Based on the water transfer theories of SPAC, Model on water transfer of SPAC with two spatial dimensions in the apple-wheat multiplex system were developed in the hilly area of Taihang Mountain, which were verified with the experimental data on soil water. The results showed that the estimated value of soil water had good agreement with the measured, and that the linear correlation coefficient r between them was 0.836 7(n=168), the average relative error was 6.89%,t=0.197<t³³⁴_0.01=2.568.The developed model will estimate the spatial and temporal value of transpiration from wheat and tree, water uptake by roots of wheat and tree, and soil water content.

A new structural parameter of shelterbelts, density of biomass volume is put forward in this paper. Its practicality in managements of the shelterbelts and its physical meaning of wind reduction are expounded. Analytical relations between the new parameter and often used parameters (permeability and porosity) are deduced. An example is given to show the application of the new parameter in management of shelterbelts.

In many forest ecosystems,the production,death and decomposition of fine root appear to play a very important role in carbon and nutrient cycling,due to their rapid turnover rates.During 1999—2001,the production,distribution and turnover of fine roots were comparatively studied between two coniferous plantations(Fokienia hodginsii and Cunninghamia lanceolata) in Sanming,Fujian. Mean standing crop of total fine roots and living fine roots of F.hodginsii amounted to 389.7g·m^-2 and 216.3 g·m ^-2 ,respectively,being 1.41 times and 1.46 times as high as that of Chinese Fir,roots less than 0.5 mm in diameter(242.2 g·m^-2 )constituted 61.2% of total fine root standing crop,compared with 45.0% in Chinese Fir stand.The maximum differences of fine root density between two stands occurred in the soil layers of 0～10 cm,where root density of F.hodginsii(144.2 g·m^-2 )was 2.1 times as much as that of Chinese Fir(70.2 g·m^-2 ).Living fine root biomass peaked in March in F.hodginsii stand,and peaked in March and September in Chinese Fir stand.The weight loss rates of roots after the first year of decomposition and the decomposition rate coefficient of F.hodginsii were lower than those of Chinese Fir.Annual fine root net production and mortality of F.hodginsii were 320.2 and 326.5 g·m^-2 a^-1,respectively,being 1.27 times and 1.31 times as high as that of Chinese Fir,though a lower fine root turnover rate was found for F.hodginsii(1.48a^-1 vs 1.69a^-1 ).In F.hodginsii and Chinese Fir stands,fine roots each contributed to 19.84% and 19.21% of total NPP and equaled 48.74% and 51.00% of annual aboveground litterfall of tree layer,albeit they account for only 1.70% and 1.18% of total tree layer biomass,respectively.

Forestry resource is not only natural but also environmental. Abundant public forest is an ascendant fortune for building ecological city of Guangzhou. Based on analyzing the distribution and current status, ecological benefits are evaluated on public forest and the conclusions are included:water conservation forest has larger benefit; and the benefit order from top to down is:water conservation forest>soil and nutrient conservation forest> scenic forest,natural reserve and little area forest> dike protection forest ,the benefit of balancing atmospheric components is the largest in Guangzhou, finally countermeasures are put forward to manage and cultivate the forest.

The popular model for sustainable development evaluation used abroad and domestically, I.e. the model of Driving force-State-Response was Introduced in this paper. The concerned important factors of construction of Forest Ecological Network in Anhui was analyzed and the kind of driving forces which affect the stability and development of forest ecological environment in Anhui were found out, the indicator system for the network was initially formed. The paper calculated the heavy balance of constraints and indicators to the targets by the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and experts' consultancy way (Delphi Way), outlined the present value of the indicators in 6 different typical counties, and analyzed their forest ecological comprehensive indicators and put them in order, from which the paper evaluated the effects of forest ecological network construction in different stages and the differences to the final target. The results of the study fit the fact.

