Through investigation of the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) of discs which were sampled from three 15-year-old trees in the north part of Daxing'anling Mountain, we analyzed the orientation variation in tree ring δ¹³C in response to climate factors and influence of sampling orientations and the sample combinations on the circumferential representative. The result showed that the impact of regional climate and environment factors on the variation in tree ring δ¹³C was consistent. It was found that most of the correlations between the tree ring δ¹³C sequences were positive, but some were negative. The sequences with significant correlation usually exhibited symmetrical or obtuse-angled distribution. The capability and extent of tree ring δ¹³C extracting the climate factors varied obviously among different orientations which accounted for the responses of different orientations to climate factors. The result suggests that 3 orientations provide the best and most efficient choice for extracting the information of tree ring δ¹³C. Sampling should avoid boring in one direction only, but should also include transversal angles.

According to framework of international evaluation index system of plant species extinction risk and evaluation criteria, 69 wild plant species with tiny populations in China were assessed for their endangered levels based on their adaptability to habitat by using the analytic hierarchy process and survey analysis combined with scientific experiments. An evaluation index system was established and with the system all 69 species were evaluated as endangered species, among which 37 species were highest endangered (I level), 13 species higher endangered (II level), and 19 species highly endangered (III level).

Based on a combined use of landsat thematic mapper (TM) and field measurements, original plots and stratified plots according to cosine of incidence angle, which can represent correlation of terrain and sun light,were respectively used for variables of multiple regression models to estimate the aboveground carbon storage of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest. Results showed that: dispersion degree of sample plots decreased and correlation coefficients between remote sensing variables and aboveground carbon storage increased through stratified sample plots; The fitting (RMSE=4.07 MgC·hm^-2) and predicted (RMSE=4.63 MgC·hm^-2) accuracy of model with stratified sample plots were high than that of model with original samples; the improvement was of statistical significance for those high and low aboveground carbon storage value based on stratified plots strategy. The stratified sample plots method provided in this study is still needed to be tested with different images and forest types in future studies.

In this paper, we studied the patterns of soil water movement in poplar plantation with a ground drip irrigation system on sandy land of ancient Yongding River in Beijing by observing soil profile in the field. We measured the movement distance of wet soil front and the shape of wet soil body under condition of various durations of drip irrigation with a constant flow rate of 4 L·h^-1. The results showed that: the movement distance of wet soil front in the vertical and horizontal directions increased with increased duration of drip irrigation. The increment of wet front movement distance in vertical direction decreased, while the increment of wet front movement distance in horizontal direction varied in a given range, with each 1 hour increase of irrigation time. the movement of wet soil front continued to migrate for 1-3 h in the vertical and horizontal directions for 1-3 h with the movement distance of 2-10 cm in vertical direction and 1-10 cm in horizontal direction at various soil depths except for at the deepest soil layer that was significantly larger than other soil depths, after stopping drip irrigation with various irrigation durations. The wet soil front moved to the end 36-69 cm in vertical direction and 32-57 cm in horizontal direction after drip irrigation for 1-6 h, while a wet soil body with a radii of 30-40 cm around the dripper at soil layers of 0-40 cm formed after drip irrigation for 3-4 h. After drip irrigation for 1-3 h, the wet soil body was gradually developing into an oblate ellipsoid, while the wet soil body developed into an prelate ellipsoid after drip irrigation for 4-6 h.

The transcriptome Paulownia plant was sequenced by using Illumina technology, and the functional annotations and metabolic pathways analyses of some unigenes were conducted in this present paper. The results indicated that 188 019 unigenes with an average length of 1 410 bp and N50 value of 2 278 bp were obtained with de novo assembly. Comparison with NCBI and Swiss-Prot protein databases showed that 120 808 and 85 880 unigenes had homology with the genes from other species, respectively. The 41 914 unigenes were able to be assigned to 25 categories with the COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups) database. Functional annotation against KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) database identified 43 553 unigenes which were mapped to 215 metabolic pathways. Moreover, some Paulownia unigenes related to lignin biosynthesis were found using this information platform. The result provides reference for future excavations of new genes, as well as screening and identifying miRNA of Paulownia plants.

Genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 37 Salix germplasms from domestic and foreign were analysed using the CE-AFLP(capillary electrophoresis-amplified fragment length polymorphism)technique. The primer combinations of EcoRI+3/MseI+3 and PstI+2/MseI+3 were used in this study. The result indicated that the 11 primer pairs were used to generate 1 580 fragments, of which 1 399 fragments were polymorphic. The polymorphism rate varied from 80.65% to 94.67%, showing a high genetic diversity among Salix. NTSYS-pc 2.10e software was used for cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The 37 germplasms were divided into two major categories with the similarity coefficient of 0.63, and one belonging to arbor Salix and others to the shrubs except for S. paraplesia. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were generally consistent with traditional taxonomy. However, there was obvious difference in the genome level between S. suchowensis and S. psammophi in the section Helix. This study on the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of some Salix germplasms at the DNA level would provide a theoretical basis for Salix molecular classification, germplasm resources conservation and utilization, and variety improvement.

To establish a commercial feasible cutting propagation system of wild Azalea (Rhododendron scabrifolium), physiological mechanisms during the rooting of R. scabrifolium cutting propagation were investigated. Semi-hard wood stems of R. scabrifolium were collected and treated by KNAA and KIBA. Contents of endogenous hormones IAA, GA₃, ZR, and ABA were measured during the rooting period, and soluble sugar, total nitrogen content and the oxidase activity were also determined in stems during cuttings. The results indicated that KNAA 2 000 mg·L^-1+KIBA 2 000 mg·L^-1 had a significant effect on rooting and resulted in the highest rooting rate of 78.65%. During the rooting process, the higher concentration of endogenous IAA favored the formation of root primodia, GA₃ content showed a positive correlation with the cuttings callus induction and adventitious root formation, and low levels of ABA should promote rooting of cuttings. Endogenous ZR was needed for root primodium differentiation and callus formation. IAA/ABA ratio was smaller in the process of rooting, which might be one of the reasons that R. scabrifolium cuttings usually are difficult to root. The increase in soluble sugar content and reduction of nitrogen concentrations were both conducive to the generation of cuttings adventitious roots. Oxidase activity changed regularly in the process of cuttings rooting. The activity of SOD, POD, and PPO increased in the callus induction period, and slightly decreased after callus formation. POD and PPO activity in the root, increased at adventitious root formation stage; POD and PPO activity increased in the adventitious root formation period, and CAT activity remained at a high level after the root formation.

This study was conducted to evaluate the adaptability of the alternative partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) on Ginkgo biloba. Potted 3-year-old G. biloba with divided root zones were used to investigate effects of irrigation regimes on growth, photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE). Results showed that APRI inhibited the aboveground redundancy vegetative growth, stimulated the absorption root growth and improved the root and shoot ratio. Dry weight of the absorption roots with APRI increased by 6.7% and 37% and the root shoot ratio with APRI increased by 50.1% and 10.7%, respectively, compared with the fixed partial root-zone subirrigation (PS) and the full root-zone subirrigation (FS). APRI decreased the stomatal conductance and transpiration without obvious change in leaf water status and photosynthetic rate, therefore the irrigation WUE and leaf instantaneous WUE improved by 51.7%, 33.3% and 4%, 20.5% respectively as compared to PS and FS treatments. In conclusion, APRI had significant influence on physiology and growth of G. biloba seedlings and was an effective method of water saving and growth regulating.

In this paper, mature zygotic embryo of Sorbus pohuashanensis were used to study effects of an exogenous nitric oxide donor (sodium nitroprusside, SNP), NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), abscisic acid (ABA) and 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD)—an inhibitor of the ethylene receptor on the embryo germination and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation at early stage of the seedling development by the petri dish germination method indoors. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of PTIO or ABA on the embryo germination was relieved by the SNP pretreatment under light. However, the SNP pretreatment did not influence the inhibitory action of NBD to embryo germination. The SNP pretreatment increased the chlorophyll content in leaves of seedlings, which was not removed by PTIO treatment. The contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion in seedling leaves were increased by SNP pretreatment, which was cancelled by PTIO treatment. The PTIO treatment reduced the superoxide anion content in seedling roots, which was removed by SNP pretreatment. The results would lay the foundation for interpreting the relationships between reactive nitrogen species (RNS) mediated (NO-dependent) dormancy removal and ROS (H₂O₂ and superoxide anion) accumulation in the embryo germination.

