Based on the phenomenon that the dominance in border row of plantation in arid and semi_arid region is obviously better than that in humid region, characteristics of water utilization of sand soil in stands of local main silviculture tree species and their outside of border row and among belt of stands in orderly ranks have been determined in different climatic regions. The trees can reduce the sand soil water content at 8～10 m in the outside of border row. And gradient of soil water is formed that can make the water permeate from the soil at and beyond 8～10 m to basal portion of trees, which becomes the necessary condition of normal growth of trees in border row in drought year. It indicates that there are main utilization belt of soil moisture and supplying belt of soil water leakage in border rows of stands. And the mode of characteristics of soil water utilization in plantation with reasonable disposition has been put forward. Finally, this paper discusses that the stands in orderly ranks planted according to the mode at same density and coverage is obviously better than the stands distributed evenly at same distances between rows and hills at the aspect of benefits of wind break and sand fixation.

The conversion of cropland to forestland or grassland is an effective way to restore degraded ecosystem.However, to some extent,it may necessarily influence the food security of some regions.This paper took Zhangbei County of Hebei Province as an sample of research object and analysed the impact of conversion of cropland to forestland or grassland on grain production.According to the model of minimum cultivated area per capita and the index of farmland pressure, the evaluation of food security in the villages and towns of Zhangbei County was conducted.Based on the evaluation of food security, the regulative mechanism for the project of the conversion of cropland to forestland or grassland was built up,which ensure that the project of the conversion of cropland to forestland or grassland was executed more sustainedly,steadily and healthily.

Models for estimating crown profile of primary branches within live crown were developed in a 26-year-old Larix olgensis plantation in Changbai Mountain. Data of crown attributes were collected from 25 sample trees ranging in diameter at breast height ( DBH ) from 10.5 cm to 24.9 cm using the method of branch analysis. Crown profile models, including branch diameter, branch length, angle of origin, and branch chord length, were developed from branch attributes and tree variables. These crown attributes of primary branches for a specified tree increase with the depth into crown ( DINC ) increasing. DBH and total height ( HT ) were adequate variables of tree for summarizing the effects of external conditions on crown profile. The predicting models of crown profile were logical and perform well to represent the trends in crown structure. All crown shapes are parabolic in the upper and middle part of crown, and follow approximately cylinder at lower part of crown. Overall, the models were suitable in describing the trends and inherent variability of crown profile for Larix olgensis plantation.

One building model method of spatial structure optimizing in stand selection cutting has been put forward in this paper, this method breaks through the traditional idea of function objective optimiziation building model. Based on this method, one model of spatial structure optimizing in stand selection cutting has been built. The model integrates modern forest management theory, biodiversity preservation and information technology, and successfully connects with control method. The model belongs to nonlinear multi_objective integer programming, the model objective is spatial structure based on mingling, competition and distribution pattern, and mainly subjects to non_spatial structure. The model can be solved by Monte Carlo algorithm. As an example, one fixed-size plot is selected from Jingou forestry farm Wangqing forestry bureau Jilin province. This model is used to make selection cutting plan, an optimal selection cutting plan with spatial information has been gotten and benefits making management decision.

The prediction of stand diameter structure can provide theoretical foundation for scientifically directive silviculture of plantations. In this paper, the reasons that influence the effects of Chinese Fir stand diameter structure prediction were approached from 4 aspects of growth equation, and so on. And the comparative research of two parameter estimation methods was conducted. The reasons for affecting the prediction adaptation degree were further explored from the angle of stand factors. The results showed that the affection of different recovery models, different material used to build model, different test material and different growth equations on test adaptation degree respectively present greatly obvious, obvious in some times, obvious or greatly obvious and no obviousness. When recovery model adopts the simplest power function, the adaptation degrees all go beyond 50%, the prediction effect of Richards equation is the best, its adaptation degree under six kinds of conditions only have one below 60%. Parameter prediction method and parameter recovery method both have relatively high test adaptation degree when being used to predict, these two methods have their own benefits and shortcomings, and both have good application prospects. Stand planting density is different from age, site index and thinning, its size of testing adaptation degree overall exists regular law, and has obvious affectation on adaptation degree, while predicting according to different density range, the prominent effect of planting density of stand should be considered.