This paper focused on how to compile volume table of Chinese Fir according to High-resolution QuickBird image, the method is the following:The crown width of fir was measured on the intensive processed QuickBird image, and single element regression model of crown width—height of breast was built:D_1.3=2.221+4.393C_k, volume of each fir tree can be looked up in the single element volume table according to different value of D 1.3 in different crown width, so mono-factor volume table can be compiled. Binary regression equation,V=-0.24605+0.013806C_k+0.035263 H, was modeled according to height and crown breadth measured on the image. The height of thee on the image can be gained by the following model:H =D²_1.3(1.746+0.215 D_1.3)².Dual-factor volume table was then compiled.

On the basis of testing research, the technology course is put forward, which is pre-processing of remote sensing data, sample plot surveying, the congruence of prophase surveying information, image distinguish, the estimation of surveying factors supported by GIS. A technology method for remote sensing distinguish and the estimation of sub-compartment surveying factor by taking full advantage of prophase surveying information and attribute information of sub-compartment can effectively improve the ratio of distinguish and the estimation precision of surveying factors. Meanwhile, the basic map of 1∶10 000 has been produced, the practicability of surveying result has been increased.

The mixed plantation of poplar (Populus spp.) and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is one of the typical mixed stands with nitrogen-fixing and nonnitrogen-fixing species. The interaction between two species in the mixed stand is harmonious and its productivity is high, so this kind of mixed plantations has become the very successful pattern on poor sandy sites in north of China. In this paper, fine-root decomposition of two species was studied in the mixed plantation of Canadian Poplar(P. canadansis)(27 a) and Black Locust (22 a) on sandy sites along the Chaobai River in Beijing. Mechanism of harmonious interaction between two species was found out in the view of the nutrient recycle of fine-roots. The result shows: (1) fine-root decomposition of Canadian poplar and black locust trees was different. The concentration of N, Ca and Mg was gradually increased and P, K was gradually decreased in poplar fine roots during the early period of decomposition. The concentration of N, P and K was gradually decreased in Black Locust fine roots during decomposition. The nutrient decomposition speed of mixed fine roots of two species during decomposition was between speeds of two pure samples. (2) the return amount of N, K and Mg in 1 a Black Locust fine roots was the biggest, mixed fine roots was the second and poplar fine roots was the smallest. (3) the increased N return amount of mixed fine roots could improve N nutrient condition of poplar trees. P return amount of poplar fine roots was more than Black Locust, which could improve the P nutrient condition of Black Locust trees. The interaction of mutual supplement of N and P nutrient recycle of fine roots between tree species was formed.

This paper gave the results at age 7 from a complete-diallel cross among 6 Pinus massoniana clones from different seed sources. It was found that variances due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for height, DBH, volume index, wood basic density and dry matter index. However, the dominant gene effect was predominant over the additive effect. Epistasis effect was varied with traits tested. Analysis of data revealed marked epistasis gene action for wood basic density. Inheritance pattern of growth and wood properties was found to be different from maize and Chinese Fir. The main reason for this seemed to be that the mating parents were from different seed sources and/or indirect selection on GCA of growth had been made for mating parents. There was usually selfing depression for growth traits. Selfing progeny from parents with smaller GCA seemed to reveal more significant depression. Heterosis between various cross combinations was greatly varied. As a whole, reciprocal crosses had similar heterosis. There were some but no obvious trend that the cross between parents with larger GCA could produce more heterosis in volume increment and dry matter accumulation. Eight superior cross combinations for pulp wood were screened based on dry matter index.

Two pairs of primers, designed from conserved regions of plant vacuolar and cell wall bound acid invertase genes respectively, were used to amplify 741bp (A) and 524 bp (B) fragments from Citrus unshiu genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The fragments were cloned into pUCm-T, and then sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of fragment A is 79%, 79%, 78% identical to genes from Daucus carota (X75353), Solanum tuberosum (X70368) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Z12025)respectively, and was suggested to encode a soluble acid invertase located in vacuole, while B is 78%, 78%, 77% identical to genes from Fragaria ananassa (AF000521), Arabidopsis thaliana (AP001307) and Pisum sativum (X85327) respectively, and was suggested to encode a insoluble acid invertase in cell wall. Lower homology among A, CUAI1, B and CSCWI suggested that A and B were two new members of acid invertase gene family in Citrus, respectively belong to putative CUAI2 and CUCWI. There was no interaction among these members (CUAI1, CUAI2, CUCWI or CSCWI) except for CUCWI and CSCWI in Southern blot analysis. The interaction between CUCWI and CSCWI could be eliminated by using CSCWI's partial sequence which was lower homologous to CUCWI as probe, and weakened by shortening hybridization time, increasing hybridization and washing temperature, washing membrane in lower concentration of SSC.