This paper established a forest competition index (u_a_CI_i) based on intersection angle. The competition index can precisely express the over shading and the lateral extruding from the competitive trees. Its value ranges from 0 to 1 and it is non-dimensional. The greater the competition index value, the smaller the tree size, and the greater the exposure to competitive pressure. The value also directly and clearly reflects the relative competition situation of trees in a stand. This explains in theory that large neighborhood tree has bigger influence on the object tree than that of the small neighborhood, which is not only reflected on the over shading but also the lateral extruding. The competition index has closer correlation with the tree size than the commonly used HEGYI-competition index does. Therefore, this competition index will has great application prospect along with the contemporary fast development of measuring technology.

The horizontal and vertical structures of the spruce-fir stands in the northeast, USA were modeled by the bivariate generalized beta distribution (GBD-2) and Johnson's S_BB distribution. The goodness-of-fit tests indicated that GBD-2 performed better than did Johnson's S_BB in fitting both marginal and joint distributions of tree diameter and height, and in predicting tree height and volume. Regression models were developed for predicting the parameters of the GBD-2 distributions using ordinary stand variables as predictors, such as stand density, basal area, mean tree diameter, mean tree height, and mean crown length and width. Thus, the future stand horizontal and vertical structures can be predicted when the future values of these stand variables were available. The bivariate distribution models developed in this study will provide useful information on the realistic relationships and dynamics of tree diameter and height.

Three endophytic Muscodor isolates isolated from needle tissues of the critically threatened Abies beshanzuensis can produce intense volatiles in vitro, which in general cause obvious inhibition or even death to a wide range of plant pathogens, indicating their strong antibiotic activity. In this paper, the fungal agents derived from solid-state fermentation were applied to efficiently control the fruit postharvest diseases, including Botrytis cinerea, Physalospora pyricola and Monilinia fructicola. The SPME-GC-MS technique was used to detect the volatile profiling of Mucodor, and the result showed that there were obvious difference in the chemical components and relative content among the three Mucodor isolates. Muscodor sp. M25 had relatively simple chemical composition of volatiles, while Muscodor fengyangensis M112-2 and M153 had complicated composition. The difference in their chemical composition of volatiles was, to some degree, correlated with their bioactivity. Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester and β-phellandrene were the main volatile small molecules. Thus, those Muscodor isolates would be ideal candidates to be exploited as novel ‘myco-fumigation’ agents.

In order to understand predominant species, seasonal dynamic and diversity of fungal endophytes in barks of Populus×euramericana cv.‘74/76’ and P.×euramericana cv. ‘Zhonglin46’,fungal endophytes were isolated from the barks by tissue isolation method, and identified by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and by morphological characteristics of microscopic observation. A total of 1 252 fungal endophytes were isolated from 996 bark tissues. The fungal endophytes were classified into 32 different fungal taxa belonging to 17 genera of Ascomycota. The predominant species included Alternaria alternata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium spp., Diaporthe spp., among which A. alternata and B. dothidea were the most common predominant species in the barks. The predominant fungal endophytes in the bark tissue varied in different seasons.

In order to study the resistance mechanism of Syringa spp. against Lepidosaphes salicina, 13 species/cultivars of Syringa were categorized into four groups: highly-resistant group (including 7 species, such as Syringa chinensis), moderately-resistant group (3 species such as S. emodi), susceptible group (2 species such as S. oblata), highly-susceptible group (only 1 species, e.g. S. villosa), on the basis of the population density of L. salicina on the Syringa spp. by cluster analysis. In the present study, the leaves of the 13 species/cultivars were sampled separately in pre-infesting period (by the end of May), peak-infesting period (by the end of June), weakly-infesting period (by the end of July) and late-infesting period (by the end of August), the contents of various tannins and phenolic acids of the samples were measured by Vanillin-HCl and HPLC methods, and the relationships between the leaf extracts and the susceptibility to L. salicina were analyzed. The results showed that in the highly-resistant group, a full range/types of phenolic acids were detected in the uninfected leaves, and the contents of both total phenolic acids and tannins in the uninfected leaves was significantly higher than those species/cultivars in other groups (P<0.05), the total phenolic acids and tannins in the infected leaves of the highly-resistant group increased by 81.75%-888.43% and the increments were higher than other groups. In the moderately-resistant group, the increment in total phenolic acids contents at the peak-infesting period was significantly higher than that in the highly-susceptible and susceptible groups, and the tannins content was significantly higher than that of susceptible group. The susceptible and highly-susceptible groups had relatively low contents of tannin and total phenolic acids during the pre-infesting period, and delayed induction of tannins and total phenolic acids during the peak-infesting period, and the types of phenolic acids were only a half of the highly- and moderately resistant groups. In addition, the presence or absence of some specific phenolic acids and their contents also had correlation with the resistance of Syringa spp. For example, from May to August, the cinnamic acid was detected in all highly- and moderately-resistant groups, whereas it wasn't detected in the susceptible and the highly susceptible groups. In short, the resistance of Syringa spp. against L. salicina was related to the constitutive and induced types and contents of tannins and total phenolic acids. The species containing more types of phenolic acids and high contents of total phenolic acids and tannin, or quickly producing or increasing the contents of tannin or phenolic acids in response to insect attacks, might have a strong resistance potential against L. salicina, and vice versa.