Characteristics of tree growth and soil properties in the mixed and pure Pinus luchuensis stands were investigated in northern Okinawa, southwest Japan. The results showed that the production of the pine-broadleaf mixed stands were much higher than that of the pure pine stand. The total basal area and stocking volume for the mixed stands were, respectively, 55.2～72.1m²·hm^-2 and 406～638 m³ ·hm^-2 ; which were 63.3%～113.3% and 94.2%～205.3% greater than those of the pure pine stand, respectively. Result from the analysis of height-DBH relation of individual tree indicated that the growth of tree height for luchu pine in the mixed stands was significantly promoted. The mean height of pine trees in the mixed stands reached 18.4 m which was 46.0% higher than the pure stand. Litter accumulation on the ground surface in the mixed stands averaged 9.8 Mg·hm^-2 , and its decomposition constant was 0.20 However, for the pure pine stand, they were 17.5 Mg·hm^-2 and 0.46, respectively. Amounts of nutrient accumulation in A₀ horizon under the mixed stands were evidently lower than that under the pure pine stand except for Zn. Soils under the mixed stands had higher porosity, greater water-holding capacity, and better water regime in comparison with the pure pine stand. The contents of soil organic C, total N and available P were much greater in the mixed stands than in the pure pine stand. It is evident that the mixture of P. luchuensis and Schima wallichii kort. Ssp. liukiuensis Bloenb could increase the turnover rate of forest floor organic matter and accelerate nutrient cycling. The results from this study demonstrate that the mixture is suitable for maintaining soil fertility and site productivity in long_term, promoting its growth and establishing a stable, man_made forest ecosystem.

Sand control and human-induced vegetation restoration is very important to improve local environments and achieve sustainable development in Qinghai_Tibet Plateau. Since 1958, a series of experiments to combat desertification have been conducted in Shazhuyu of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province. In this study, several indices of plant species diversity, increased rapidly after establishing sand barriers. At the earlier phase of artificial sand fixation vegetation, all these indices reached a maximum, and then decreased because of the overwhelming dominance of Leymus secliumus population in late succession. It indicated that on shifting sand dunes of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, persistent erosion and sand drifting caused by strong winds are probably the limiting factor or bottleneck for plant species to survive shifting sand dunes. When mechanical and biological sand barriers are established, wind erosion and sand drifting can be weakened dramatically, which created relatively favorable conditions for native plant species to survive there and then accelerated the vegetation restoration. Total cover and cover of Leymus secliumus which is dominant in best-restored vegetaion are the most sound indices to evaluate degree of vegetation restoration, instead of plant species diversity which rose at the beginning of restoration but decreased reversely after a short time and dropped to bottom in best-restored vegetation. According to intermediate disturbance hypothesis, we argue that the low species diversity maybe results from the overwhelming dominance of Leymus secalimus that can exclude some other plant species.

In this study influence of woodland soil density on growth and distribution of fine root system of main planting tree species in the Weibei Loess Plateau was conducted by means of pot culture and field survey. Results indicated that in the woodland of Pinus tabulaeformis, soil bulk density increased with the depth on different sites; while in the woodland of Robinia pseudoacacia, soil bulk density was bigger than that in P. tabulaeformis, and there was no clear difference across the profile. Further analysis implied that there existed negative correlations between soil density and the length root of system with different diameter class in the woodland of P.tabulaeformis. Results from pot culture indicated that although effects of medium density of pot culture on fine roots growth and development of seedlings were different for different tree species, all the seedlings could grow better under the conditions of medium with mid-level density and porosity, and had the maximum biomass. Medium density of pot culture had significant effects on the growth and development of P.tabulaeformis and R. pseudoacacia seedlings' roots, especially on that of P.tabulaeformis. But it had less effect on that of Platycladus orientalis and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, whose fine root biomass changed little in different densities of medium.