The mature embryo of Pinus ponderosa was used as explants to induce adventitious buds on GD、SH、MS and N₆ medium supplemented with 0.5～4.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA and 0～1.0 mg·L^-1 NAA.The results showed that the basic medium played a determinative role in initiating the adventitious buds. GD was best, SH better, and MS and N₆ worst. The optimal combination of the medium was GD with 0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA,on which 55% of explants was induced,average rate of propagation was six,the highest was ten. Addition of NAA would inhibit the formation of adventitious buds.A proper amount of active carbon promoted the formation and elongation of adventitious buds. The adventitious buds of P. ponderosa were used to induce adventitious roots on GD、SH、1/2 SH media supplemented with different concentration of NAA and IAA. The results showed that the basic medium played a determinative role in initiating the adventitious roots. Neither GD nor SH induced adventitious buds to form adventitious roots. Adventitious root was induced by 1/2 SH, on which 2.2% adventitious buds formed adventitious roots. The better combination of the medium was 1/2 SH with 0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA, on which 3.3% adventitious buds formed adventitious roots. In this paper, the experimental result was reported that root was successfully induced from cultured embryo of P. ponderosa.

Heptacodium miconioides collected from Tiantai Mountain of Zhejiang Province was divided into 4 populations according to the size class, namely big tree population, middle tree population, arboret population and young tree population. The genetic diversity within populations and genetic differentiation among 4 populations with different size class (45 samples) were analyzed and compared using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The results showed that 64 repeated loci were detected by using 12 random primers. The highest percentage of polymorphic loci was detected in big tree population. The middle tree population took second place and the arboret population took the third place. The lowest percentage of polymorphic loci was detected in young tree population. The highest genetic diversity estimated by Shannon index was revealed in big tree population. The secondary was middle tree population and the third was arboret population. The lowest genetic diversity was revealed in young tree population. 45.59% of genetic diversity was attributed to the differentiation among populations while 54.41% resided within populations. It suggested that the genetic differentiation might exist within and among populations with different size class, but the genetic differentiation within populations was higher than that among populations. The gene diversity estimated by Nei's index was consistent with that estimated by Shannon index and the genetic differentiation within populations was higher than that among populations. The gene differentiation coefficient among populations was 0.393 9. The genetic similarity between big tree population and middle tree population was the highest while that between big tree population and young tree population was the lowest. The clustering analysis was performed using the software POPGENE32 and the results showed that 4 populations with different size class could be divided into 2 clusters, namely cluster 1(big tree population and middle tree population) and cluster 2 (arboret population and young tree population). Furthermore, the two clusters gathered.

Davidia involucrata which belongs to Nyssaceae section monotype genus is peculiar plant in China, being old origin and survivor of tropical flora of Tertiary Period, it is classified as the first-grade state protection plant. The genetic diversity and genetic variation within populations and inter-populations from 5D. involucrata natural populations by 13 primers have been studied based on RAPD analysis. The results showed that D. involucrata natural population had rich genetic diversity, but the difference was significant among the populations, and 26% of genetic variation existed among the populations, which was similar to endangered tree species of Liriodendron chinense and Cathaya argyrophylla in our country, but different from widely-distributed tree species. The result of the sampling method impacting on genetic diversity parameters showed that: effective number of alleles and genetic diversity took sample number influence relatively light, and genetic differentiation among the populations and gene flow took sample number influence relatively heavy. The study divided D. involucrata into 2 big provenance plots of southeast and northwest. The study on genetic diversity of D. involucrata will provide theory basis for developing studies on effective conservation and reasonable utilization of germ plasm resource from D. involucrata in the future.