In order to understand nematode community characteristics and diversity in the soil ecology system in clear cutting slash of fir forests in sub-alpine zone in southeast Tibet, we investigated the nematode community structures in 0-30 cm soil layers and analyze the community composition and characteristics by collecting data of nematode density, genus number, diversity and nutrition index. A total of 14 496 nematodes were isolated using the Shallow dish method and they belonged to 2 classes, 6 families, 65 genera. The average density was 989 nematodes·(100 g)^-1 dry soil; and approximate 48.6% of the nematodes distributed in top soil (0-5 cm), obviously gathering in the top soil. The dominant genera were Boleodorus and Helicotylenchus. Herbivorous ones were the major nutritional communities. Bacterivorous types were a major part of non-herbivorous nematodes. Soil organic matters were mainly decomposed by bacteria. Statistics analysis showed that the nematode diversity and evenness in winter were higher than that in spring, but there was no significant seasonal variation in SR index. In different soil layers, H', SR values decreased with the depth; and J', λ values increased with the depth. There were obvious differences in the 4 indexes between 0-5 cm and 25-30 cm soil layers (P<0.05). It is concluded that characteristics of soil nematode community is a potential indicator for the forest ecosystem succession process and the interference degree in clear cutting slash of fir forests in southeast Tibet.

Forty-six Cytospora chrysosperma strains isolated from 31 cities or counties of 11 provinces in China were analyzed for their pathogenicity and genetic diversity. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between the geographical origin and the pathogenicity, but there was a certain relationship between pathogenicity and the host species. The strains isolated from Popular showed stronger pathogenicity than that from non-poplar hosts. The RAPD analysis of genetic diversity divided the C. chrysosperma strains into two groups. The first group included all strains of Beijing, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Jilin, Qinghai, Gansu and 5 strains of Heilongjiang, 2 strains of Shandong, 1 strain of Inner Mongolia. The second group included all strains of Sichuan, 7 strains of Inner Mongolia and 1 strains of Shandong. The cluster analysis of genetic diversity further divided the strains of the first group into the geographic groups of Beijing, Xinjiang, Liaoning, as well as the Gansu and Qinghai mixed group, the Heilongjiang, Jilin, Qinghai, Shaanxi, and Gansu mixed group. The strains of the second group were divided into the geographic groups of Inner Mongolia and Sichuan. The study indicated that there was an obvious relationship between the the geographical origin and the genetic diversity grouping.

A new efficient method based on feature fusion of PCA and FisherTrees for wood identification was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the training samples were projected into PCA and FisherTrees space respectively to form the PCA and FisherTrees features, then the two features were fused through three ways, i.e. arithmetic mean, swapping transposition mean and weighting mean. Finally, the feature fusion was applied to classify with different distance functions. The experimental results showed that the new method had a higher recognition rate and was more efficient compared with the tradition subspace methods. The best identification result could be obtained by features fusion of PCA and FisherTrees with swapping transposition mean and by the cosine distance function classifier.

Researches on ligninolytic enzymes of white-rot fungi could lay a foundation for exploring their degrading mechanism and expression and regulation mechanism of genes encoding for them. The study firstly observed and described the cultural characteristic of Hericium erinaceum strain CB1, result showed that CB1could produce some chlamydospores. Then, its ITS sequence was amplified (GenBank accession number: GU584100), and phylogenetic analyses was made based on the ITS sequences for 5 species including 17 different regional strains from Hericium, results showed that H. erinaceum strain CB1 and other strains from H. erinaceum were nearer in genetic distance and clustered together with them. After the classification status of H. erinaceum strain CB1 was fixed, its major ligninolytic enzymes were detected. The results indicated that H. erinaceum could produce MnP and laccase simultaneously, but no LiP excreted. The activities of MnP and laccase are regular. Mn²⁺ was proved to be the essential factor for H. erinaceum to produce MnP, but not for laccase. The highest MnP and laccase activity were reached when sawdust was added to LNAS culture solution with Mn²⁺ substrate which were 45.56 U·L^-1and 61.85 U·L^-1, respectively. It is the first time to report that the lignin degrading enzymes of H. erinaceum in China.

