This study investigated the categories and concentrations of PAHs in the plants and soil of a Cinnamomum camphora stand at the suburb of Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province, using GC instrument. The concentrations of PAHs in different organs of overstorey trees in the C. camphora stand could be ranked in the following order: bark (8 641 μg·kg^-1) >fruit (7 520 μg·kg^-1) >root (7 115 μg·kg ^-1) >branch (5 352 μg·kg^-1) >leaf (4 481 μg·g^-1) >stem (2 843 μg·g^-1). In the whole C. camphora stand, the concentration of PAHs was 9 235 μg·kg^-1 for litter, 5 995 μg·kg^-1for overstorey trees, 3 631 μg·kg^-1 for understorey herbal plants, 1 466 μg·kg^-1 for soil and 245 μg·kg ^-1 for understorey shrubs plants. The PAHs concentration in the soil of the C. camphora stand decreased by over 50 in contrast to that in the soil of a bare land. At the same time, the PAHs concentration in the throughfall and surface runoff was lower than that in the precipitation due to absorption and degradation of the C. camphora stand. The results that C. camphora stand had the functions of absorption and degradation of PAHs could provide a scientific basis for urban forest construction and environmental protection.

A one-hm 2 Chinese Pine(Pinus tabulaeformis)plantation was investigated to understand community vertical structure and two 100 m-long transects within the plantation were examined to learn community horizontal structure, in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, Sichuan Province,southwestern China. The pine coverage was found to be inversely related to shrub coverage, understory coverage(sum coverage of shrub and herb layers)and understory species richness, similar to the relationship between shrub layer and herbaceous coverage. No significant relationship was found between species richness and coverage within both shrub and herbaceous layer. Shrub layer coverage declined, but herbaceous layer coverage increased with increasing the pine patch size. Species richness peaked at the pine patch diameter of 12～15 m. Within the forest gaps, species richness and herb coverage were larger near the edge of forest gaps than that of gap centers, while shrub coverage was larger in the gap centers. Considering that different plant species are supported by patches with different size, we suggest that the pine forest should be managed to a mosaic community that consists of many forest gaps and pine patches with different size.

The paper adopted difference methods to build the polymorphic site index equations based on six theoretical growth equations such as Korf, further explored their polymorphic meaning, and analyzed their modeling qualities, finally got several main conclusions: (1) Based on theoretical growth equations, through difference methods the polymorphic dominant equations can be built and have good biological basis; (2) The inflection points of theoretical growth equations have very important effect on their modeling precision of dominant height; (3) Difference equations have better modeling effect on the big range of region; (4) The polymorphic dominant height equations, such as the two-parameter polymorphic forms of Korf, Richards, Weibull and three-parameter polymorphic form of Sloboda, showed higher precision, the polymorphic site index equations with good theoretical basis can be built when excellent polymorphic dominant height growth models are adopted.

Density, storage and spatial distribution of carbon in Phyllostachy pubescens forest were studied by means of sample plot. Carbon density of different bamboo organ ranged from 0.468 3 to 0.5210 g·g^-1, which was in order as follow: root>trunk>underground trunk>branch>underground stem>leaf. The organ distribution of carbon storage was 50.97for trunk,19.79 for root and 4.87for leaf. The total carbon storage in bamboo ecosystem was 106.362 t·hm^-2, of which the above-ground green vegetation stored 34.231t·hm^-2,accounted for 32.18 ,and the forest floor and soil(0～60 cm horizon) stored 72.131 t·hm^-2,account for 67.82. Annual carbon fixation of tree story in bamboo forest was 5.097 t·hm^-2a^-1, which was 1.46 times of Chinese Fir at the fast growing stage, and 1.33 times of tropical mountain rain forest. Compared with traditional practice, after 10-year intensive management, total carbon storage in the bamboo ecosystem declined 8.133 t·hm^-2, however, the net annual carbon fixation of tree story appeared an increase of 0.589 t·hm^-2a^-1.

