Soil CO₂ release rates in a closed Chinese Fir plantation were investigated by using alkali absorption technique and the influence of air temperature within the stand, soil temperature, soil water content and soil C/N ratio on soil CO₂ release rate were analyzed at Huitong Ecological Station, Hunan Province. The results showed that the CO₂ release rates in the closed Chinese Fir plantation soil ranged from 0.105 2 g·m^-2h^-1to 0.559 0 g·m^-2h^-1, which followed a conspicuous seasonal change pattern. The rate of CO₂ release rate in summer was higher than that in other seasons. To some degree, soil CO₂ release rate was positive linearly correlated with air temperature within stands, soil temperature(within the depth from 0 to 5 cm depth, from 5 to 10 cm depth, from 10 to 15 cm depth and 20 cm depth, respectively), soil water content at the surface, at the depth of 10 cm and the depth of 20 cm depth, and also soil C/N ratio. The calculated Q₁₀ values based on air temperature in the stands, soil temperature at surface, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm depth were 2.08, 2.22, 1.94, 2.28, 2.51 and 2.23, respectively. The results of the partial correlative analysis on the relationship between soil CO₂ effluxes and environment factors indicated that the greatest significant correlative relationship was found for the air temperature within stand, partial correlative coefficient was up to 0.916(p<0.01). The next greatest significant correlative relationship was observed for temperature of different soil layers, all partial correlative coefficients were up to 0.818(p<0.01). However, there were no significant for the correlative relationship between soil CO₂ effluxes and soil C/N ratio, soil water content at the surface, at the depth of 10 cm and the depth of 20 cm depth, the partial correlative coefficients ranged from 0.452 to 0.612(p>0.05).

In a hedgerow intercropping system, root distribution is closely related to interaction relationship between hedgerows and its companion crops. Distribution patterns of thick and fine roots' number, length and biomass of a 6-year hedgerow system, in which mulberry(Morus alba) trees were interplanted within a 0.4 m-wide hedgerow and sweet orange(citrus cinen-trees were grown in the 3.8 m-wide alley, were determined by destruction sampling method. The results indicated that roots of leucaena(Leucaena leucocephala) and mulberry were mainly distributed in soil under hedgerows, while mulberry roots distributed mainly along hedgerow because soil under hedgerow are fertile, and roots of sweet orange trees were mainly distributed in soil around sweet orange trees. 61% of total amount, 66% of total length and 86% of total biomass of leucaena's thick root, and 50% of total amount、49% of total length and 91% of total biomass of mulberry's thick root are distributed in the soil under hedgerow, while 83% of total amount, 83% of total length and 85% of total biomass of orange trees' thick roots were distributed in soil within 0.6 m under them. Fine roots of leucaena and mulberry were mainly distributed in soils under hedgerow and its neighboring two sides, and that of sweet orange trees were almost completely distributed in soil of alley. Percentage of total amount, length, and biomass of fine roots of leucaena in soil under hedgerow upside and downside 0.6 m were 73%, 79% and 72%, and that of mulberry were 70%, 85% and 77%, respectively. Fine roots of leucaena and mulberry were mainly distributed in soils under hedgerow and its neighboring two sides, and almost all those of sweet orange trees were distributed in soil of alley, which implies that the 4 m width of the slopeland contour hedgerow system is reasonable for establishment of sweet orange orchard and minimizing underground interactions and competition for water and nutrients between hedgerows and its companion crops (sweet oranges trees).

The approach that gathers forestry diameter by camera image is introduced in detail and the error-in-measure models algorithm is successfully applied to the parameters resolving. While the inner parameters and outer parameters decomposing maneuver that is fit to forestry fieldwork is provided. The algorithm and maneuver in this paper are illustrated finally. Results prove:1) The way that reconstructing forestry diameter from camera images is available; 2) It's a good algorithm that parameters are resolved by error-in-measure models algorithm; 3) Decomposing camera inner parameters and outer parameters not only decreases the heavy forestry field work but also ensures the 3D reconstructing precision; 4) Considering the camera focus length independently, the flexibility of practical operation is improved.