Forest management issues have received attention in the new round of the collective forest property right system reform. This research was conducted in Shaowu city and Youxi county of Fujian province. Based on a questionnaire from 156 farmers about their managing activities of plantation, weeding, fertilizing and protection, we analyzed impacts of 17 variables of 5 factors including family, forest land, non-forestry production, forestry production, and institution, on farmers' forest management behaviors by employing the Probit regression model and the profit-maximization theory. The result showed that farmers' participation rates of plantation, thinning, fertilizer, and protection were 64.1%, 36.5%, 33.3% and 46.2%, respectively. The plantation behaviors were significantly affected by educational level, and whether or not engaging in agriculture and forestry management over 10 years of head of the household, percentage of timber forests to total forestland owned by family, whether or not the farmers conducted afforestation before the forest right reform,cropland area owned by family,and percentage of off-farm income to total income of family. The thinning behaviors were significantly affected by age of head of the household, number of family labor, whether or not the forest land was far away from family house, whether or not the farmers conducted afforestation before this right reform, and whether the farmer was satisfied to the management system reform. The fertilizer behaviors were significantly affected by whether head of the household was engaged in agriculture and forestry over 10 years, number of family labor, whether the forest land was far away from family house, percentage of off-farm income to total income of the family, whether the farmer was satisfied to the taxation system reform, and whether satisfied to the management system. The protection behaviors were significantly affected by percentage of the newly obtained forest land from the new round of reform to total forest land owned by family,whether the forest land was far away from family house, and whether planning to construct a forest road. In order to inspire farmers' forest management willingness, the characteristics of farmers' family, forest land, non-forestry and forestry production should be taken into account and then the institution measures should be improved to facilitate farmers gain higher benefit and take lower cost.

Pollutants index evaluation and accounting,which is important scientific basis to environmental protection standards and environmental construction. For many years, research on discharge estimation and the corresponding index work in wood industrial pollutant that had been few in China, and brought the difficulty to industry environmental standards and industry policy. According to coefficient calculation in yield emission and the enterprise provided the off-line monitoring data on the basis of the wood industry in our country in 2011, combined with wood industrial product yield in nearly five years, completed emission coefficient of wood industry amount accounting and pollution load evaluation. The results showed that: 1)Wood industry product pollutants index, the scale was relatively large between industrial waste gas and waste water, pollution efficiency was minimum, solid pollutant emission rate to zero, the treatment effect was better. 2)The discharge of different pollutants in annual emissions and pollution degree, industrial dust and gas emissions maximum for fiberboard; industrial wastewater emission maximum for plywood; particle board pollution level relatively small; the average increased more than 5 times in nearly five years. 3)Data of man-made board industry and other industry comparative empirical, showed the man-made board industry had been the green industrialization. 4)Through analyzed pollutants index and compared with our country and the developed countries,which would provide basis of the energy wood industry standards in energy conservation and emission reduction, and achieved a low carbon development.

In this paper, runoff processes of a small forested watershed in upper reaches of Lijiang River were in situ monitored and the relationships between runoff and influencing factors were studied from January 2009 to December 2011. The results showed that the precipitation distributed irregularly within a year and there were obvious differences in precipitation amount among years, which resulted in great runoff fluctuation and inter-annual variation in Lijiang River. Summer runoff accounted for 63.2% of the whole year's and winter runoff accounted for 9.2%. The runoff coefficient of the whole watershed was 0.664 2. The precipitation effect on river runoff was accumulated with multiple rainfall events, which resulted in a lag of peak runoff behind the precipitation. Runoff period is usually longer than the precipitation's. The runoff would extend to 20 days for 18 days' continued rainfall. The impact of rainfall on runoff decreased in non-linear with the extension of time after rainfall event. The accumulation of lagged runoff can reduce the function of forest on hydrological regulation and might result in large runoff under light rainfall in rain season.