Based on the investigation in gaps and non-gaps stands in mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest at Wanmulin Nature Reserve of Fujian Province, the quantitative characteristics of tree species in gaps and non-gaps stands, the regeneration responses of the major tree species to gaps size were analyzed. The results showed that tree species could be classified into 7 groups according to the change of orders of importance values in gaps and non-gaps stands:(1) species only occurred in gaps;(2)species only occurred in non-gaps stands; (3)respond not significantly to gaps in regeneration; (4)strong positively responsive; (5)strong negatively responsive;(6)moderate positively responsive; (7)moderate negatively responsive. The regeneration responses of the major tree species to gap size were different. Regeneration densities of Symplocos sumuntia peaked at the gap size of about 100 m² , regeneration densities of Schima superba peaked at the size of 300～400 m² , while those of the other 4 species peaked at the size of 100～200 m² .

Based on the permenent plot data, the basic models such as site index function, diameter growth function, mortality function were develeped. As the stand status’limit distribution is normal distribution, Weibull distribution model was built. The basic models were non-linearly transferred to densiti and site model through density and site damp factor.Mixture forest combined with pure forest through species overlay-effect coefficient.General stand structure vector of composition species on t moment were constructed by complete and imcomplete original diameter structure files.Pines growth and succession process were recurred through intelligentize simulate technique and vegional forest resource dynamic was forcasted.

The architecture of 9 dominant trees in Hainan were studied. According to precise observation and description of ramification and germination, it was found that 1 belongs to Massart model, 1 belongs to Troll model, and 7 belong to Rauh model. The architectural characters with the results of other studies overseas were compared in this study, and the relation between architectural model and genus and relation between germination model and genus were confirmed.

The contents of the flavonoids and endogenous hormones of leaves in Ginkgo biloba phyllome branches were determined during all stages. The results indicated that the abscisic acid (ABA) content was low in the early stage, and got its lower peak in the early July, and rose quickly from the middle of Aug., and reached its highest value in the early Nov., which was consistent with the flavonoids content peak. Typical two-peak curve belonged to the change of ethylene (ETH) concentration, one rested in the early July, the other with a higher value in the late Sep. Cytokinin (CTKs) content was high in the early stage and fluctuated several times with different ranges in the middle-late stage. There was a significant relationship between CTKs and zeatin ribosides(Zrs). Gibberellin (GA) content was high in the early stage, and then went down gradually to reach its lowest value in the middle July, and lower value in the late Sep. apiece. 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) content fluctuated with a large scope, and showed three peaks during the growth and development of the leaves. Of these peaks, the first peak was the highest. It was very helpful for the improvement of the flavonoids synthesis to have higher ETH, ABA, and CTKs/IAA, and lower GA. When IAA/ABA, IAA/ETH, CTKs/ABA, CTKs/ETH, GA/ABA, GA/ETH, IAA/ABA, IAA/ETH, GA/ABA, GA/ETH values were the lowest, the peaks of flavonoids formation could be observed accordingly. The relationship between flavonoids and endogenous hormones in G. biloba leaf was discussed in this paper.

Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in Ficus microcarpa and Areca triandra in greenhouse before and after shading in summer were explored. Data revealed that A. triandra was sensitive to higher temperature and strong irradiance, however F. microcarpa was contrary. Maximal PSⅡ photochemical efficiency was down-regulated distinctly in A. triandra at noon under higher irradiance and temperature before shading, whereas, only slight down-regulation occurred in F. microcarpa. After shading, the down regulation was alleviated. Unfortunately, daily average photosynthetic rate in A.triandra and F. microcarpa decreased to some extent after shading; the former reduced smaller than the latter. Thus, it can be deduced that shading in summer could reduce the down-regulation of the maximum PSⅡ photochemical efficiency, but shading also resulted in the decrease of daily average photosynthetic rate, especially to light-preferring plants.