Based on data of forest resource inventory, a classification method for landscape components was developed in this study. With the data of Jingouling Forest Farm of Wangqing Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province, China, the quantitative and spatial database of vegetation and environment factors was established for classification works. Dominant tree species(or groups), elevation, slope and intensity of solar radiation were selected as influencing factors for classification, and the spatial range of the forest farm was segmented into 9 757 elementary units by the projection division of vector layers of the 5 influencing factors. Cluster analysis was then conducted with the 9 757 elementary units and 7 types of landscape component were determined as the key elements of forest landscape composition, and the related patch map was created respectively. Results of patch features and patterns analysis showed that: the small class of the landscape patch constituted the majority, and the small and middle classes of landscape patch accounted for 90% of the total patches. The mixed forest of conifer-broad leaves occupied the biggest area, the longest average patch area, the longest patch perimeter and the inner habitat index, etc., showing a relatively fewer man-made interference and then should be carefully protected in the process of forest management.

Making use of the Motic Digital Imaging microscope and the stable carbon isotope technique, the tempo-spatial variations in the stomatal densities and δ¹³C values in leaves of Quercus liaotungensis in different vegetation regions were studied. About 240 plant specimens in the years from 1930's to 1980's were taken from the Herberhem of Northwestern Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results showed that the variety ranges of stomatal densities and δ¹³C values in Q. liaotungensis were 535～800 stoma·mm^-2and -28.47‰～-25.02‰, respectively, with the mean value of 703 stoma·mm^-2 and -26.83‰, respectively. In warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest (WTDB), the time distribution from 1930's to 1980's, both stomatal densities and δ¹³C values in Q. liaotungensis descended significantly. Correspondingly, in that period, stomatal densities increased but δ¹³C values descended in subtropical evergreen-broadleaf forest (STEB), and δ¹³C values increased but stomatal densities had little changes in the Ti-betan Plateau alpine-cold vegetation zone(TPAC). The tendency for space distribution showed that, in 1930's, stomatal densities and δ¹³C values of Q. liaotungensis in WTDB, STEB and TPAC all decreased, indicating that water use efficiency (WUE) of it all fell down in these regions. In 1950's, stomatal densities appeared a fluctuation in four vegetation regions, which were higher in temperate coniferous-broadleaf mixed forest (TCBM) and STEB than those in WTDB and TPAC. However, the δ¹³C values in four vegetation regions were little different. In 1980's, stomatal densities and δ¹³C values decreased from WTDB in the east to the temperate grassland region (TGR) in the west. Therefore, except several regions, the tempo-spatial distributions of stomatal densities and δ¹³C values in Q. liaotungensis all decreased from 1930's to 1980's in time and from WTDB, STEB to TPAC in space.

Combining with engineering and biological measures, the construction of Caragana korshinskii vegetation and excessive depletion and resumption of soil water were studied. The results showed that the whole growing stages could be divided into three phases—young-age period for the first six years, middle-age period from the seventh year to the fourteenth year and old-age period after fourteen years. In young-age period, dry layer of 0～800 cm soils did not formed, while in middle-age and old-age period, dry layer reached 240～260 cm and 700 cm,respectively. By level-step measures, soil water had a surplus of 44.82 mm in abundant precipitation year, deficiency of 53.91 mm in equal precipitation year and 102.87 mm in dry year, and its compensated depth of soil water in different precipitation year was 80～180 cm, while that of CK was deficiency of 51.5～79.6 mm, 103.64 mm and 153.32 mm respectively in different kinds of years and the compensated depth was 21～45 cm. According to the distributed proportion of the main root, the lateral roots and hair roots, it took 13 years for soil water of C. korshinskii vegetation by measures to resume natural situation in abundant precipitation year and over 16 years in equal precipitation year and over 20 years in dry year, while it took over 20 years for that of CK in any kinds of years.

The vigor differences of black locust seeds with different hard degree were studied in this paper.The imbibition seeds soaked into 80 ℃ water and gradually cooled down for different days(1～4 d) were respectively called T₁,T₂, T₃ andT₄. The unimbibed seeds of the forth day were called hard seeds(T_r) which would be soaked with concentrated sulphuric acid for 23 minutes in order to imbibe and germinate.The results showed that as the imbibing time getting long,hard degree of control seeds increasing gradually(T_r>T₄>T₃>T₂ >T₁),the germinating,potential the germination index.,the vigor index and the respirations rate of black locust seeds increased and the conductivity desceased.Research found that the resistance of hard seeds of black locust was higher than that of nor-hard seeds under different stress conditions(salt stress,low temperature,artificial aging),indicating that the hard seeds had potential application value in production.