This article puts forward a kind of designing method of O O (Object Oriented) and supported for software component of three-dimension topographic map in forestry, and the capability, designing method, and the algorithm of graphic cell were analyzed. The component design of three-dimension virtue-scenes based on OpenGL, module construction, and movement-simulation have been realized. In this article, the movement-hierarchy link relation of entities and data structure have been described, the constructing modele and movement-simulation of the virtue environment in forestry have also been realized.

As the main residence area of people, cities have been attached more importance to the increasing deterioration of ecological environment. The ideal of the whole human being is to construct a healthy and safe modern city which can provied sustainable development and in which people can live harmoniously with the nature. Urban forest has been considered as the most important content and a significant symbol of ecological environmental construction. It can improve urban environment, protect biological diversity and advance urban comprehensive competition, so the urban forest has been called one of the vitally fundamental establishments in cities and is the need of sustainable development. The study on urban ecological regionalization in Shanghai was based on natural habitat and environmental condition as well as distribution of ecological sensitive area, degree of urbanization, etc., meanwhile according to the grade of hydrographic net and traffic system, the proposal and basis for the distribution of urban forest in Shanghai have been proposed in this paper.

This paper was to study the relationship among the postharvest opening progress, the vase life and the water balance of the cut flowers of Tree-Peony(Paeonia suffruticosa) cultivars. Five cultivars were investigated with the indexes of opening stages, the vase life and water transpiration, etc. The results showed that cultivars ‘Bai Hua Cong Xiao’, ‘Zhu Hong Jue Lun’ and ‘Xue Lian’ all exhibited fast opening pace and could be in full blooming with 5～6 days’ vase life. ‘Yu Mian Tao Hua’ and ‘Tian Xiang Zhan Lu' lasted 8 days' vase life, however, they did not show longer ornamental period than the prior 3 cultivars since their slower opening process. The changing trends of water balance differed among cultivars could be also grouped to 2 as mentioned above. The water balance values in ‘Bai Hua Cong Xiao’, ‘Zhu Hong Jue Lun' and ‘Xue Lian' began at high level and decreased dramatically in 2 days, then went up gradually during the late period of vase life, whereas it began at lower level and then go up and down in ‘Yu Mian Tao Hua' and ‘Tian Xiang Zhan Lu'. The direct relationship between the water balance value and the vase life of tree peony cut flower was not found, but three was the close relationship between the change trend of the water balance value and the opening process of Tree-Peony flowers.

On the basis of comprehensive investigation and evaluation, and site type classification of the integration character-istics in the area along the general trunke canal line of the middle line engineering of transferring water from the south to the north, and combining the main proteetive purpose along the trunk canal line, 38 kinds of shurbs and grasses were seleeted according to the principles of creating protection to accommodate calamity, and suit measures to local conditions. And 5 series consisting of 41 vegetative patterns for proteeting slopes were built, the different vegetation disposition patterns were inplemented on its suitable types of sites. In the meantime, the corresponding techniques for protecting slopes were put forward.

To find out the effects of fertilization and fertilization time on the survival rate and tree growth of young Pinus massoniana, a study was carried out on the mountain red soil sites derived from granite at Fubo Experimental Farm of Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry of CAF, in Pingxiang city of Guangxi Autonomous Region from 1991 to 2002. The results showed that there was an evident influence on the survival rate of Pinus massoniana by fertilization Variance Analysis showed that there were extremely significant differences among the treatments. By means of Multiple Comparison, it was found that the survival rate of the young trees fertilized with NP, PK and NPK as basal fertilizers was significant lower than CK. Based on the 12 years' successively determined data, the growth curves showed that fertilization had long time effect on the growth of the young Pinus massoniana and the better treatments at the beginning would continue to maintain predominance in the end. Variance Analysis of the growth increment data observed for 11 years, showed that there were not significant differences among treatments except their stand volume. The effects of the different treatments on the growth of Pinus massoniana were different. The best fertilizer treatment was P₂(P₂O₅ :100 kg·hm^-2 ), in which the tree height, DBH and stand volume increased by 3.75%, 14.17% and 33.60% respectively than those of CK. The optimum time was P among all the time treatments, in which the tree height, DBH and stand volume increased by 3^98%, 27^57% and 45^76% respectively than those of CK. Furthermore, the stand volume of Pe treatment was significant higher than that of CK.