One-year-old seedlings of Taxodium distichum were grown in a pot under greenhouse conditions with varying soil water contents (W₁, flooding; W₂, 75 of field water capacity; W₃, 25 of field water capacity), and there were four salt (NaCl) contents (0, 0.15, 0.3 and 0.45 of dry weight of soil)under every water content to study the effects of soil water and salt contents on growth and uptake of nutrients of T.distichum. The time of treatment was 130 days. The results showed that there were significant effects of soil water and salt contents on growth and uptake of nutrients of T.distichum. The relative height growth, relative ground diameter growth and biomass increment decreased with increase of soil salt content and decrease of soil water content. The total N, P and Na content in root, stem and leaf and the total Ca and Fe content in leaf increased with increase of soil salt content under the soil condition of flooding, while the total Fe, Ca and Mg content in stem and root had little significant difference. The total N, Na, Ca and Fe content in root, stem and leaf and the total P, K and Mg content in stem and leaf increased in a different degree with increase of soil salt content under the soil condition of W₂, while the total P, K and Mg content in stem decreased under higher soil salt content. The total N, P and K content in leaf, the total Ca and Mg content in stem and leaf and the total Na content in root, stem and leaf increased in a different degree with increase of soil salt content under the soil condition of W₃, while the total N, P and K content in stem and root and the total Fe content in root, stem and leaf decreased with increase of soil salt content.

The cuttings of Parthenocissus quinquefolia were treated with 0～300 mmol·L^-1NaCl. The growth,and some physiological characteristics were investigated after 7 days of treatment. The results showed that plants grew and developed normally in 25 and 50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl. When the concentration of NaCl equal to or more than 100 mmol·L^-1, the growth of treated plants were inhibited, the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration,as well as stomatal conductance were markedly decreased; At the same time,membrane permeability and MDA content markedly increased. It was possible that the concentration of NaCl 100 mmol·L^-1 was the key value of salt stress. Under the salt stress, the contents of soluble sugar,proline, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ increased, especially when the content of NaCl above 100 mmol·L^-1, except proline, the difference of treated plants and control was significant. It was suggested that P. quinquefolia cuttings adjusted the stress of osmotic pressure by increasing the content of soluble sugar and K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺.

This study was carried out in a 15 years old progeny test of open pollinated families of Larix kaempferi in Jianshi County, Hubei Province. The genetic variation of families, age age correlations, and the age trends in genetic parameters for growth traits were analysed. Variance analysis revealed that DBH, height were significantly different from 5 to 15 years old among L. kaempferi families, and so were among individual trees within a family, which meant that there was big potential either for individual selection or family selection and they were the major sources for its genetic improvement. The variance components, heritabilities and coefficient of variances were dynamic during whole period of tree growth, and showed some common rules. The age age phenotypic and genetic correlations for DBH, height were very high, indicating that these relationships were mainly controlled by genetic factors. 6 year old was the most proper age for early selection of half sib families and 8 year old for individual selection within a family, and DBH was a better indicator than height due to its genetic stability.

On the base of forty two early experiments for nine years, the one year-old-superior Betula platyphylla seedling dealing with five coordinative methods (proper concentration carbon dioxide, appropriate hormone spraying, right intensity of illumination, timely wring shear, mezzo control of temperature and humidity) could flower at age of 2～3 years old and seed at large scale at 3～4 years old. However, in the nature condition the B. platyphylla could not seed until at age of 17～20 years old. Besides, in this experiment the integrated and holographic time sequence system which can automatically monitor and display was developed.