Embryogenic cultures were initiated from immature zygotic embryos of Larix kaempferi on S culture medium containing 6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1 , KT 0.5 mg·L^-1 and 2,4-D 1.0 mg·L^-1 .Embryogenic callus were subcultured and multiplicated on S culture medium containing dropping off each hormone concentration, 6-BA 0.25 mg·L ^-1 , KT 0.25 mg·L^-1 and 2,4-D 0.1 mg·L^-1 .We set up 3 steady-going embryogenic cell lines, such as ‘riyong10',‘riyong 69',‘ricao 34'.Somatic embryos obtained on S culture medium with ABA 15 mg·L ^-1 and PEG₄₀₀₀ 100 g ·L^-1 . These three culture media were added glutamine 450 mg·L^-1 , casein hydrolysate 500 mg·L ^-1 , sucrose 30 g·L^-1 and gellan gum 3 g·L^-1 (Sigma ),pH5.8.Mature somatic embryos can germinate and develop further into plantlets when they are isolated and cultured on a hormone-free S culture medium adding sucrose 25 g·L^-1 and gellan gum 3 g·L^-1 (Sigma^# ),pH5.8.

Fourteen traits of ten clones from Section Aigeiros were studied by genetic analysis and comprehensive selection at nine-year-old. Variance analysis and estimates of genetic parameters demonstrated that the clone effect was significant or highly significant for all traits. Their repeatabilities ranged from 0.852 to 0.987. The result indicated that Aigeiros clones exhibited wide genetic variation in 14 traits studied, and multi-traits complex selection was feasible among them. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis indicated that Populus×euramericana cv. ‘Carppaccio' ,P. deltoides cv.‘55/65' and P. deltoides cv. ‘Lux' were superior clones with fine comprehensive traits. Especially, P.×euramericana cv.‘Carppaccio' was a superior new introduced clone, which was the biggest one in volume among the tested clones. Its volume was 169.7% , 107.9% compared with P.×euramericana cv.‘I-214' ,P.×euramericana ‘Zhonglin46’ respectively.This superior clone with straight and round trunk ,moderate taper and crown, and excellent timber quality was suitabe for popularization.

phenotypic traits were investigated for 190 individuals in 11 natural populations of Betula alnoides from Guangxi,China using nested variance analysis,correlation analysis and clustering analysis.etc.The variation within populations was much greater than that among populations,which inferred that little differentiation was observed among populations.Among 12 phenotypic traits,number of lateral veins,height of maximum width were remarkably correlated to both longitude and latitude,length of leaves to longitude,and width of seed wing to altitude.There was no significant relationship between geographic distances and mahalanobis distances calculated from all phenotypic traits.These findings will lay a foundation for genetic improvement in B.alnoides, and provide scientific basis for working out breeding strategy in this species and for contermeasures of natural forest sustained utilization.

This study was conducted to determine phenotypic variation of natural populations and found out the relation between phenotypic variation of natural populations and different distribution areas in P. asperata. Based on field investigations and analysis of the natural distribution of P.asperata in P.R.China,four cone characters, three needle traits,three seed scale traits,three seed wing characters and four seed traits in 30 trees from each of 10 populations in P. asperata were selected and investigated. Morphological diversities among/within populations were discussed on the basis of 17 phenotypic traits analysis such as the cone,the needle,the dry weight of cone,the seed scale,the seed wing,the seed and the weight of per 1 000 seeds and so on. The method of novon analysis,multi-comparison,related analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used for analysis of experimental results.The results showed that there was significantly difference in genetic variation among populations and among individuals within populations.In different individuals within populations,the CV of five phenotypic traits(in cone,needle,seed scale,seed wing and seed traits) were 19.14%,26.46%,13.58%,19.78% and 17.40%,respectively.The traits stability of seed scale was higher than that of other traits.The V_ST of cone, needle, seed scale,seed wing and seed ranged from 2.09% to 40.62%.The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient V_ST between populations was 30.99%, which was greatly smaller than that within populations(69.01%). The cone length,cone diameter,seed scale length and the weight per 1 000 seeds were the most important phenotypic traits which were easy to measure in P.asperata. The traits variation of natural populations within P.asperata species affected mainly by latitude in spatial distribution.The 10 populations of P.asperata investigated could be divided into five groups according to the UPGMA cluster analysis.