The chalcidoid wasp Chouioia cunea (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) is a predominant parasitoid in pupa of the important introduced defoliator Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in China. For understanding the potential of sustainable management of the pest in biological control by mass rearing and releasing the parasitoid, its alternate hosts were investigated in forests. Through two-year investigations, the species of alternate hosts and their life history, as well as biology were figured out. And the parasitism rate, offspring number, and sex ratio of the parasitoid on those hosts were also surveyed. Results showed that there mainly were six other defoliator species (Lepidoptera) as its alternate hosts besides Fall Webworm, I.e. Clania variegeta (Psychidae), Stilpnotia salicis, Ivela ochropoda (Lymantriidae), Semiothisa cinerearia (Geometridae), Clostera anachoreta (Notodontidae), Acronycta increta (Noctuidae). The parasitoid C. cunea developed seven generations in a year compared with only two generations (occasionally three generations) of Fall Webworm. Besides the two (and/or three) pupal stages of Fall Webworm, the wasp could parasitize those alternate hosts in its other generations because the pupal stages of those hosts were existed and just filled the gaps between the pupal stages of Fall Webworm. Thus, it could keep higher population to control the Fall Webworm after it was released. Results of the investigation showed that the parasitoid distributed widely and the population were relatively stable. It was also indicated that certain population of C. anachoreta and A. increta in forest stands is important for the parasitoid to increasing the population. Furthermore, it could be concluded that the tree_species diversity was a main factor for the parasitoid to keep Fall Webworm under control sustainablly.

Forest insect diseases monitoring based on image mosaicing technique for aerial images were studied. Based on a general image mosaicing model and feature point correspondence technique, an image mosaicing system with planar-scene models was designed and implemented. The experiment with practical data demonstrateed the performance of the system.As for the relevant problems such as extracting feature points, selecting control points and searching correspondence points during the image mosaicing process, an iterative algorithm for estimating the model parameters was proposed. It was found that this iterative method significantly improves the accuracy of the underlying model parameters.

Recently more and more evidence confirmed that pine wilt disease were caused by both Pine Wood Nematode and its carrying bacteria. Dynamics of population of nematode, variety and the quantity of bacteria in non-inoculated branches along with the process of the disease were observed firstly through inoculated with Pine Wood Nematodes onto testing Black Pine trees. In non-inoculated branches, bacteria could be detected when few pine needles became yellow; while most needles changed into yellow or brown, nematode could be isolated and the quantity of bacterium was increased; in the end, when the testing tree was dying and needles were totally wilted, the populations of both nematode and bacteria were increased rapidly. According to the identification of the bacteria isolated from the testing trees, the numbers of the isolated bacteria species were small, only a few, at the first and the middle stages. As the disease was developing, bacteria increased not only in their quantity, but also in amount of species. However, the domination species remain the same, they are Pseudomonas fluroescens, Pseudomonas sp.Acinetobacter sp., Pantoea sp. and Sphimgomenas pancimobilis.

Spring foraging habitat selection by Mongolian Gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) in Hulun-Beir grassland was studied with cluster analysis. Based on the analyses,It was concluded: The main factors that influence spring foraging habitat selection by Mongolian Gazelle were herding animals disturbance, water sources,human disturbance;The secondary factors were slope degree, slope position, slope aspect, vegetation type, food abundance; wind direction had a little influence on spring foraging habitat selection by Mongolian Gazelle. The optimal spring foraging habitat of Mongolian Gazelle were as follows: distance to herding animals disturbance>2 000 m; distance to water sources≤1 000 m; slope degree 5～25°; distance to human disturbance> 1 000 m; middle slope; Stipa spp. Or Stipa spp. and Aneurolepidium chinese; excellent or fair food abundance; Sunny slope or half sunny and half shady.