The experiment was carried out in Youxi County, Fujian Province to study the effects of different fertilization, including organic manure, compound fertilizer, inorganic manure, and nonfertilizer, on nutrient components of bamboo shoot and nutrient content of N, P, K in leaves of bamboo during shoot growth stage for Dendrocalamopsis oldhami. The results indicated that the contents of N, P, K, and of coarse protein, coarse fibre, amino acids hydrolyzed from protein in bamboo shoot were increased obviously in 3 fertilizer treatments. The highest contents of N and protein was found in the inorganic manure treatment, and the highest contents of P, total amino acids, and total essential amino acids in bamboo shoot were in the treatment of compound fertilizer,and the highest contents of K, coarse fibre, semi essential amino acids were in the treatment of organic manure. However, the contents of reductive sugar, total soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch in the treatment of nonfertilizer were higher than other fertilization treatment. There was a certain difference in N,P,K content of bamboo leaves among 3 fertilization treatments during different emergence period of bamboo shoot. The contents of N, P, K in bamboo leaves in the fertilization treatments were higher than those in the nonfertilizer treatment at the initial stage of shoot emergence, the highest contents were bound in the treatment of inorganic manure. At the prosperity stage, the highest contents of N and P were in the treatment of organic manure. The highest content of K was in the treatment of inorganic manure. The highest content of N in bamboo leaves was bound in the organic manure treatment at the last stage of shoot emergence, and the highest contents of P and K were bound in the nonfertilier and inorganic manure treatment respectively at the same stage of shoot emergence.

The characteristic of water consumption and water utilization efficiency of 20-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis plantation were studied by artificial irrigating. The results shown that there was positive correlation between the water consumption and irrigation.When the irrigation level were 1.5, 1.0, 0.5 time of precipitation and control, the water consurnption of Pinus tabulaeformis were 10 358.5, 8 290.5, 6 455.5, 4 337.0m³ ·hm^-2respectively, and Platycladus orientalis were 9 547.5, 7 980.0, 6 471.0, 4 195.0m³ ·hm^-2 respectively. Irrigation accelerated the growth of the trees. The hight, diameter at breast height and volume of Pinus tabulaeformis were greatly increased at the level of 1.0 time, and those of Platycladus orientalis were at 1.0, 1.5, 1.5 time. The water utitization efficiency of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis were highest at the level of 1.0 time and 1.0～1.5 time respectively, and the suitale water of irrigation were 5 250～6 000m³ ·hm^-2 and 5 330～9 330 m³ ·hm^-2per tree respectively from March to October, which were divided into 3 times.

In this paper the effects of postharvest high CO₂(30%～80%) shock treatment on the storage quality and performance of Chinese Chestnut(Castanea mollissima Blume,cv. Dahongpao)at 0 ℃ were studied. The CO₂ treatment duration and CO₂ concentration were the main factors affect the quality. The ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) activity and accumulation of alcohol was increased remarkably by the high CO₂ shock treatment. The longer the treatment time was and higher the CO₂ concentration was, the higher the ADH activity and alcohol concentration were. High CO₂ shock treatments affect the metabolism of starch and soluble sugar. 30%～50%CO₂could retard the decomposition of starch, while 60%～80% CO₂could increase the decomposition rate. The decay rate of chestnut treated with 40% CO₂ for 20 days was only 1% at the end of 120-day cold storage, and which was the best treatment to keep the storage quality and performance of chestnut among the high CO₂ shock treatments. The Chinese Chestnut was not hurt in all CO₂concentrations treatments if the treatment duration was not more than 10 days, but it become off flavor if the Chestnuts were treated for more than 20 days and the index of off flavor Chinese Chestnut was positive to the CO₂ concentration. The Chinese Chestnut could be reversibly hurt if CO₂ concentration was over high(>50) and time of treatment was over-long(>20 days) and the flavor was not recovered even at the end of storage.

The GIS approach was used to study the spatial structure of forest stands in this paper. Based on spatial analysis with ArcView for forest stands, the factors of the structure of forest stands were obtained,such as the degree of crop size divergence and the degree of crop cluster and the degree of crop mixed and the potential growth area of trees species in the forest stands. These results will offer the information which is useful for restoring forest ecosystem and optimizing spatial structure of forest stands. It will provide the valuable experience for the development of forest management.