Currently, our country is on the critical stage of overall regulation and strategic shift . It is important to set up a new strategy for forestry development. Based on modern forestry perspective, this paper advances a strategic blueprint for new forestry development with ecological construction as mainstay considering the demand for forestry from the ecological environment construction. It should take environment and development as the theme, proceed from the actual conditions of the Chinese forestry, and keep abreast of the times to meet the social various demands. It should take the theory of sustainable development as the guidance to manage forest resources overall, and comprehensively give full play to the three benefits of ecology, economy, and society with the stress of ecological environment benefits. And it should take the promoting forestry with socience and education as the motive force to set up the large-scale management, large circulation, and mass finance and economics systems of forestry, and to develop the management according to classification, region, and plot and the major project construction. The Chinese forestry will realize rapid development in leap over pattern. The frame of the new strategy for forestry development has been laid out in this paper.

A real time fluorescent PCR(ATF-PCR) method with TaqMan probe that was designed within rDNA-ITS2 was established to detect Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results of detecting mass DNA and single nematode showed that fluorescent signal was detected for B. xylophilus and no signal for B. mucronatus. The BXP probe was high specific for Pine Wood Nematode. The lowest concentration detected by TaqMan probe was 1 pg·μL^-1. The results of DNA sequence and ATF-PCR detection was coincidence. The research provided a new detection method for Pine Wood Nematode.

Brown spot needle blight fungus (Lecanosticta acicola) could produce pathogenic toxin. A combination use of silica gel column chromatography, reversed phase silica gel column chromatography and HPLC led to the isolation of a phytotoxic compound, named LA-I, from the crude toxins produced by Lecanosticta acicola cultured in PD medium. LA-I was colorless oil. UV scanning results indicated the maximum absorptive wave length of LA-I was 207 nm. Under 365 nm and 254 nm, LA-I had no or little UV absorption. The MW and MF of this toxin was determined by FAB^-MS and HRFAB^-MS as 162 and {C_{61051HNMR spectrum showed —OCH(CH313CMNR spectrum indicated not only the —OCH(CH3-MS, HRFAB^-MS,¹HNMR,¹³CNMR data, the structure of LA-I could be deduced as COOHCH(CH33}

Taking the specimens of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (BX) and B. mucronatus (BM) fragments as research objects, an immunoassay method for nematode antigen analysis was developed in this paper. The rabbit antiserum against BX was prepared, and the antigen proteins were assayed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. Using BX fragments as solid-phase, the assay principle was based on competition between an analyte and nematode solid-phase antigen for anti-BX antibody. Then using HRP labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG as a tracer antibody, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. The method was specific to BX antigen harvested from different areas. Although the ELISA showed a little cross reactivity with BM, it could identify 0.1μg nematode protein in 10 mg pinewood specimen. The result suggested that the ELISA method using nematode antigen as a detection objective showed a new potential for the quarantine inspection and forest pest control of BX.

The paper presents one new species of the genus Coccidencyrtus Ashmead, I.e. Coccidencyrtus longiclavatus Xu sp. Nov. collected from Shangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian in China. A key for three species of Coccidencyrtus Ashmead from China is given in this paper. One new species of the genus Mayrencyrtus Hincks are presented in this paper, I.e. Mayrencyrtus longiscapus Xu sp. Nov. collected from Shanxi, Shaanxi in China. All specimens are deposited in the Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University. Coccidencyrtus longiclavatus Xu, sp. Nov. Host: Quadraspidiotus pernisiosus on pear tree, Lopholeucaspis japonica on Citrus, Diaspids on walnut tree. Distribution: Shangdong (Tai'an), Jiangsu (Donghai), Zhejiang (Linhai), Fujian (Jianning). This species is similar with Coccidencyrtus exiguus Noyes et Ren, and Coccidencyrtus mandibularis Hayat, Alam et Agarwal 1975, but can be distinguished from the latter by 1) antennal scape 4.6 times as long as wide, 2) the first-fifth funicle segments subquadrate, 3) clava as long as funicle and half pedicel combined, with truncated apex. Mayrencyrtus longiscapus Xu sp. Nov. Host: Eulecanium gigantea, Drosicha contrahens. Distribution: Shanxi (Taiyuan), Shaanxi (Yangling) . This species is similar with Mayrencyrtus japonicus Tachikawa, but can be distinguished from the latter by 1) body length 1.71 mm,the latter with its body length 0.8～0.9 mm,2) antennal seape 5.7 times as long as wide,the latter with scape 2～3 times as long as wide,3) mandible with 2 denticles,the latter with its mandible 3 denticles.

