and planting Pinus tabulaefomis saplings after thinning 30% (heavy thinning), as well as un-thinned control. Effects of different thinning intensities on the site conditions, species diversity and dominant tree species regeneration were investigated. The results showed that: after close-to-nature thinning, the available nutrients increased, especially the total nitrogen. The species diversity indices were higher in thinned forests than in the un-thinned forests. With the increase of thinning intensity, the amount of seedlings and saplings of the dominant arbors (e.g., Q. wutaishanica, P. tabulaeformis, Acer ginnala) became greater. Compared with the control, the survival rate of the seedlings and saplings in thinned plots increased, and so did the current annual increment of height. In Huanglong Mountains, P. tabuliformis needs artificial measures for its regeneration, but Q. wutaishanica and A. ginnala can successfully self-regenerate. Close-to-nature thinning could improve the site conditions in Q. wutaishanica secondary forests and promote regeneration of the dominant tree species. Plantation of P. tabulaefomis saplings after thinning 30% of Q. wutaishanica stand was more suitable to the management of Q. wutaishanica secondary forest.

The ongoing winter warming inevitably alters the process of fine root decomposition in high-altitude area by changing the pattern of seasonal soil freezing and thawing. As yet, the dynamics of fine root decomposition at different stages in the freeze-thaw season remain uncertainty. In order to characterize the dynamics of fine root decomposition at different stages of a freeze-thaw season in cold biomes under climate change scenarios, litterbags with 10 g fine roots of Picea asperata, Betula albo-sinensis and Abies faxoniana were buried in the forest soil at the 3 582, 3 298 and 3 023 m altitudes in western Sichuan, China. These litterbags were recovered at onset of freezing (OF), deep frozen stage (DF), early thawing stage (ETS), middle thawing stage (MTS), and later thawing stage (LTS) from December 10, 2009 to April 28, 2010. The residual rate of fine roots was 88%-92% after a freeze-thaw season, and varied significantly with altitudes and tree species. The fine root decomposition occurred at all stages of the freeze-thaw season, among which OF had the highest rate of fine root decomposition. However, the rate of the fine root decomposition declined as decomposing, especially in the lower altitude. The decay rate constant of fine roots varied from 0.177 6 to 0.242 4, and the relative mass loss was correlated closely with soil temperature at the different stages, but the rate of the fine root decomposition was not significantly correlated with the indices of the measured initial qualities of fine roots. The regression model based on average soil temperature, fluctuated soil temperature, calcium concentration of fine roots and the ratio of lignin to nitrogen in fine roots during the freeze-thaw season, interpreted 95% of the reason of differences in the fine root decay rate. It is concluded that the soil freeze-thaw process caused by temperature fluctuations was an important factor in influencing the rate of the fine root decomposition during the freeze-thaw season in the high-frigid forest ecosystem, and the fine root quality also had minor impact on the fine root decomposition.

The seed vigor of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and the physiological and biochemical changes involved in seed deterioration were investigated in this article.The results showed that the germination rate,germination index,and vigor index all decreased rapidly in the beginning and slowly later in response to the artifical aging. The vigor index of seeds decreased more rapidly than the germination rate and germination index. The vigor index of moso bamboo seeds decreased by 70% after 6 days of artificially accelerated aging, and lost almost all after 12 days of artificially accelerated aging. With the seed vigor declining, the physiological and biochemical changes were observed. The relative electric conductivity of the seed leachate, soluble sugar content, and MDA content of the seed extract were increased, while the soluble protein content, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD,CAT and POD were declined. The content of GA₃ and IAA, and GA₃/ABA ratio were decreased. The correlation analysis indicated there was a very significant positive correlation between the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, the soluble protein content, the content of GA₃ and IAA, GA₃/ABA ratio and the seed vigor, while there was a very significant negative correlation between the relative electrical conductivity, MDA content, ABA content and the seed vigor. It was suggested that the injury to the membrance integrality caused by peroxidation of membrane lipids was one the main mechanisms to cause or accelerate seed deterioration in the artificial aging. The balance loss of endogenous hormones also played an important role in influencing seed germination and speeding up the seed deterioration.