There are plenty of herbaceous wild flowers and plants in Longtou Mountain of Hebei Province. On the basis of investigation, 267 species belonged to 51 families and 167 genera have been found, including more than 100 species with great ornamental value. Most of them are members of Compositae,Ranunculaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Scrophulariaceae, Gramineae, Cruciferae and Rosaceae.They are important material basis for breeding, due to their unique forms and colors of flowers.The characteristics of wild flowers and plants resources and application to gardens were introduced. 35 species were described emphatically from their natural distribution, traits,habitat, seed germination,as well as the application to flowers and plants industry and plant design. Suggestions on exploitation and utilization of them were proposed.

1-2-year-old aquacultural excised branches of Pinus massoniana were inoculated with disinfected Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Bx), the bacterium Bacillus firmus(Bf) accompanying Bx and the mixture of Bx and Bf respectively in order to investigate the population dynamics of Bx and its accompanying bacterium in the branches. The results showed that by inoculation with the mixture of Bx and Bf, the branches were diseased, the pith of the branches browned, the process of pith browning was from inoculated branch to main branch, and from lower part to upper part in the main branch, while by inoculation with Bx or Bf singly, the branches were not diseased. By inoculation with the mixture of Bx and Bf than with Bx singly, the propagation number and moving speed of Bx in the branches were larger. The moving process of Bx in the branches were: inoculation branch→main branch→lateral branch→current shoot, and from lower part to upper part in the main branch. The process of pith browning showed no difference from the moving process of Bx in the branches, the distribution of Bx preceded the pith browning. At early stage after inoculation with the mixture of Bx and Bf than with Bx or Bf singly, the number of pathogenic bacterium detected in the branches was larger. Thus the standpoint was proposed that both bacterium and pine wood nematode was necessary pathogenic factor of pine wood nematode disease, and pith browning in lower part of the main stem of the host could be used for early diagnosis of the disease.

To understand cultural and physiological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal fungi was the key to utilize them in large scale production. In this paper the growth characteristics of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Boletus edulis and Leccinum scabrum were studied on different media, temperature, pH value, different kinds of carbon and nitrogen, and also the resistance to salinity and alkalinity of the two fungi were investigated. The results showed that B. edulis adapted to grow on MMN media and utilized glucose, starch and beef extract best, and L. scabrum was well to grow on media of PDA, MMN and MRD with glucose and beef extract as the sources of carbon and nitrogen; The two fungi could use (NH₄)₂SO₄ and KNO₃ very well;and could be able to grow at a pH range 4～9,and grew best at 5～6;the best growth temperature for them was 25～30 ℃. The test also indicated that they had an ability of tolerance to salinity and alkalinity, but the mycelia dry mass dropped down evidently under a double stresses of pH and salt treatment.

This paper introduces spatial gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) into wood surface texture quantitative analysis. On the basis of fifty species datas, it concludes that d equals to 3, and θ equals to 0° in radial texture, equals to the average of 0°, 45° and 135° in tangential texture are suitable for wood texture analysis. It induces four principal components from eleven GLCM features, and explains their meanings; then it analyzes distribution law of wood textures in principal component space, and probes wood texture characteristics both in radial and tangential directions, as well as their changing law; at last, it advances a calculation formula for computating wood texture value comprehensively, and how to use it to judge the similarity of two textures.

Aiming at the non-closed loop control problem of the plant water-saving irrigation, according to the direct accurate corresponding relation between the geometry size parameter and its water content of the plant leaf, it is all right to regard this kind of parameter as accurate feedback control variables when the measure precision reaches the grade of microns quantity by using system analysis theory and method. The paper puts forward to a non-destructive high-accuracy detection technique of the plant water content by utilizing physiology of the plant itself to adjust and control the mechanism based on the physics method, and it can realize the intelligent irrigation system that has accuracy closed-loop control and can realize the real water-saving irrigation of the most high-efficient optimization, and develops a micro-displacement sensor with simple structure, high measure precision, well ability to resist environment interfere, and high depend ability. It is significant to abundant water-saving irrigation theory and technology and to form the new products of agriculture.