Based on wavelet method, it realized multi_resolutional spectrum decomposition of wood surface texture, and analyzed frequency traits of wood texture at horizontal, vertical and angular directions by eigenvalues from decomposition subsections, furthermore it compared texture differences of softwood with those of hardwood, and radial section with tangential section. It proposed to use standard deviation of sub-image energies to select an optimal wavelet decomposition scale for wood texture, and found out a better selection of filter length at 8 and a best decomposition scale at 2 for wood. Also in this paper, it indicated that energies of subsection HL and LL can be used as key parameters for texture distinction and classification, and EHL/ELH can be used to declare texture direction of wood.

After a series of radio frequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying tests were conducted by using boxed-heart timber of Japanese plantation species, Sugi, the drying characteristics and corresponding RF/V conditions were investigated. The results of tests showed that before starting RF/V test, the pre_treatment methods with steaming and superheated-steaming under the atmosphere pressure were the effective ways to improve RF/V drying quality especially on reducing drying checks.

The burning behaviour of the plantation wood (two softwoods and one hardwood) treated with ammonium phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄) was tested by cone calorimeter in the study. The sample with size of 100 mm by 100 mm (LT or LR section) by 10 mm (thickness) was prepared for fire retardant treatment and cone calorimeter test. The heated area was on LT or LR section, heat flux was 50 kW·m^-2. The results showed that the ignition time of the treated wood depended on the amount of the fire retardant and the treated wood could not be ignited when the amount of fire retardant was higher than 100 kg·m^-3. The fire retardant was efficient in reduction in the heat release and mass loss and the efficiency in reduction in the heat release was increased with the amount of the fire retardant increased. But the fire retardant was unsatisfactory in retarding smoking. The smoke of the treated wood appears on the whole process of heating, and the strongest and stronger process of smoke production was reduced. However, the weakest process of smoke production became stronger and it was increased with the amount of the fire retardant increase. The distribution of the fire retardant in wood structure was important and it could affect the burning behaviour as a material.

Morphological characters of tree rings of Sabina vulgaris grown in Mu Us Sandland were observed using entitative microscope and optical microscope. Moreover, by means of stem analysis, the growth dynamic both in radial and longitudinal direction were studied for S. vulgaris grown both in lowland and on the top of dune. The results showed that eccentric growth of S. vulgaris on the top of dune was obvious with a ratio of 140.36% (long diameter to short diameter). The false ring occurred at a frequency of 12.07 %. However, the eccentric growth of that grown in the lowland was not obvious with a ratio of 105.22% and the false ring occurred at a frequency of 1.80%. According to the ring, S. vulgaris on the top and lowland of dune existted more than 123 and 50 years respectively. For S. vulgaris grown on the top of the dune, the annual radial growth was only 0.94 mm and had no obvious peak value in the whole annual radial growth. The shape “S" in the cumulative growth curve was not notable. For S. vulgaris grown in the lowland of dune, the peak annual radial growth occurred in the 35^th ring, the annual mean radial growth was 1.51 mm, 1.6 times as much as that on the top of dune. The shape “S" in cumulative growth curve was neither notable. The length and the age of stolon of S. vulgaris on the top of dune showed an exponential correlation, while that in lowland showed a significant linear correlation.