The contents of endogenous IAA and ABA in different tissues at the seedling stage of three black poplar clones were determined by GC-MS to investigate correlation between the height growth of poplar and the endogenous hormones, and to identify influence factors of early selection in poplar seedling height. At the same time, height growth of the seedling was measured, and tissue structure of the elongating internode and mature internode were discriminated by paraffin section. The results showed that: 1) Increase in monthly internode numbers was significantly positively correlated with the monthly seedling height increment. There were no significant correlation between the total length of the first internode and the second internode and seedling monthly increasing height, IAA content, ABA content, the ratio of IAA to ABA. 2) The cells of elongating internode were small and arranged compactly, and the secondary xylem was not distinct. The cells of mature internode were bigger and arranged loosely, and the secondary xylem was distinct. 3) the monthly increasing internode numbers, monthly increasing seedling height, IAA content, ABA content and the ratio of IAA to ABA of three young tissues of the clone ‘Lingfeng1' increased from May to July. In July, sequence of monthly increasing internode number and monthly increasing seedling height were not correlated with endogenous IAA content, and were significantly negatively correlated with endogenous ABA contents of young leaves, and were significantly positively correlated with the ratio of IAA to ABA of apical buds. Endogenous IAA content of young leaves and other organs could not be used as the index to predict sequence of seedling height of clones. But Endogenous ABA content of young leaves was able to be used as the reference index. Early prediction of seedling height in poplar can be conducted by using the ratio of IAA to ABA of apical buds. This study lays the groundwork for early selection of prior clones in seedling height and the basis of genetic engineering breeding for IAA and ABA.

Abstract: By using 454 pyrosequencing, the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from DNA sequences in three Camellia species, including C. oleifera, C. brevistyla and C. chekiangoleosa, were tapped with repeats of 2 to 6 bp by MISA. In all cases, the frequency of repeat motifs in the EST was similar, while the proportion in the EST of C. oleifera was higher than that of its genome. Comparisons of all SSRs, the dinucleotide repeat microsatellites (DNRs) were most dominant (>55%) and the most common DNRs was (AG)_n. The most common trinucleotide repeat microsatellites (TNRs) was (AAG)_n in EST, while the most common TNRs was (AAT)_n in the genome of C. oleifera. Apart from the hexaucleotide repeat microsatellites (HXNRs), the abundance of the other four classes of microsatellites was negatively correlated with their repeat motif lengths. In the EST, apart from the HXNRs, diversification of microsatellite lengths (repeat number variation) was also negatively correlated with their repeat motif lengths, and we predicted that DNRs was the highest polymorphism and pentaucleotide repeat microsatellites (PTNRs) was the lowest. Subsequently, statistical analysis on SSRs within coding regions (CDS) and untranslated regions (UTR) in the Unigene showed that the ratio of motifs distribution was ranked as the following: 3'UTR>CDS>5'UTR. The DNRs were the dominant microsatellite in UTR, while the TNRs were dominant in CDS. The proportion of TNRs in the 5'UTR was higher than that in the 3'UTR, indicating that the SSRs in the 5'UTR were more conservative.

In this paper, we measured carbon isotope composition, nitrogen content and carbon content in leaves at different canopies of Populus deltoides and their F₁ hybrids to analyze the differences in the water use efficient (WUE) and nitrogen use efficient (NUE), and their relationship over P. deltoides and the F₁ hybrids with different growth vigor. The results showed that there were significant differences in the δ¹³C value, nitrogen content and carbon content of different growth vigor F₁ hybrids. The δ¹³C value, nitrogen content and carbon content of better-parent F₁ hybrids in each canopy layer were significantly higher than those of lower-parent F₁ hybrids. The δ¹³C value showed a highly significant correlation with nitrogen content(R²=0.941). The divergency of vertical distribution of the δ¹³C value, nitrogen content and carbon content was observed. Those parameters at the upper canopy were highest, followed by those at the middle canopy, and then by those at the lower canopy. The water use efficient of better-parent F₁ hybrids was higher than that of lower-parent F₁ hybrids. However, the nitrogen use efficient of better-parent F₁ hybrids was lower than that of lower-parent F₁ hybrids. There was a significant negative correlation between WUE and NUE(R²=-0.652), indicating that there were certain constraints between WUE and NUE of P. deltoides.

Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most frequently used parameters for analysis of canopy structure. We monitored the seasonality of effective leaf area index (LAI_e) for a Spruce-fir forest at the valley in Xiaoxing'an Mountains by using Digital Hemispherical Photography (DHP) during deciduous season (from July to November). In order to estimate LAI more accurate for the stand, the optically-based effective leaf area index (LAI_e) values of early November were adjusted to eliminate wood elements and clumping effects (including both beyond and within shoots). The adjusted value was regarded as true leaf area index (LAI_t) of evergreen species. The seasonal dynamics of LAI_t were obtained by incorporation of litterfall data for each observation, and we analyzed spatial pattern of LAI_t during the maximum and minimum LAI_t period. Results showed that the mean woody-to-total area ratio (α) was 0.10±0.06 and the mean clumping effect (Ω_E) was 0.90±0.04 in early November for Spruce-fir forest at the valley, and the order of mean needle-to-shoot area ratio (γ_E) for evergreen coniferous species was Pinus koraiensis (1.77)>Picea spp. (1.28)>Abies nephrolepis (1.10). LAI_t decreased with season from July to November, and LAI_t was highest with a value of 3.97 in July, and lowest in November with a value of 2.71. In comparison with LAI_t , LAI_e was underestimated by 32.98% (from 28.81% to 43.24%); The spatial heterogeneity of the LAI_t was greater with the higher LAI_t, and the spatial heterogeneity of LAI_t for July and November resulted mainly from the spatial autocorrelation that accounted for 99.8% and 66.9% of the total space heterogeneity, respectively.

An individual crown diameter model was developed based on a data set consisting of 2 461 Cunninghamia lanceolata from 103 plots located in Huangfengqiao state-owned forest farm in Hunan Province. Because of the problem of high correlation among observations taken from the same sample plot located in different levels of site index, the random effects of site index and sample plots to crown diameter were considered, namely, developing nested two levels nonlinear mixed effects canopy model. Base model that used to develop mixed model was selected from 12 commonly used models in forest. In addition to diameter at breast height, the effects of other 12 stand or trees factors to crown diameter were considered. The best random effects combination for formal parameters was determined by indexes of AIC (akaike information criterion) and logarithm likelihood. Three residual variance models of Exponential function, power function and constant plus function were used to decline the heteroskedasticity. Mixed effects model and traditional regression model were compared and evaluated finally. Results showed that crown diameter-diameter model of logistic formal had a better fit effect and was selected as base model; diameter at breast height, under branch height, height and dominant height of plot were significant factors in crown diameter model; power function had a better ability to decline the heteroskedasticity; comparing to site index, the nested effects of site index and plot played more important role in crown diameter model; the prediction efficiency of the nested two level of model (15) was higher than site index level and population average level, and obviously improved comparing with model (13). This article was mainly emphasize method research, it can be used similar method that proposed in this study to built canopy with model for other tree species.

A dominant micro-organism strain was selected from rhizosphere soil of six-year-old Ziziphus jujuba trees by biological assay. A plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) fertilizer (PF) was made by adsorbing the PGPR to decomposed chicken manure (DC). The traditional chloroform fumigation method and modern Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) method were used to evaluate the effect of PF, DC and ordinary biological fertilizer (NF) on the microbial populations, the bacterial diversity and the dynamic soil microbial carbon in the Z. jujuba rhizosphere soil. Results showed that, compared with NF treatment, PF increased significantly the bacterial quantity and the total microorganism populations in the rhizosphere soil, but decreased significantly the fungus populations. However PF had no significant effect on actinomycetes populations in the rhizosphere soil. There was a significant difference in T-RFLP profiles of different treatments. PF had the highest Margalef index, Shannon index, and Pielou index among all the four treatments. Principal component analysis on terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) of the different treatments showed that an independent group of bacterial community structure was formed in PF, and the other independent group was formed in NF, DC and CK treatments, respectively. Additionally, during the whole growth period, PF could supply the stable soil microbial carbon in compared with other treatments. Consequently, application of PGPR fertilizer was beneficial on the ecological environment of Z. jujuba rhizosphere soil, with the higher cultural microorganism populations and soil microbial carbon, and abundant bacterial diversity.