Global environment crisis is threatening existence of human beings recently. While reviewing history, man found ancient China had rational knowledge on relations of man and nature. Different with the pursuit profit maximum pattern of the West forestry management,ancient China had brilliant forestry management ideas, its distinguishing feature was the thought of “human being syncretising nature”, achieved economy, society and environment harmonious sustainable development. Today,along with modernization and advancement of society,our nation faces serious population,resource,environment,food supplies and energy problems,relies on sustainable development forestry than ever.The way of live and let live that is the only path of being in harmony with nature.It is necessary to review and analysis that brilliant ideology that would provide us lessons and experiences for sustainable development forestry.

The converting cropland into forest and grassland project, which is a great ecological resuming project put into effect by China government at the end of the 20th century, is a great act of implementing national sustainable development strategy. The project should follow the principle of giving proifrity to ecology and economic benefits less important, what is determined by the project nature and task. But in Midwest poverty-stricken area, the project is now facing double pressure from ecological environmental protection and economic sustainable development, how to coordinate the ecological protection and the economic development, the long-term ecological interests and the short-term economic benefits, as well as the interests of the whole and department, will concern the sustainable development of project construction quality and system safeguard. Proceeding from ecological preference principle and essence, this text probes into the policy conflict and its reason in the implementing course of the project, and put forward the policy administrative measures and proposdls for mediating relations of various the interests.

The Conversion of Farmland to Forests Programme (CFF) is one of the six great ecological forest programmes in China. Since CFF as an extensive ecological project is just starting to implement and its technological operation is extremely complicated, it is in critical need for the support from science and technology, especially the key technologies in the form of optimized models and their associated techniques. The study covers the model area of CFF in hill_gully subregion of Loess Plateau, and for the first time introduces system dynamics and other latest theories and methodologies. By means of five combied technical lines including the site observation of field stations and extensive investigations etc., and over 10 000 original data obtained in the fields of natural science, social science and economics, the optimized models of CFF were studied systemetially. Optimized operational models integrating maximized ecological, economic and social benefits and reflecting sustainability concepts were proposed for typical sites of CFF: the Pinus tabulaeformis × Platycladus orientalis × Zanthoxylum Spp. × Robinia pseudoacacia model at the eroded flat ridges of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The model contains specific supporting technologies and operational mechanism.

Several important physiological and biochemical factors in the senescence process of flower buds of Rosa rugosa cultivars in Pingyin County were tested. The results indicated that the content of protein and the activity of SOD and CAT showed an early increasing and later decreasing trend. The membrane permeability, MDA content and O^-·₂ production rate increased as the progress was developing. The time of initial decreasing point of POD activity appeared later than that of other factors. The result of correlation analysis showed that protein was strongly related with factors of membrane permeability, MDA, O^-·₂,SOD and CAT. The membrane lipid peroxidation and enzyme system detriment were primarily considered to be the major physiological factors in postharvest senescence in flower buds of R.rugosa cultivars in Pingyin County.

Water characteristics of Sabina vulgaris were studied under drought stress using pressure_volume technique and combining investigations in field and experiment in greenhouse. Investigations in field were made by sampling at upper and lower of dune where soil water content was different in Mu Us Sandy Land. Three treatments of control,light stress,strong stress (osmotic potential of culture solution was 0.0,-0.1,-0.3 Mpa, respectively) were set up in water cultivation system in greenhouse of Okayama University in Japan. The results showed that osmotic potential at turgor loss point( ψ_s) and water potential at water saturation point (ψ_w)decreased in Mu Us Sandy Land. However,bulk modulus of elasticity(ε ) and rate of bound water in cell (V_p/V _o) increased under drought stress. In greenhouse, ψ_s and ψ_w got small, ε and V_p/V _o became big. It was concluded that drought resistance of S.vulgaris could be varied and improved by drought training. Diurnal changes of water potential of S.vulgaris growing in Mu Us Sandy Land,and relationship between the osmotic potential of culture solution and parameters of water characteristics under drought stress were discussed.