Chinese wood based composite manufactures are plagued with serious formaldehyde emissions (F-emission). This study investigated using a diphenylmethane-4, 4′-diisocyanate (MDI)-urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive mixture in particleboard manufacture in order to decrease F-emission below 9mg·(100g)^-1. In this article, we paid more attention to the effect of NH₄Cl on UF-MDI curing and the method of adhesive application using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis and mechanical properties. The ratio of UF to MDI was 6 (based on dry particle mass, UF content was 6%, and MDI was 1%). Hot press temperature was 175? ℃, cycle time 6?min, and pressure 3?Mpa. We pressed the particleboard on with or without NH₄Cl, separately spray or mix UF/MDI then spray. Further, we analyzed the process of UF-MDI curing by DSC. Both results proved acidic NH 4Cl hinder MDI-UF curing. We hold that when UF∶MDI=6∶1, spray mixed adhesives without NH₄Cl was the best combination for improving mechanical properties and simultaneously decreasing F-emission to below 9mg·(100g)^-1. Ranking all the properties, adhesive application method should be: mix UF/MDI then spray without NH 4Cl>spray separately with NH₄Cl>spray separately without NH₄Cl=mix UF/MDI then spray with NH₄Cl.

The effects of nano-SiO₂ coupling agent, dispersing methods and its content on the properties of the urea formaldehyde (UF) resin were discussed. The test results indicated that when nano-SiO₂, incorporated with KH-550 silane coupling agent, and was put into UF resin by discontinuous ultrasonic vibration, it had the best results. When the content of nano-SiO₂ was below 1.5%,the content of free formaldehyde decreased,viscosity and bonding strength of resin increased with the nano-SiO₂ added,which would not affect the curing time. The performance index of plywood, particleboard and medium density fiberboard(MDF) , pressed by nano-SiO₂(1%)/ UF resin (F/U mole ratio=1.2), were above the demand of national standard and their dissociate formaldehyde release reached E₁ grade. Furthermore, strengthening mechanism for the effects of nano-SiO₂ on UF resin were analyzed by means of infrared (IR) spectrum analysis and X-ray photoelectronic spectrum (XPS).

In order to offer an applicating basic theory study to biopulping with David Poplar wood, and decrease environment pollution in paper industry and make full use of lignin resources, this study selected Phellinus igniarius and 5 wood-rotting fungi with higher wood degrading ability living on broad-leaf trees, I.e. Funalia gallica, Pseudotrametes gibbosa, Lenzites tricolor, Polyporellus brumalis and Pycnoporus sanguineus, FTIR spectrometer was used to measure infrared spectrograms of primitive wood sample and wood samples degraded by 6 species of fungi on 120 d respectively, a little powders shaved from the very surface of primitive wood sample and wood samples degraded by 6 species of fungi on 120 d were put into KBr powder and milled under dryness condition, then pressed to slices and put FTIR to measure infrared spectrograms, libration changes of peak location and relative absorption intensity of primitive wood sample and wood samples degraded by 6 species of fungi on 120 d were gained, then the changes of function groups of wood and lignin after rotted were analysed in order to get more study on wood biodegradation. Results showed the function groups of wood and lignin were all degraded in different degree. Although aromatic rings were not changed very much, side chains of lignin such as carbonyl groups, CH2, syringic units and guaiacyl units were partly degraded. The extents of lignin degraded by 6 species of wood white-rot fungi were different in the view of peak absorption intensity change, P. sanguineus, P. brumalis, L. tricolor and P. gibbosa had higher ability than F. gallica and P. igniarius in lignin degrading.

Researches on the relationships between forests and fogwater in foreign countries, focused on the deposition of fogwater onto vegetation as an important hydrological and chemical input, forest canopy interception from fogwater, influence of fog on the distribution of species and the dynamics of vegetation, and its ecological effects were briefly introduced with the aim of promoting the studies in this field in China. According to the reports, the fogwater is one of the most important environmental factors determining the plants growth and distribution, and an important input for water balance and nutrients cycling of the forest in cloud- or fog-inundated montane regions, and its ecological effects take on many aspects. So it is essential to make further research in this field and the future of ecological requires regarding fogwater should be directed towards quantifying its hydrological as well as chemical significance to fog-inundated ecosystems. Among the study methods, the Dawson's work that applied stable tools, using hydrogen and oxygen isotopic 'signatures' and Brunel's two-compartment isotopic mixing model that made it possible to distinguish the plants' use of deep-ground versus above-ground (I.e. fogwater and precipitation) water, is the best way and can be used in further research.