In this study, we investigated the relationship between activities of various plant defensive proteins and pest-resistance to the Lepidosaphes salicina by testing defensive activities of seven proteins (POD, SOD, CAT,PPO, PAL,TI and CI) from leaves of 13 Syringa species (seven species with high pest-resistance, three species with intermediate resistance, two species with susceptibility and one with very susceptibility) in different pest periods. The results showed that there was highly significant difference in defensive proteins activities among different Syringa species (P<0.01) in the pest period. POD activity of the species with high and intermediate pest-resistance was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the peak-infesting period (by the end of June). However, POD activity of the species with susceptibility and very susceptibility was increased in the weak-infesting period (by the end of July) and the late-infesting period (the end of August), respectively. CAT activity in susceptible and very susceptible species was significantly increased in the peak-infesting period, and the enzyme might play a primary role in protection of the species from pest damage. SOD activity in the high resistant species had no change, while it in other species was significantly decreased in the peak-infesting period.The PPO activity in the pre-infesting period (by the end of May) was positively correlated with the resistance and its activity in the peak-infesting period also had correlation with pest resistance. There were no differences in PAL activity between different resistance species. Similarly no significant correlation was found between the activities of TI and CI in the pre-infesting period and the pest resistance. In summary, the level of PPO activity in the pre-infesting period is recommended as an index for screening the resistant species. Increases in POD, PPO, TI and CI activities in the peak-infesting period were positively correlated with pest-resistance level of Syringa spp.

The relationships between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and soil factors in different soil layers of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation at different ages were studied in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that mycorrhizal infection rate and spore density of R. pseudoacacia plantation were higher in 0-20 cm soil layer than that in 20-40 cm soil layers at the same tree age. Moreover, mycorrhizal infection rates in the upper and lower soil layers and spore density in 20-40 cm soil layer were increased and then declined with tree age. The spore density in 0-20 cm soil layer gradually declined after two peaks with increasing of tree age. The highest mycorrhizal infection rate and the maximum spore density were observed in the 21-and 26-year-old plantation, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that a very significantly positive correlation was observed between mycorrhizal infection rate, spore density and urease activities. Spore density showed a highly significantly positive correlation with available N, available P and alkaline phosphatase activities, but had a significantly negative correlation with soil pH. Total glomalin (TG) and easily extractable glomalin (EEG) had a highly significant positive correlation with soil organic carbon. Principal component analysis showed that available N, available P, available K and alkaline phosphatase activities were the key factors affecting mycorrhizal development of R. pseudoacacia and reflected soil nutrition status in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau. The experimental results were meaningful in further revealing internal relationship of "plant-soil-mycorhiza" and promoting ecological restoration using AM fungi in the Loess Plateau.

The manufacturing of bamboo plank using unfolding and flattening technology is a thirteen-step process including softening, seamless veneer flattening, molding and drying, etc. This paper investigated bamboo unfolding planks processd from 209 various bamboo stems and their carbon transfer ratio, and analyzed the carbon transfer characteristics of five specifications without green bark and two specifications with green bark. There were four important results. First, the average carbon transfer rate for bamboo plank with green bark was 73.49% and for the one without green bark was 61.24%, and the total carbon transfer rate for 840 mm length bamboo plank without green bark was significantly higher than the pieces of 1 300 mm length(P<0.05). Second, the aggregate carbon transfer rate of different bamboo diameters varied from 52.37% to 74.44%, with an average of 62.57%, the fitting equation was: y=2.886 5x+29.641, R²=0.376 4. Third, the carbon transfer ratio of unfolded planks out of whole stem with different diameters ranged from 22.25% to 67.84%, the fitting equation was: y=8.646 2x-60.375, R²=0.645 5, which indicated that the carbon transfer rate and diameter were positively linearly related. Fourth, the estimated relationship between carbon storage of moso bamboo unfolding planks and diameter was projected as: y=0.000 1x^{4.137 7},R²=0.694 3.

In modern biomedical technology, it is a more cutting-edge research to use biomedical materials as alternative materials for making medical assistance implements. In this paper, under the theory of modern cervical splint design, we researched the sliced veneer laminated timber cervical splint characteristics from micro-structure, and constructed a new sliced veneer laminated timber cervical splint. The paper gave the optimal size of sliced veneer of the molded cervical splint, and calculated the theoretical elastic modulus and its correlation coefficient which would impact its strength. Furthermore, we got the mechanical expression by deducing these the quantitative mathematical relation between the elastic modulus of coefficients and sliced veneer laminated timber cervical splint. This provided a basis for the micromechanics theory of cervical splint composite elastic mechanics, and provided experimental proofs.