The design and calculation of cable-net cable-crane and double-joined cable-crane are very difficult, while the traditional calculation system of cableway system is simple, only which deals with the force on the suspension cable gained the vertical load under the function of the even gravity field. In this paper, a valid method is put forward to solve the problem how to analyze and calculate the force on the suspension cable gained the oblique single load when the cable-net structure is under forced. Having great practical value, it also can be used in double-joined cable-crane, and provides a new theory basis on calculation system of complex cableway system.

Using the Masson Pine as specimen, when the medium were super_heated steam and air respectively, the preheating characteristics of wood in wood drying under vacuum-floating pressure were discussed by the measurement of the internal temperature field and the variation of moisture during the stage of preheating. The relationship between drying medium condition and the rate of drying revealed that: Firstly, compared with the process of air-drying, the time needed to be preheated under vacuum-floating decreased dramatically, meanwhile, the magnitude of condensation on the surface was relatively larger. Secondly, the rate of wood drying under vacuum-floating increases coupled with the temperature of medium, the reduction of absolute pressure, and the raise of fluctuation rate of frequency. The sequence of factors' contribution to drying rate was listed as following: the temperature of medium (T)>the fluctuation rate of pressure (H_{z<.sub>)>absolute pressure (P).}

A reliable method of X-ray image of log with knot-hole processing based on the fractal discrete Brownian random field model and fractal parameter H was presented in the paper. It is known that the fractal Brownian random field is valid to describe the image of nature scene. In only tiny region of the picture, the surface of gray levels is self_similar in statistics. But for the edges, the point located in the boundaries between adjacent regions, this regular properly will be lost. The fractal parameters of these points will be out of range. In this case we can finger out the edges of knot-hole by calculating the fractal parameter H. The experimental results showed the method was very successful for X-ray image of log with knot_hole. It was significant to computer pattern recognition automatically.

Through analyzing formaldehyde release equation in desiccator, factors influencing formaldehyde release from wood products were discussed and checked. The relationship of the values was also compared determined by 10 L glass desiccator and 40 L acrylic desiccator method. The results showed that the formaldehyde release equation accurately represented the behavior of formaldehyde release in desiccator. The formaldehyde concentration was inverse ratio to the water volume and formaldehyde concentration gradually increased while the surface area of water increasing. For samples with same ratio of edge area to surface area, a good linear relationship was existed between the two desiccator methods, and the desiccator values determined by 40 L desiccator method was 3.5～3.9 times of that determined by 10 L desiccator method. But for samples with different ratio of edge area to surface area, there was no comparability between 10 L and 40 L desiccator values. The formaldehyde emission rate from the edge was much faster than the surface of the panel. For particleboard and MDF, the formaldehyde emission rate from the edge was about double of that from the surface of panel. For DMDF, more than 87% formaldehyde emitted from the edge of the panel. For plywood, about 40% formaldehyde emitted from the edge of the panel.

The internal bonding strength (IB) of board made of laccase-reacted fibers (Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis),water-treated fibers,inacted laccase-treated fibers was compared.It was found that the internal bongding strength of fiberboards made from laccase-reacted fibers at pH 3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5, and 5.0 was markably higher than that from water treated ones and inactivated laccase-treated one.Therefore,the laccase activation of wood fibers and the contribution of laccase(EC 1.10.3.2)reaction to the auto adhesion of wood fibers were observed in the laboratory experiments.The main factors that effect on activation and adhesion,such as pH,dosage of laccase,the concentration of substrate and time for activation,were investigated through the test of IB.The fiberboard made under the optimal activating and hot-pressing conditions had desired internal bonding strength of higher than 1.0 Mpa.