In this paper, infiltration model, formula of soil water movement and interflow in forestland were introduced and analyzed contrastively, and the advantages and shortcomings were pointed out. Meanwhile, the significance of research on soil water movement in forestland was stated that would help for the calculation of water cycle and the reasonable utility of water resources. The prospective tasks of this field were directed clearly, which is to study the laws of water movement in forestland based on the changing rainfall intensity, changeable bulk density and big basin.

Based on the achievements of forest history, ecology, climatology and desertology, the relationships of forest, evapotranspiration, climate and desert were studied. The results showed that: the four things have close interrelations. The decrease of Chinese forests in large area owing to the activity of the mankind leads to the reduction of land evapotranspiration first. It makes the climate in North China getting to dry gradually then. As an end result, desert enlarges rapidly. In the past 4 000 years, forest coverage decreased from 60% to 12.5%. It as a main reason caused great reductions of both the total evapotranspiration for 146mm·a^-1 and the mean annual precipitation for 200mm, as well as enlargement of desert percentage taking territory from 10% to 17.6%. Forest and desert compose the two poles of land ecosystem. Their relations are one decrease at the same time another increase. The medium is water that links the two poles. The essential method to prevent and control the desertification in North China is to breed forests, named 'Cloud Origin Forests', in the southeast half part of China fitting for forests.

In this paper, the regularity and changes of the forest landscape along the major rivers, namely, Nuomin River,Bila River and Zhawen River in Daxing'an Mountains, Bilahe Forestry Bureau based on the interpretation of TM data were studied. The results showed that the regularity has changed a lot due to the gradually stronger human intervention on forest landscape. The most obvious change was the cultivated lands had been expanding alongside the major rivers. With the increasing of population, the only way to satisfy the increasing needs of the local people for subsistence is by expanding cultivated lands because of the backwardness of agriculture productivity. The regularity of conifer distribution along rivers of 1997 has changed in the diverse direction of that of 1988. The proportion of conifer gradually increases with 1 000 m further away from the major rivers. That is due to the favorable availability of conifer alongside river bank, the most populated area in the forest region.

The seedlings of Vernicia montana derived from seeds soaking with water (the first group)or 300 mg·L^-1 mixed nitric-acid rare earth solution (the second group) were treated with various concentrations of mixed nitric-acid rare earth solution by foliage spraying. The results showed that the seedling heights sprayed with 100 和 1 000 mg·L^-1 of the first group and with 50 和 100 mg·L^-1 of the second group were significantly higher than the controls, and the diameter at ground level sprayed with 300 mg·L^-1 of the second group was significantly greater than the control, being 26.92% more than the latter; except for spraying with 0 mg·L^-1 and 700～1 500 mg·L^-1 of the second group, the seedling dry weight above ground of others was 29.13%～73.91% greater than the control, whereas the seedling dry weight under ground of others was 20.78%～116.88% greater than the control; the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b for all spraying seedling were 91.67%～191.67% and 87.5%～306.25% greater than the control, respectively, and soluble proteins and soluble sugars were 16.00%～179.78% and 10.73%～105.65% greater than the control, respectively. Compared with the control, the activity of SOD tended to increase, whereas the contents of MDA decreased. These indicated that spraying leaves with optimum concentration of mixed nitric-acid rare earth solution could markedly promote the growth of seedlings and improve resistance ability of V. montana seedlings to bad environment. On the whole, the effects of spraying the leaves of seedling with 50～500 mg·L^-1 mixed nitric-acid rare earth solution, which were derived from seeds soaking with 300 mg·L^-1 mixed nitric-acid rare earth solution, were good.