In order to increase the landscape quality of a mixed forest of Cotinus coggygria var. cinerea and conifers in Beijing lower mountainous area, the forest landscapes were evaluated by the scenic beauty estimation (SBE) method in this paper.The multivariate linear models between beauty degree and scenic factors of the out-forest landscape were established, and then the corresponding management measures were developed.The result showed that the ratio of sky in view had the largest contribution for the beauty degree of the mixed forest landscape, followed in turn by the sensibility of stem, ratio of colorful foliage, ratio of grayness, pattern of colorful foliage and variable hue of colorful foliage. Management measures for the mixed forest of C. coggygria var. cinerea and conifers should be adopted chronically, including cutting shrubs, thinning and filling plant in patches, to reduce the ratio of grayness, adjust the number of C. coggygria var. cinerea and conifers for maintaining the area ratio of red to green at 2:1, interplant other tree species with colorful leaves to make variability of hue, increase density of the landscape pattern distribution, and lead the landscape to mountain ridge. According to the BHD and CWD data of C. coggygria var. cinerea, Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis gained from a survey, the rational management density of pure forest of C. coggygria var. cinerea was found, and the rational number of C. coggygria var. cinerea and conifers was discovered for setting their area ratio of 2:1.

In this paper, the partial genome of Metasequoia glyptostroboides, a rare plant, was sequenced by using the ROCHE-454 GLX high-throughput sequencing platform. Through sequence assembly and microsatellite finding, 1 965 microsatellite loci were obtained in the sequence and the repeat unit length was 2-5 base pairs, by which 921 pairs of primer were designed with the Primer 3 Plus software. Analysis of these microsatellite sequences showed that tetranucleotide microsatellite was the most abundant, accounting for 38.8% of the total repeat sequences, followed by dinucleotide (31.8%), trinucleotide (22%) and pentanucleotide (7.4%) in the M. glyptostroboides genome. Among the dinucleotide repeat types, AG type was the most, accounting for 13.9% of total repeats and 43.8% of dinucleotide repeats. In the eight trinucleotide repeat types, AAG type accounted for 8.3% of total repeats and 37.7% of trinucleotide repeats, followed by ATG (23.1%), AAC (16.7%) and AAT (13.0%). The analysis of different lengths of the microsatellite repeat unit showed that the most abundant variants were dinucleotide microsatellite and there were 23 different types of repeat lengths, followed by the tetranucleotide repeat (10 types), trinucleotide repeat (8 types) and pentanucleotide repeat (3 types). The validation of SSR markers showed that, 87 pairs brought about clear products and 46 pairs had polymorphic products, accounting for 62.14% and 32.86% out of the 140 primer pairs,respectively.

Three-year-old saplings of ‘Lüling’ walnut (Juglans regia) from Hebei Lüling fruits Co. Ltd. were used to study effects of bending branch and notching bud in different periods on the budding rate, shoot growth and contents of endogenous hormone (GA₃, IAA,ABA and ZT). The results showed that the average budding rates for the branch bending angles of 45°, 90°,135° were 65.03%, 71.38%, 62.45%, respectively, and the budding rate with the bending angle at 90° was very significantly higher than that of bending angles at 45° and 135°. The average budding rates of notching bud treatment in March and April were 4.43% and 3.57% higher than that of non-notching bud treatment. The average shoot lengths with bending branch angles of 90° and 135° were decreased by 18.71% and 49.44% compared with that with bending angle at 45° in March. The average shoot lengths with notching bud and bending branch to 90° and 135° treatments were 46.93% and 60.45% lower than that of bending branch 45° in March. There was no significant difference in shoot lengths among every treatment treated in April. The proportions of young shoots at the base of branches with bending branch to 90° and 135° treatments in March were 22.76% higher than that of bending branch to 45° treatment. The upper buds of branches with bending angle 45° had the highest contents of GA₃, IAA and ZT, and the contents were very significantly higher than that of bending branch to 90°, which in turn were very significantly higher than that of bending branch to 135°. The content of ABA in the upper buds of bending branch to 135° was very significantly higher than that of bending branch to 45°and 90°, and that in the base buds was very significant lower than that of bending branch to 45°and 90°. The ratio of GA₃/ABA in the upper buds of bending branch to 45° was very significantly higher than that of bending branch to 135°, and that in the branch base buds was very significantly lower than that of bending branch to 135°. The ratios of ZT/IAA in the upper buds of bending branch to 135° was very significantly higher than that of bending branch to 45°and 90°. As for bending branch to 90° treatment, the contents of GA₃ in the upper and base buds with notching bud treatment were significantly lower than that of the non-notching, the contents of ABA in the all buds with notching treatment were significantly higher than those of the non-notching, the ratios of GA₃/ABA in the buds with notching treatment were significantly lower than those of the non-notching.