Polycarboxylic acids acted as esterification agents and inorganic salts acted as catalyst in the research of wood crosslinking reaction. The vibrancy efficiency of treated wood were analyzed. The results showed that vibrancy efficiency of Picea sitchensis and Chamaecyparis iawsoniana. Reacted by 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) changed: loss tangent (tan δ) went down in longitudinal and radial,the changes of specific dynamic Young’s modules (E/ρ) were not distinct and abnormity with rise ofantiswelling efficiency(ASE)in the radial direction, the changes of acoustic radiation damping. E/ρ³ were similar to specific dynamic Young’s modules (E/ρ), the tan δ/Ewent down in longitudinal and radial.

Chitosan, a natural and renewable polymer without toxic and pollution to human beings and environment and the deacetylated derivative of chitin that mainly exist in the crusts of crabs and shrimps, has many good characteristics and used into many fields such as agriculture, medicine, chemistry, etc.Chitosan metal complex (CMC), one new potential wood preservative, which produce from the chemical reaction between chitosan and some metal salts such as copper or zinc salts are shown to be effective but low-toxicity preservatives for wood. This paper reported the decay resistance of Pinus massoniana and Populus tomentosa treated with chitosan copper/zinc complex (CCC and CZC)against the brown and white rot fungi. The results showed that the decay resistance of CZC against brown rot fungi (Poria placenta) treated to P. massoniana wood were equivalent with CCA, and remarkably better than that of only treated by relevant metal salts and chitosan, but CCC had little effectiveness against brown rot fungus. The threshold retention of zinc ion in CZC treating solution was 0.780 kg·m^-3 (mass loss 1.18); also decay resistance of CCC against white rot fungi (Coriolous versicolor) was equivalent with CCA, and remarkably better than that of only treated by relevant metal salts and chitosan, while the CZC against white rot fungi was not good. The threshold retention of copper ion in CCC treating solution was 0.824 kg·m-3 (mass loss 2.45).

Penetration of aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) adhesive into Larch、 Birch and Oak with micrograph method was studied in this paper. The results showed that there was no difference in penetration between tangential direction and radial direction for each wood. In the tangential glued specimens, API adhesive penetrating into ray tissues was not observed even for Oak wood. That is to say, the ray tissues played no role in conducting liquid API adhesive into the three woods. Reasons for this phenomenon were analyzed also.

Urban biodiversities have been seriously destroyed along with the acceleration of urbanization processes. Therefore, ornithologists and people working on urban nature protection areas have begun to pay more and more attentions to studies on urban bird diversities, which are the important components of urban diversities and one of the important indexes of urban environment qualities. The present paper introduced mainly the research methods and results of the influences of urbanization on bird communities and the relationship between the habitat structures and the community structures of urban birds. Based on reviews of the research methods and results of both in China and the other part of the world, the present paper also made prospects for further urban bird researches.

In this paper, possible applications of artificial neural network(ANN) in wood industries were discussed in the base of briefly introducing the basic character and function of ANN. Wood moisture content,stress and strain during drying process and properties of plant fiber composite under different technical conditions could be predicted by ANN and technical parameters of forest chemical product could also be optimized by ANN,while we could predict the tendency of market of forest product in home and abroad with ANN.