Bonding strength for larch(Larix gmelinii)on radial and tangential surfaces were studied in this paper. The results showed that there was significant difference in bonding strength between radial and tangential surfaces. Dry compressing shear strength of quarter-sawn board of larch was 1.41 times of flat-sawn board of larch in normal conditions, but quarter-sawn board of larch had smaller wet compressing shear strength than flat-sawn board for repeatedly boiling samples. The results of shear strength to the grain and shear strength ratio of larch showed that the difference between radial and tangential bonding strength specimens lied in wood structure of larch. That is to say, there was difference in wood strength between radial and tangential surfaces of larch, wood strength of radial surface of larch was bigger than tangential surfaces. The reasons for which quarter-sawn board of larch had smaller wet compressing shear strength than flat-sawn board of larch for repeatedly boiling samples were also analyzed.

This paper aimed at the problem of the finish foil being easily affected with damp, took the melamine modified urea formaldehyde resin as the research object, studied the anti-moisture performance and the influencing factors of the finish foil. In the experiment, it found through the same temperature and moisture treatment and observation at definite-time, when the ratio of the melamine to urea of the resin is 1∶5,the anti-moisture performance is improved drastically; when the amount of the impregnation glue is 30% and 50% respectively, the process of absorbing moisture is different, the absorbing moisture velocity of the paper of high amount of the impregnation glue is fast; in different environmental moisture, the absorbing moisture ratio increased with the moisture improved. This paper also discussed the countermeasure when the finish foil uses and stores in different moisture environment.

The research method of quantifying the structure of street tree populations was mainly described from the survey method selection and the calculation of the parameters of street tree populations. At the same time it was analyzed how to stratify the stratums and define the optimal samples by the stratified random sampling in the study of street tree populations, and some formulas were introduced for calculating the parameters of the urban street tree populations. In addition, Shannon-wiener index was compared with Simpson index in calculating the diversity index of tree species for planting urban street and the importance of the planting tree species was emphasized without containing relative frequency.

By analysis on the present situation at home and abroad of the ecological benefit compensation, it offers some experiences to further perfect and build the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit, and it will play a active roll on protecting ecological environment and accelerating forestry sustainable development. The necessity, principle and path of establishing the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit, as well as compensation standard were discussed, it will offer scientific basis to further perfect the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit in our country.Setting up the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit, not only will provide the steady funds source of managing and protecting forest resources, and will be important for recognizing the value of forest ecological benefit, and resolve radically the dynamic and mechanism problems of the commonweal forest construction,which will produce a widespread and profound influence on China forestry and ecological construction

Knowledge forestry is that, in the whole process—from production to consumption of forest products, focus on the generation, allocation and application of knowledge and information of science and technology, is propelled directly by innovation, and is based and supported by the constructing and perfecting of forestry information network, so that value from knowledge accounts for much proportion of the total value of the forestry output. Considering the present condition of our forestry, it requires a rather long term process of gradual and dynamical development of knowledge forestry. During the knowledge-based period, the connotation of knowledge forestry will be deepened and updated along with development of science and technology.

Organic acids in forest litters play important role in forests and forest soils. Based on the fresh litter materials of Fraxinus mandshurica and Larix olgensis forest in northeast China, a capillary gas chromatography procedure was established to determine organic acids in forest litters. Organic acids in forest litter were lixiviated and derived into corresponding esters with 7∶100 (v:v) H₂SO₄∶CH₃OH at 60℃, extracted in CHCl₃ and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) system. It resulted that, the method reported in this paper to separate, identify and determine organic acids in forest litter by GC was reliable and easy to operate. The disposal of sample was convenient, and the esterification with CH₃OH occurred while extracting organic acids with the same reagent, so volatilization loss of low-molecular-weight organic acids and oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids were avoided in course of condensation and esterification at high temperature when the conventional method to determine organic acids was used. Good selectivity was obtained, low-molecular-weight organic acids and high fatty acids could be determined simultaneously and accurately. Recovery of thirteen organic acids detected by adding standard samples ranged from 84.66% to 97.45% with relative standard deviation from 1.53% to 8.54%, and lowest detection limit of different organic acids was in range of 0.39 to 6.46 ng. The method could be used to determine organic acids in forest litters with satisfactory results.