The photosynthetic characteristics of Cinnamomum camphora and its response to CO₂ enrichment in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest area were investigated using Li-COR 6400 portable photosynthesis system. The results showed that the diurnal net photosynthetic rate of C.camphora in sunny day varied with double peak curves. The peaks occurred at 10:00 and 14:00 respectively. There was a significant midday depression. Stomatal factors, such as the stomatal conductance, were the main causes of the depression. At midday, light intensity was the largest, vapor pressure deficit between leaves and air reached maximum, but air relative humidity, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration were minimum, and hence photosynthetic middy depression occurred. The light compensation point and light saturation point of leaves at the ambient CO₂ concentration were 40.6 μmol·m^-2s^-1 and 1 250 μmol·m^-2s^-1 ,respectively. When light intensity reached 1 000 μmol·m^-2s^-1 and ambient CO₂ concentration, its CO₂ compensation point and CO₂ saturation point were 50 μmol·mol^-1 and 1 200 μmol·mol ^-1 ,respectively. With the increases of light intensity, water use efficiency, sotmatal conductance and transpiration rate were improved at different CO₂ concentration. And in 24～35℃,the net photosynthetic rate showed a decreasing trend with the temperature and photosynthetic active radiation increasing.

Pot culture experiments were conducted to investigate the characteristics of growth and water use of Robinia pseudoacacia under different soil water conditions,which were suitable soil water condition, medium soil water stress and serious soil water stress. The results showed that R. pseudoacacia leaf water potential, leaf relative water content, mean rate of shoot growth, photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency (WUE) of single leaf all decreased significantly with decreasing of soil moisture. In whole growth season, R. pseudoacacia shoot grew and yielded quickly mainly from April to June. Total water consumption and biomass of R. pseudoacacia under suitable soil water condition were all the highest, yet water use efficiency was the highest under medium soil water stress. The monthly highest water consumption, the daily highest water consumption and the time that the daily highest water consumption appeared of R. pseudoacacia were different under the three soil water conditions. The date of the daily highest water consumption under medium and serious soil water stress was about a month later than that under suitable soil water condition, and the monthly water consumption of R. pseudoacacia all reached its peak in July under three soil water conditions.In growth season, R. pseudoacacia showed a single peak in photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate in the diurnal variation, except a pronounced midday depression in July. R. pseudoacacia had characteristics of high water consumption and high drought resistance, and was not fit to be massively planted over vast area in some water shorten regions in Loess Plateau, but only fit for some slope condition such as shady slopes and gaps, where soil water condition was more favorable.

A pair of primers, designed from conserved regions of plant vacuolar invertase genes, was used to screen Citrus sinensis vacuolar invertase gene ( CSVI) from C.sinensis genomic library. The positive λ phage was isolated by filter paper absorption phage PCR, and cultured largely. DNA from the positive λ phage was digested with several restriction enzymes. The positive fragments judged by DIG southern blotting analysis, were reclaimed, modified, cloned into pUC19 and pUCm-T, and sequenced respectively. The result indicated that the sequence was 4 722 bp including 6 exons and 5 introns, coding 588 amino acids. It was found to have 68%, 68% and 62% homology respectively to Solanum tuberosum (X70368), Lycoperscion esculentam (Z12025) and Prunus cerasus (AY048579) vacuolar invertases by blast analysis in GenBank. Meanwhile, it was subclassed into plant vacuolar invertase by phylogenetic relation analysis. CSVI had been registered in GenBank (Accession No. AF433643). This work will contribute to a study on the molecular mechanisms of accumulation and catabolism of sucrose during Citrus fruit development, and improvement of Citrus fruit quality by gene engineering.

It is more than seven years since transgenic Populus nigra carried Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene has been tested in the field. By PCR technology, the gene stability of transgenic P. nigra with Bt gene was analyzed, and the soil microorganism in the transgenic plantation and non transgenic plantation was quantitatively assayed for group. According to PCR analysis, Bt gene was still in the transgenic P. Nigra trees, and Mendelian segregation of Bt gene was observed in the progeny of transgenic P. Nigra (clone 153) crossed with control (CK₃). In order to evaluate the effects of transgenic forest trees on the environment biosafety, we surveyed three groups of microorganisms (bacterium sum, actinomyces and mould) in the soil around the roots of both non and transgenic trees, and of both no- and transgenic plantations. Analyzing using ANOVA, we have found no significant difference in terms of the microorganism number among both the individual trees and the plantations. It indicates that there are still no significant negative effects of transgenic poplar on the soil microorganism system.