Objective of this paper was to study changes in growth and antioxidant enzyme activity of Platycladus orientalis seedlings under drought and Pb stress. A potting experiment was conducted with four soil water regimes (40%, 60%,80%, 100% of soil relative water content) and five Pb concentrations(0, 300, 500, 1 000, 2 000 mg·kg^-1). The results showed that drought stress restrained growth and antioxidase activities of P. orientalis seedlings, and the effects were more significant with the drought aggravated. The distribution pattern of biomass changed under drought stress, manifested as root> stem> leaf. Pb promoted the growth of P. orientalis seedlings within 2 000 mg·kg^-1. The drought stress imposed with 60%, 80% water regimes to P. orientalis seedlings was alleviated within 2 000 mg·kg^-1 Pb. Growth index and antioxidase activities of P. orientalis seedlings under treatments with 1 000 mg·kg^-1 Pb and 80% of soil relative water content were higher than control, however growth index under other treatments were lower than control. With the soil relative water content decreasing, MDA concentrations increased continually, but with Pb concentration increasing, MDA concentrations increased first, then decreased, and reached the maxmum at 2 000 mg·kg^-1. When Pb concentration was 1 000 mg·kg^-1, regardless of the water content, MDA content was significantly lower than control. In summary, the resistances of P. orientalis to drought stress could be strengthened under proper drought and Pb interaction.

This study aimed at obtaining Magnolia grandiflora. varieties adaptable to high latitudes. We measured the relative electric conductivity and the semilethal temperature of six types under low temperature by collecting the detached leaves of M. grandiflora. The microstructure of leaf was investigated with electricity microscope (SEM) and the leaf tissue tightness and porosity were calculated for the different types of M. grandiflora. The results indicated that the relative electric conductivity of the six types was significantly different under the set temperature. When the temperature dropped from 5℃ to -25℃, type Ⅴ had the smallest increase in relative electric conductivity, by 31.30%, followed by the type Ⅳ, by 37.42%, and type Ⅰ had the largest increase in relative electric conductivity, by 50.72%. Type Ⅴ had the lowest semilethal temperature, followed by the type Ⅳ, and then type Ⅰ. The shape of leaf epidermal cells was elongated round or rectangular, there were needle-like trichomes on the lower epidermis, the palisade tissue was composed of a layer of the vertical arrangement square cells, and the spongy tissue cells were nearly round. The order of leaf tissue tightness of the six types was typeⅤ>typeⅣ>type Ⅵ>type Ⅱ>type Ⅲ>type Ⅰ. In general, type Ⅴ and type Ⅳ would adapted to high latitudes.

Due to the large difference between the same-class leaf images, many classical recognition methods do not satisfy the actual requirements of the plant leaf image recognition system. Based on maximum variance unfolding(MVU)and maximum variance projection(MVP), a supervised orthogonal MVU algorithm was presented and was applied to plant leaf image recognition. By the algorithm, the high-dimensionality data were mapped to an optimal low-dimensionality subspace where the different-class samples were located further away, while the same-class samples were located closer. The local geometry structure of the low dimension manifold of the original high dimensionality data was preserved. The experimental results on real plant leaf databases showed that the proposed method was effective and feasible for plant leaf recognition.

The brown-spot disease of Liriodendron chinensis is a new disease and the disease has not previously been reported yet. In this paper an investigation and research were conducted in order to identify the pathogen of the disease.The results show that the pathogen is Physoderma sp., a fugus, and its zoospore can penetrate into the intact host tissue.The pathogen can reinfect the host many times within a year.

An elite variety of Rosa multiflora ‘Lushuohong’ was selected from the Dutch natural hybrid species. The size of flower is large, and the flower diameter is 8-10 cm. The variety blooms early, has long flowering period, and possesses bright-coloured flowers. The most number of flowers on each terminal shoot is 87 and the flower has elegant flavor. It has a wide range of adaptability and well stability. The variety possesses the capabilities of drought tolerance, cold tolerance, barren tolerance and disease tolerance. It is immune to powdery mildew and suitable for planting in Shandong.