Quadratic regressive factorial experiment was used to optimize concentrations of 6-BA and NAA added in MS midum for shoot multiplication of miniature rose (Rosa cv.Sonnen Kind).The most amount of shoots was achieved by combining 6-BA 1.93 mg·L^-1, NAA 0.33 mg·L^-1into MS midum. The 6-BA and NAA concentrations were in a range of 1.68～2.75 mg·L^-1 and 0.07～0.54 mg·L^-1, respectively, and each 10 explants (stems with one auxiliary bud) cultured on the midum for 40 days, then 50 shoots occurred. The probability of the event was 95%.

A fragment of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) gene was amplified by RT-PCR from poplar (Populus×euramericana cv. “74/76”) developing second xylem mRNA. It was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and identified by restriction enzyme, PCR amplification and sequencing. The sequence of the amplified DNA fragment was 565 base pairs. Alignment with the P. kitakamiensis PAL cDNA sequence retrieved from EMBL nucleotide acid database (accession number D30656) showed that the first 400 base pairs in both sequences were almost identical. Therefore the fragment was part of PAL gene. And both of sense and anti-sense expressional vectors were constructed.

A set of forestation decision-making system which covers 140 tree species growing extensively in Zhejiang Province including coniferous forest, broad-leaf forest, production forest, and bamboo forest, was developed by cooperation of silvicultural techniques and computer programming based on the experience of forestry management and mathematical models. It can be easily operated to help user selecting tree species in given site types and optimize their benefits, which advances the efficiency of forestation and improves the rationality of decision-making.

The cone and seed characters of Pinus Massoniana were investigated in a clonal seed orchard for two successive years(1998 and 1999).The results showed that significant genetic variation existed among clones,while variation within clone had not come up to remarkable standard.Broad sense herit ability of cone and seed characters in P.massoniana were influenced by genetic factors,most of them were at over middle level.There was a extremely significant difference in the correlation coefficients among the characters of cone and seeds,and the correlation coefficients of the same character in different years were at the extremely significant level,which indicated that the clones were quite stable from year to year in cone and seed quality and size.At last,the comprehensive evaluation was estimated in 140 clones by main index of reproductive capacity.The genetic gain of cone yield of a single tree,the seed numble of a single cone,and full seed percentage,and reselection of clones were discussed under different selection intensities.

The result of integrated control against Otidognathus rubriceps was reported in the paper. Spraying the bamboo at 9～10 am. During the peak of the adult who oviposited going up to the bamboo, adopting the 20% of the emulsifiable solution of fenvalerate 1000 time' solution, spraying again after 5 days, the control effect was higher than 90 percent. The highest rate of infecting the larva with insect's pathogenic nematode in lab was Steinernema carpocapsae Beijing, the corrected mortality was 51.35% after 10 days when it was treated. The control effect reached 42.56～66.08% if it was sprayed by different strains of nematodes in the dosage of 2×10 5·m^-2 on the ground of forest. Beauveria bassiana had a poor infected effect on the larva, which is 32.43% of corrected mortality after 15 days. Spraying the power of B. bassiana on the ground before the larva going down could reduce the new bamboo's injured rate by 12.52% the next year, and reached 29.21% of control effect. Shaking the tips before the peak of the larva going down could reduce the hibernating population, the control effect reached 89.44%. The adult was caught by manual, comparing with the comparative stand, the injuring rate of the one-year-old bamboo declined by 43.74% and the control effect was 64.50%. Reclaiming the land deeply had a certain effect on Otidognathus rubriceps in winter, but it was better doing it after the larva going down ( in the middle of May ), the injuring rate of the one_year_old bamboo descented by 60.00%, and control effect was 87.84%.

This study uses two different mathematical models and gets two dimensional graphs of longitudinal and tangential section wood density at the same time by the radial wood density data measured by X_ray. The graph is direct and clear. It can be used to analyze the distribution and difference of wood density. It can also be done various kinds of transformation, including different angle, different colors, space and plane, part and entirety. This develops the visible analysis of wood density. Next the distribution of wood density of veneer will be simulated by new mathematical model and radial wood density data.