Chichied ginkgo is a distinctive germplasm in ginkgo family. Ginkgo biloba chichi is divided into rooted chichi, stemmed chichi and branched chichi. There are 348 chichied ginkgo trees in China distributed in 19 provinces, and there are 43 plants in Japan. Chichied ginkgoes have no relations with gender but the most of chichied ginkgoes are older than 300 years. Chichi is coniform shaped with rough bark and grows vertically downward. These chichies can produce roots and leaves when they have grown down to the ground. Chichi on the tree can be a single appearance or a few aggregate. The tip of chichi has no apical meristem and only has cambium, secondary xylem and phloem. The median longitudinal sections exhibited various orientations of the tracheids at 1 cm from the tip of chichi. However, the sections revealed that tracheid orientation changed from being very variable in the centre to a more normal orientation as the cambium's at 7 cm from the tip. There are many theories on the chichi occurrence mechanisms, including Auxin theory, callus or adventitious bud theory, environmental mutagenesis theory, pathology or senility theory and cotyledon bud theory. Ginkgo biloba chichi probably has important ecology and systematics implications to the growth, development, vegetative propagation, wildness and long-lived of Ginkgo biloba.

A scenic forest is a special type of forest that has high aesthetic value and is aimed to meet the aesthetic needs of people. With the increasing need for natural environment, scenic forests have become a central focus of studies in recent years, especially in the studies of urban forestry. The concept and connotation of scenic forests were discussed in this paper. The current status and research progress in scenic forests in both China and abroad were reviewed in 4 aspects of structural analysis; planning, design and construction; management, and functions and evaluation. It was proposed that the main direction of researches in scenic forests should be ecosystem approach, rational and scientific management, and creation of stable and healthy scenic forest ecosystems. Infiltration and collaboration of different disciplines would be the inevitable trend of studies on scenic forests.

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has rapidly developed in reinforcing polymer to fabricate nanocomposites due to its unique web-like structure and special properties. In this paper, the preparation and the characteristics of CNF were briefly introduced. Then, the researches on the surface chemical modification of CNF including surface derivatization, surface grafting and addition coupling agent were presented. The characteristics of CNF after modification were also introduced. Next, the research advances of the polymer nanocomposites that derived from PVA, PLA, epoxy and PF reinforced with CNF were reviewed respectively. Last, the future research directions of CNF reinforced polymer nanocomposites were prospected.

In this paper, the author estimated and analyzed the changing process of elasticity of forest ecological economy by applying forest stock volume and total output value of forestry data, which represent forest resource supply and economic demand, in China from 1999 to 2010 with an elastic model, to reveal the synergic relationship between the supply of forest resources and the demand of economy. The results show that 1) on the nationwide scale, the average elasticity value of ecological economy is 0.255, indicating that the rate of forest stock rise is less than the rate of forest economic growth, and suggesting ecological lagging behind. There is no increasing trend during this research interval. 2) on the regional scale, the elasticity value of forest ecological economy is 1.271 in the east region,-0.277 in the west region, and-0.394 in the middle region of China. 3) on the provincial scale, the elasticity value of ecological economy is 2.195 for Tianjin, 1.621 for Liaoning, 1.579 for Guangxi, 1.472 for Guangdong, 1.471 for Fujian, 1.344 for Tibet, 1.337 for Hebei, 1.264 for Zhejiang, 1.217 for Hainan, and 1.165 for Beijing, respectively. The above provinces have relatively higher elasticity. Shandong and Jiangsu have 0.984 and 0.969 of the elasticity value, respectively, and they are near the critical value of ecological lagging. The following provinces, including Sichuan, 0.409, and Yunnan, 0.337, are in mild lagged state. Heilongjiang, 0.046, Shaanxi, 0.016, Shanghai, 0.003 and Inner Mongolia, 0.002 are in no elastic state. The left 13 provinces are in serious lagged state, especially Ningxia,-2.488 and Qinghai,-2.714.