RAPD markers was used to study the phylogenetic relationship among Chinese wild species and cultivars of Paeonia sect. Moutan. 18 primers selected from 210 decamer primers with clear and reproducible patterns generated 153 polymorphic bands(80.1%) among a total of 191 that revealed abundant genetic diversity among sect. Moutan. The number of the RAPD bands was recorded for every accession and 25 special makers could promote classification and identification of sect. Moutan. The cluster analysis based on the RAPD results was performed by UPGMA. The 23 OTUs (Operational taxonomic units) were divided into 3 groups. 5 wild species ( P. rockii, P. jishanensis, P. ostii, P. decomposita, P. qiui) and 11 cultivars got into one group. The genetic distances between every wild species and cultivars were also calculated, and the sequence based on genetic distance (0.48～0.57) from big to small was as follows: P. ostii, P. decomposita, P. qiui, P. rockii and P. jishanensis.

Phenacoccus azaleae belonged to the family of Pseudcoccidae in Coccoidea. It is a new destructive pest in the Bunge Prickly-Ash forest, Zanthoxylum bungeanus in northern China. The host plant which was damaged attracting the natural enemy a ladybug, Harmonia axyridis was studied in Taihang Mountain Area of Shanxi Province during 1999—2001 The results showed as follow: The percentage of the numbers of the ladybug attracted to the damaged fresh twigs and leaves can reach 57.0%. Correspondingly, the percentage was 20 0% to the undamaged ones. The rates of the ladybug which were attracted to the extractive solution from the damaged twigs and leaves were 37.0%. However the rates of the check test only was 10.3%. The test results came to the conclusion that the volatiles of the host plant can be so greatly changed by the induction of the mealybug feeding that the attraction of the twigs and leaves was increased to the ladybug. And this kind of the volatiles could be extracted by hot water. Further more, the inductive activity released by the damaged host plant could persist for about two months after the mealybug stopped feeding. The inductive activities increased with the content of the damaged twigs and leaves in test. Through GC/MS analysis, it is found that some long chain ester compounds distinctly increased in damaged host tree. Some 15 kinds of the compounds are same between undamaged and damaged trees. However the contents are much higher in damaged host tree. Other new compounds are synthesized in the damaged host tree. Theses compounds might play the role to attract the natural enemies.

The study of extracellular proteins and combination of enzymes of Dendroctonus armandi adult insects gut and its symbiotic fungus in the Qinling Mountains results showed that there were cellulase,hemicellulase,amylade,protease and esterase in the secretions of Dendroctonus armandi , whereas cellulase,hemicellulase,amylase,protease,esterase and laccase can be detected in symbiotic fungus At the same time,isoenzyme zymogram showed that cellulase,amylase,protease,esterase from symbiotic fungus and from the Dendroctonus armandi were difierent in the species and structure of enzyme This proved that Bark Beetle and symbiotic fungus can be utilized nourishing substances of phloem and xylem in host trees such as protein,cellulose,amylum,amylose,esters,but also symbiotic fungus can be utilized lignin in the induced lignose of host trees

The genetic structures of chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, among 26 subpopulations including 757 isolates, from populations of China, Japan and the USA, were analysed with DNA RFLP. The results showed that the subpopulations from China were significantly subdivided while those from Japan were not. There is currently no gene flow between populations of Asia and of the USA; both population structures of the USA and Japan were related more closely than those of Japan to China.