In China, urban forest is regarded as primary elements to improve urban environment by scholars, government and the public in the programs of urban beautification and eco-city development. This paper reviewed the researches on urban forest, finding few Chinese references on characteristics and management of urban tree population; sampling surveyed the urban trees in Nanjing, revealing that the tree species composition was dominated by a few of species, tree size was relatively small and tree performance was fair due to impacts of urban stresses to tree growth; diagnosed urban tree management system of Nanjing, pointing out that the unclear authorities and responsibilities of administrative agencies, obsolete knowledge of managers and impractical ordinances were critical problems lessening management efficiency; and presented that comprehensive urban tree planting plan and tree management information system were crucial elements for a modern tree management system with references of experiences of western countries.

If a process enterprise exposed to market risk can control a proportion of materials supply, it means it buy an option that the enterprise can choose supply channels from the it’s base and markets. This kind of option value to an alliance of wood process and plantation. The paper quantifies the strategic value by the option model. Sensitivity analysis shows the higher timber price, long-term capital interest fluctuation, and the more freedom of felling, the bigger expected value of timber forests. This apply of the option model offers a good foundation to understand the strategic value of materials base, and analyze the felling quota policy.

Single tree’s sapwood scattering style and diameter classes’diurnal water consumption rhythm were studied in a 48 years old Quercus variabilis stand at the east hill slope, located in the Forest Research Station of Beijing Forestry University in the water conservation area in Beijing (39°54′N, 116°28′E). Results showed that relation between trees sapwood area and diameter at breast height (DBH) was significant. Single-tree’s daily water consumption ascended as DBH and sapwood area increased, and related significantly. Daily water consumption of different diameter class in September ascended steeply from the early morning and got the peak around 11:00 pm, and then descended till 18:00 when it got the valley slowly. Three-dimension model of daily-accumulated water consumption was acquired by scaling-up method from the typical Richards model and characteristic parameters of daily stand water consumption course were calculated from modulated Richards equation derivative: W_ditj=(-7.147+1.174^d_i)[1-(-3025.937+d^2.175_{i)e^-0.011tj]^1/(1-d0.242i(R=0.9858).}

We reported our preliminary study on mapping of the expressed sequence tag (EST) using single-stranded DNA conformation polymorphism (SSCP) on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product. Five ESTs primer pairs, developed from nuclear genes including CAD(cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrgenase), CHS(chalcone synthase), NIR(nitrite reductase), ARA554 (cDNA expressed in differentiating xylem in Pinus taedae) and GS(glutamine synthetase), were selected to optimize the experimental protocol and generate mapping markers in the megagemtophytes from a single tree of Pinus massoniana. Our ultimate goal was to use SSCP approach to construct a transcriptional map for comparative mapping studies in P. massoniana. The efficiency to construct a transcriptional map in P. massoniana based on the published EST primer pairs derived from other pine species critically depended on the successful amplification of EST fragments and the ratio of the heterozygous loci revealed in P.massoniana. In this study, 3 (60%) out of 5 tested EST primer pairs were succeeded in amplification, however, only 1(20%) gene was heterozygous in the tested tree. The ratio of heterozygous loci detected in this study was similar to that revealed by anonymous marker in P.taeda. Therefore, a low efficiency would be expected if the map would be constructed using single pedigree. The segregation ratio of loci revealed by primer pairs would be higher if multiple pedigrees would be used. We proposed that consensus mapping approach based on multiple-pedigree should be used for EST mapping and therefore to increase the efficiency of EST mapping.

Adventitious buds produced from the callus of Ziziphus jujube by tissue culture, encapsulated with 4% sodium alginate (basic MS+0.1 mg·L^-1ZT+0.5 mg·L^-1 IBA) and solidified for 10 minutes with 2% calcium chloride, were considered as the artificial seeds, which germinated into plantlets by a rate of 89% on aseptic MS solid medium, and 75.5% and 71% on aseptic soil and aseptic moist filter paper respectively.