On the base of building different levels of forest ecological niche measurement indicators of Yichun forest, we calculate the different grades of forest ecological niches coefficient, in accordance with the cold temperate coniferous forests, temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, we assess the yearly value of water conservation, fix CO₂ and release O₂, the soil conservation, recycling nutrients and nutrient store, atmosphere environmental purification, bio-diversity protection, landscape resources, and so on, and make the assessment results more reasonable, in order to provide a reference for the formulation of sustainable development policies of Yichun forest aim at providing a reference for sustainable development policy formulation of Yichun forest, which would be of great significance to the protection and utilization of forest resources in this region.

The 111 soil samples were collected in Wangjiagou watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir Area with complex geographical environment. Total nitrogen content in the soil was measured, and the land use data and elevation, slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, topographic position index and topographic wetness index were collected. The soil total nitrogen was mapped by using the soil land inference model (SoLIM) that is based on case reasoning. The results showed that, land use type data can be used to improve the accuracy of prediction. The spatial distribution of soil nutrients produced by the SoLIM contained more information, and presented more details of spatial variability of soil nutrients. Therefore, the SoLIM based on case reasoning was validated a good method for soil nutrient mapping in the small study area with complex geographical environment.

After a comprehensive investigation on Pinus densata populations that distribute in southeast Tibet by transects and quadrats, this paper analyzed the diameter class, height class and crown width class, compiled the static life table, drew survival curve, mortality curve, killing power curve, and four survival function curve (Survival rate, accumulated mortality rate, morality density rate and hazard rate), investigated population quantitative characteristics, and predicted population quantitative dynamics by a time sequence prediction model. The results showed that the individual number of P. densata was slight fluctuant with structure level (the diameter class, height class and crown width class), but the number in the three structures was generally presented as the anti-"J" type, and the population belonged to growing type. The survival number of every diameter class had obvious difference, the mortality rate of age Ⅳ was relatively low (13%), that of age Ⅷ was highest (70%), and the average mortality rate accounted for 42%. The survival curve of P. densata population approached to the B₁ subtype of Deevey-Ⅱ. With the increase of the population age class, the mortality rate had a similar change trend to the killing power, and they all presented double-peak curves. Four survival function curve for P. densata population indicated that the population would have an early reduction, a mid-term stability, and a late recession because of physiological exhaustion. The time sequence model predicted that P. densata population had strong recovery capability, and the amount of population would have a different rising tendency in the upcoming 3, 6 and 9 age classes.

In order to understand spring bud dynamic of Taxus yunnanensis and the influencing factors, we investigated the living and dead numbers of spring buds at February, April and June. The results showed that the spring bud number of T. yunnanensis ranged from 3 to 29 per each individual, and the coefficient of variation was 42.93%. The number and density of spring buds in the upper crown was greater and higher than those in the lower crown. The spring bud number in the east of crown was smaller than that in the west of crown, while the spring bud density in the east of crown was lower than in the north of crown. The number of spring buds was highest in February. Likewise, dead spring buds and mortality were also most and highest in February and declined with time. The correlation analysis indicated the twig size and leaf number affected spring bud number. Basal diameter, top diameter and length of twig and leaf number were positively related to spring bud number.

Embryological characters of Arundinaria simonii f. heterophylla were reported in this article. The anthers were tetrasporangiate in which the cytokinesis of microsporocyte in meiosis was successive type and the produced microspore tetrads were bilaterally symmetrical. The cells of tapetum layer with dense cytoplasm were secretory type, and they began to degenerate during meiosis division. The mature pollen was trinucleate. The single ovule with parietal placenta was anatropous, double integument and tenuinucellatae. The development of the embryo sac was polygonum type. Generally the florets close to the base of spikelets bloomed earlier than others, and development of both stamens and pistils within a spikelet was synchronized.

In February 2012, the foraging habitat selection and distribution of Bar-Headed Goose(Anser indicus) in Caohai National Nature Reserve, were studied by using fixed-spot observations, plots surveys and factor analysis methods. The results showed that the wintering population number of Bar-Headed Goose in Caohai was 1 828, and distributed in all five roosting sites respectively. Human disturbance, escape and food richness, were the main factors influencing their foraging habitat selection in winter. They preferred to choose the sites with high vegetation cover, low vegetation height, far from human disturbance, close from the water, open habitats and lower elevation as their foraging sites. Based on the above habitat characteristics, the Geese selected meadow and farmland as their main foraging sites.