In this paper, the parameters of experiment population life table of the nature enemy mite Typhlodromus bambusae and introduced enemy Amblyseius cucumeris were studied in the laboratory to evaluate their potentials as a biocontrol agent against the 4 species in Moso Bamboo forests. The result showed that :(1)The generation survival rate of A. cucumeris were 90.40%, 77.55%, 87.93%, 81.63% and average fecundity of per female of A. cucumeris were 38.12, 45.77, 35.59, 30.26 when if feeding on S. nanjingensis, S. bambusae, A. corpuzae, A. bambusae. The generations survival rate of T. bambusae<.i> were 95.23%, 100%, 87.1%, 80.48% and average fecundity of per female of T. bambusae were 44.5, 46.8, 41.15, 20.1 when if feeding on S. nanjingensis, S. bambusae, A. corpuzae, A. bambusae; (2)The intrinsic rate of natural which has been known as the most important parameter of population increase of T. bambusae (0.155) was very similar to the A. cucumeris(0.154) and higher than their prey, S. nanjingensis(0.089);(3)The intrinsic rate of natural increase of T. bambusae (0.152) was very similar to the A. cucumeris(0.152) and both lower than their prey S. bambusae; (4) The intrinsic rate of natural increase of T. bambusae (0.148) is lower than of A. cucumeris (0.175) when they were feeding on A.corpuzae(0.185);(5) The intrinsic rate of natural increase of A. cucumeris(0.144) is lowed when if feeding on A. bambusae than 3 spider mites of Moso Bamboo. T. bambusae showed a lower fecundity when feeding on A. bambusae than those of A. cucumeris and most females tested escaped from experimental areas since 1998 A. cucumersis was released to control pests mites into Moso Bamboo forests during May-July. It has been showed that A. cucumeris may be a better biological control agent of pest of Moso Bamboo.

A Bacillus thuringiensis strain Bt886 toxic to Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) larvae were isolated from dead body of Tribolium macleby. The larvae fed with Bt886 exhibited high mortality (60%) and significant delay in growth. The shape of its crystal and spectrum of affected insects indicated that Bt886 could harbor cry3 like genes. A pair of primers was designed based on the conservative region of cry3 genes and a DNA fragment was successfully obtained by amplification. The fragment was further cloned into pGEM-T and the sequence analysis showed highly homologous to cry3 Aa1 gene with only one nucleotide difference. The fragment was located on plasmid of Bt886 by Southern analysis.

The main types of management artificial disturbance to monoculture bamboo( Phyllostachys pubescens ) forests could be divided into cultivating land+fertilization(C+F), cultivating land?, leveling off hilltops(L), spraying herbicide +leveling off hilltops(S+L) and non management(CK) in recent years. By means of spot check of undergrowth and canopy mites on bamboo in different forests disturbed with different types of managements disturbance in Sanming, Fujian Province from Sep. 2001 to Aug. 2002 , the results indicated that (1) there were 84 species of plant that belonged to 36 families in shrub layer, and 28 species of plant that belonged to 15 families in liana layer, and 30 species of plant that belonged to 26 families in herb layer under the monoculture bamboo forests in Sanming, Fujian Province. The sequence of species diversity of different layers in undergrowth was shrub layer >liana layer>herb layer. (2) All types of disturbance reduced the species diversity and evenness in shrub layer, and increased the richness, species diversity and evenness in herb layer. But the effects on liana layer were complicated. (3) There were 15 species in canopy mites group in bamboo forests which included 9 species of harmful mites and 6 species of predatory mites. In comparison with CK, C+F could increase the diversity of the canopy mites group, C+F and L could all increase the evenness of the group and decline its dominant concentration. (4) The correlation between the undergrowth diversity and canopy mites diversity was not significant. But the plant diversity in liana layer made significantly against the increase of the population of Oligonychus urama , and the plant diversity in herb layer was in favor of the increase of the population of Typhlodrinus bambusa .

The importing and exporting data of wild fauna and flora and their products in China from 1982 to 2001 were collected. Following factors were analyzed, including the dynamics of the quantity of species under legal control, number of countries in trade with China, the sources of the fauna and flora in trade and the purposes for trade. The analysis indicated that China have shifted from an exporting country to an importing country of wild fauna and flora. The quantity of species under legislation control which were in international trade have increased from less than 100 to more than 500, since the wildlife protection laws and regulations came into force since 1991, and the new Custom Harmonized System Code (HS code) was adopted in 1998 The wildlife protection laws and HS code benefited the wildlife management in China, especially for controlling the wild plant trade and wild species importation. Countries in trade with China increased from about 10 to more than 50, a significant quantity of permits were issued for commercial purpose, indicated that international trade in wild fauna and flora was very active. Many specimens in international trade were harvested from wild, which posed threats to the wild population of the concerned species. It was made that the following suggestions:(1) to enhance the legislation basis of Custom Harmonized System Codes;(2) to enhance the management on wild harvest;(3) to encourage captive breeding and artificial propagation of wildlife, and (4) to monitor and limit the quantity of importation.