In Baiyushan hilly area, the roots system of almond-apricot mainly distributes vertically in the subsoil from 30 cm to 80 cm and horizontally distributes from 50 cm to 180 cm around the trunk. There are three growing peaks of the roots in a year and July-peak is the tallest one. From March to July is water losing period in subsoil of almond-apricot orchard, water losing is mainly from the aubsoil above 200 cm. There are three growing peaks for extending shoots and only one peak for fruit shoots in a vear. Fruit set percentage of almond-apricot is 15.61%, of which short fruit branches are 22.62%, long fruit branches are 8.56%. Although there are differences in the growth of almond-apricot trees gown in slope lands with different elevation, aspects, and slopes, all trees grow well. Except frostbite harming, Baiyushan hilly area could be a better commodity production base of almond-apricot.

According to study for years,fruits disease of Jinsixiaozao was divided into three types,which were thick rotten,dark furuncle and brown rind.Different symptom had different pathogenic fungus.The main pathogenic fungus of thick rotten type of jujube was Physalospora obtuse(Schw.)Cooke,and the isolated rate in the thick rotten disease fruits was 94.6%.The main pathogenic fungus of dark furuncle type was Alternaria alternata(Fr.)Keissler,and the isolated rate in the dark furuncle fruits was 75.7%.The main pathogenic fungus of the brown rind type was Phoma destructiva Plowr and A. alternata(Fr.)Keissler.The isolated rate in the brown rind type was 33.2% and 25.5% seperately.The mixed isolated rate was 19.1%.According to this,three types of the fruits disease of Jinsixiaozao were named as thick rotten disease,dark furuncle and brown rind disease.

Ostryopsis davidiana is a special species in China, and is also advantagous shrub of Daqing Mountains weak ecological system; Cenococcum geophilum (Fr.) spread widly in the world and have strong adaptability. C.geophilum (Fr.) applied to experiments can be isolated from O.davidiana’s thin roots. It can be proved by seedling back-inoculation to O.davidiana that inoculated mycorrhizae infectious rate reaches to 67.2%, and that formed mycorrhiza is the same as wild mycorrhiza. It was found that the typical sclerotium organs in seedling back-inoculation substrate. The experiments prove that C.geophilum(Fr.) has no obvious affect on O.davidiana’s overground parts, however, it has apparent promotion to growth of ground iameter and roots. Inoculation disposal root/shoot ratio is 2.18 times more than comparative disposal one. This may be the reason that O.davidiana can grow normally while other plants on Daqing Mountain become degraded and extinct.

Lasiognatha cellifera was one of the main defoliators for the Aegiceras corniculatum which was main tree of mangrove, and identified as new record of species in China L. cellifera had 7 generations per year in Zhangzhou area, Fujian Province and overwintered as pupa in the rolled leaf. Adult moth emerged in last-May, mating and laying egg on back of leaf soon. Egg period lasted 5d, larvae period lasted 13～17d, pupa periods lasted about 6d but overwinter-pupa lasted about 150d, adult moth life-span was 4～5d. The periods were related to the diversification of temperature, and the periods decreased with the increase of temperature. A. corniculatum in the front of seashore were harmed seriously for the reason that they growed weakly and L. cellifera was not adept in flying. Protecting natural enemies such as bird, parasitism etc., alluring adult moth, spraying Dimilin Ⅲ in 2 000 concentration when it occurred seriously will control L. cellifera effectively.

For different silvicultural measures(forest composioin,planning densiy,thinning and pruning), the mechanical properties of Pinus koraiensis plantations were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the effect of silvicultural measures(forest composioin,planning densiy,thinning) on mechanical properties(bending strength,crushing strength along the grain,tensil strength along the grain) of P. koraiensis plantations were remarkable,other strength and all strength of the pruning forest were not remarkable.In order to increase the mechanical properties of wood, growth-promoting and then get the better building lumber and glued lamination board, mixed stand, and with density of 1.5 m×1.5 m and 1.5 m×2.0 m, properly thinning and pruning could be selected. In order to manufacture furniture and bending-wood, density of 2.0 m×2.0 m could be selected.