The problem of disturbance decoupling by state feedback is considered for a linear singular system. Assumptions are introduced, and an algorithm developed. By using such an algorithm, a set of new coordinates can easily constructed, in which the system can be expressed in a simple form. A linear feedback law is then constructed which ensures, under appropriate conditions, that the closed loop system is regular, free of impulses, and its outputs are unaffected by disturbances. Sufficient and necessary conditions for solvability of (almost) disturbance decoupling are derived.

Based on the standard curve of the catenary,the calculation formulas of non load sketch and tension of suspension rope are deduced.By establishing state coordinate equation,the relationship between load horizon tension and load deflection is deduced,load sketch and tension of suspension rope is solved by Newton iteration numerical method.

excavated woods samples was collected from Laoshan Han Tomb. Material of the top boards of “Huangchang Ticou" were confirmed as Pine ( PinusL.) and Chestnut (Castanea Mill.) two tree species by the anatomic method. Various characteristics of tree ring patterns in Pine were investigated by means of statistical analyses, no correlation among tree ring index series of the sample ls1、ls2、ls3、ls4 and ls6 with the number of tree ring below 50 was discovered. High correlation among tree ring index series of the sample ls5、ls7、ls8 and ls9 with the number of tree rings beyond 70 was showed, the t-value of the correlation coefficients of tree ring index series more than 4.0, it could be concluded that these four samples were from the same area.

Basing on lab condition, Asian White Birch ( Betula platyphylla )lumbers were dried by conventional methods. The time factor was considered in the drying strains of wood, the polymer′s visco elastic theory and rheology theory were used to analyze the strains of lumber in drying process,slicing method was used to explore development and changing trend for the instant elastic strain、visco elastic strain、mechano sorptive strain which were on the cross section of lumber, the wood traverse strain characters were qualitatively analyzed in one drying cycle.Through research and experiment analysis, the following conclusions can be given:the elastic strains of the surface and center layers are always reverse, simultaneous the maximum elastic strain of surface layer at the drying process could be taken for the reference of steaming disposal. The visco-elastic strain cannot be distinguished from mechano-sorptive strain easily, mechano-sorptive strains of the prophase contain visco-elastic strains, so it can reflect the mechano-sorptive strains approximatively. With the steaming disposal of wood going on at middle stage and final stage of drying process, the mechano-sorptive strains of different layers increase gradually, the wood uneven shrinkage along thickness direction decrease gradually, the elastic strains of surface and center layers decrease, the machano-sorptive strain is one of the main reason of drying stress release.

Chitin is one of the most abundant natural amino polysaccharide and is estimated to be produced annually quantity being second only to cellulose. It has become of great interest on its development and application, but the raw material of chitin is limited currently with a high producing cost. However, insect is the biggest dominant animal group in the nature, and its total biomass is the biggest one among all of creatures in the nature, also the biggest unoccupied bio resources, especially the chitin resource of insect. Thus, insect is potentially an abundant resource for alternative raw material of chitin in the future. Whereas the resource of insect chitin has not been exploitaged until now, we studied the chemical characters of the chitin/chitosan from dung beetle, comparison analysis of the qualities of chitin/chitosan with those were from crab and shrimp shells and the technology of isolation chitin/chitosan from dung beetle. It is showed by this research that the content of chitin in dung beetle Copris ochus Motschulshy is several times higher than the shell of shrimp and crab which is the normal raw material for chitin, for the chitin content in shells is about 6%～14% in average and the chitin content of the dung beetle is 28.7%. And the quality of chitin and chitosan from dung beetle is better than the shells for residual ash content of chitin, the viscosities of chitosan and the color of chitin products. Meanwhile, it was fulfilled on the research of isolation chitin/chitosan from dung beetle by the experimentation of single factor method, the appropriate conditions of reaction are: ①Removing mineral matter: put the sample in the solution of 0.8 mol·L^-1 HCl, heated for 30 min at 70℃ firstly, then keep for 12 h under room temperature. ②Removing protein and grease: processed the sample with the solution of 2.0～2.5 mol·L ^-1 NaOH, 90～100℃, keep for 4～5 h. ③Deacetylation: processed the chitin with the solution of 10.00～11.25 mol·L ^-1 NAOH, keep for 3 h under 130℃.

For making clear the geographic variations of gutta percha content in bark of Eucommia ulmoides so as to provide scientific guide for developing high yield gutta percha industrialization base, studies were carried out in 16 producing areas from both the main planting areas and introduction areas. Typical sample tree selection and random selection were applied and integrated extraction was used for the 10-year-old gutta percha content test in this study. The results showed that there were significant differences in DBH (diameter at breast height), barks thickness and gutta percha content among samples from different producing areas. On the whole, gum content decreased gradually along with the latitudinal increase. In the areas with similar latitude, gum content was higher in eastern areas than that in western areas. Higher latitude, more precipitations, higher average annual temperatures and longer frost-free period favored the formation and accumulation of gutta percha in bark, which resulted in higher gum content.

In order to reasonablely develop, utilize and protect the rich and unique ecotourism resources in Linzhi Prefecture, and to promote the fast, sound and sustainable development of the national prefecture’s tourism and economy, the superiority of developing ecotourism, present condition and existing problems in Linzhi have been analyzed in the article through consulting a lot of literatures and field survey. The countermeasures used to solve the problems were proposed combining with the local situation.

As system function depends on system structure, the strategic restructuring of Jiangsu forestry industry (JFI) is both an important component part of the development strategy of JFI, and effectual measures to realize the general strategy. This thesis analyses the present situation and the problems of JFI's structure. Then, to solve the problems, the strategic objective and strategy system of JFI restructuring are researched. Furthermore, more concrete adjustment of mutual structure among and internal structure within each of primary, secondary and tertiary forestry industry is studied deeply. Thus, a set of strategies to restructure JFI, which correspond to JFI's reality, are proposed as useful reference for the authorities concerned to make correct decisions.

The solar energy fixation, storage and distribution of the Chinese Fir plantation in Huitong Located Ecology Station of Hunan Province were studied. The results showed that the ability of fixing solar energy in center area for Chinese Fir plantation was 12 474×108～31 943×108J·hm-2, and the energy fixed by Chinese Fir plantation regularly decreased with the increasing of stand density. The distribution ratio of solar energy in stand was in order as: needle-2 the distribution ratio of solar energy in needle was the highest at the 14th year forest, while in the 16th year forest the distribution ratio in bark was 1.91 times of that of trunk, which meant that the trunk stopped growing and the forest was on the wane. When the accessibility entering the pole stage, the forest density was the main factor which affected the solar energy fixation. Proper intermidiate was a necessary means to increase the ability of photosynthesis.

The processes about pollination, fertilization and embryo development of Chinese Date ‘Wu_he_zao’ (ziziphus jujuba) were observed by means of lightmicrocope combining histochemical dyeing and fluorescent technique. The results were summarized as follows:The pollen grains germinated on the stigma at the 4th hour after pollination. On the 5th day after pollination, the primary endosperm nucleus formed, and the zygote formed on the 6th day. The double fertilization of Wu-he-zao was the type premitotic syngamy. The first division of the zygote took place after a dormancy for about 6～7 days. The proembryonal development of Wu-he-zao belonged to the Solanad type. The development of the endosperm belonged to the nuclear type.

This paper reports the germination rate,survival rate and adaptability index of Manglietia yuyuanensis and Manglietia insignis and compiles a dynamic life table based on the investigation data during the seedling stage.The result showed that the adaptability index of Manglietia yuyuanensis was 0.187 5 and Manglietia insignis was 0.138 5 Much difference exist between them. The adaptability of the former was 35 38% higher than that of the latter. Their emergence percentages were 28.0% and 22.5% respectively, only arriving at the seeds vitality samara rates of 34.1% and 29.6% respectively. After a growing season, their survival rates became 66.96% and 61.56% respectively. There were extremely significant differences between them. The death danger period of the two species appeared from the 5^th April to the 5^th May and from the 20^th May to the 5^th July. It's necessary to increase the seedling management lever in order to enhance the survival rate in the seedling raising process,especially at these critical stages.