The test site was located in Jincheng Town, Lin'an City, Zhejiang Province. The leaves, culms and rhizomes of two-year-old and three-year-old flowering individuals or non-flowering individuals were taken from the same bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis) forest. The culms and rhizomes of one-year-old flowering or non-flowering were also taken from the same bamboo forest. Based on analysis of the content of endogenous hormones, amino-acid and nutrition in flowering stage of bamboo, the results showed that abscisic acid(ABA) had main effect on accelerating its flowering and the increase of cytokinin(CTK) was also one reason for bringing flower, but indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)antagonized on its flowering. Total amino-acid in the non-flowering bamboo was 23.01% higher than that in flowering bamboo. Aspartic acid (ASP) could delay flowering. Protein, especially protein in leaves had main effect on senescence procedure. Increase of phosphorus content in flowering bamboo could accelerate metabolizing, and therefore promote senescence of bamboo.

Immature zygotic embryos of Quercus variabilis were as explants to induce somatic embryogenesis. Several factors influencing somatic embryogenesis have been assayed. Somatic embryos can be induced in MS and WPM basal medium, but there was more quantity, big size and high induction rate in MS medium. Induction rate was not significant cultured in light and dark condition. Zygotic embryos, collected in middle of July, gave higher rate of somatic embryogenesis than those collected on the earlier or later date. By adding 6-BA in medium individually, somatic embryogenesis appeared directly on the zygotic embryos without detectable callus. Secondary embryogenesis appeared in medium with 2,4-D individual or combined with 6-BA or TDZ. High induction frequency of 90% was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA and 2,4-D, whereas the rate in hormone-free medium was only 16.7%. The genotypes of mother trees had an great impact on the inducing rate. Zygotic embryo surgery treatments were not favorable to embryogenesis. It was best to inoculate with entire zygotic embryos. The hypocotyl was a crucial part on somatic embryogenesis for Q. variabilis.

Embryonic axis and cotyledon of immature and mature embryos were induced as explants for embryogenesis in Ginkgo biloba. Results showed somatic embryos could be induced only through embryonic axis and cotyledon of immature embryos. MK + NAA 1 mg·L^-1 + 6-BA 1 mg·L^-1 was the best medium for somatic embryogenesis from embryonic axis, and somatic embryogenesis rate was 45.28%. MK + NAA 1.5 mg·L^-1 + 6-BA 1 mg·L^-1 was the best medium for somatic embryogenesis from cotyledon, and somatic embryogenesis rate was 12.9%. The growth and development of somatic embryos were promoted by adding 10% coconut milk into MK, and 34.48% somatic embryos could develop into plants.

Genetic relationships between Ziziphus jujuba and Ziziphus spinosa populations were studied using RAPD data in population genetics. 275 loci were gained among which 249 loci were polymorphic by 22 primers. The polymorphic loci percentage was 89% among Z.spinosa population while that of Z.jujuba population was 56%. 31 specific RAPD markers were detected on 3 Z.jujuba varieties and 15 Z.spinosa forms. Cluster analysis showed: when λ=12, the forms tested were divided into 2 groups. One included Z. jujuba cv. Zanhuangdazao, Yudichuangan, Yuanshichuangan, Xiaochuangan, Qiantai No.1, Luzhuangchuangan; the other included Z. jujuba cv. Zilingdan and 26 Z. spinosa forms. All above indicated that Z. jujuba and Z.spinosa should be regarded as two separate species.

The article describes the phase result of Tibet natural forest resource protection projects on the basis of the investigation.It is analyzed that the projects were short of investment,the forests were protected difficultly,it is difficult for the forestry enterprises to manage,replying energy resources were developed slowly in the natural forest resource protection projects.The article puts forward that how to guarantee the science and technology with the matter and to deal with the relationship between the natural forest protection and sustainable development combining with the actual situation.Structural reform should be deepened.The mechanism should be renewed.While the natural forest protection is strengthened,the resources will be used scientifically and reasonably.The new forestry economic growth point can be bred positively in the project areas.The people's consciousness of environment protection should be advanced.The forest vegetation must be protected strictly.

Public welfare forest is the most important model of vegetation restoration in the Conversion of farmland to forests in Sichuan Province. It can well represent and reflect the characteristics and laws of vegetation restoration in hillside fields. Therefore an Alnus cremastogyne forest community developed via converting hillside fields to forest, was investigated by contrast with a weed community on abandoned hillside fields. The results indicated that: 1) In Sichuan Basin and surrounding regions of it, vegetations restored so rapid that the average DBH (diameter at breast height), tree height of A.cremastogyne tree crown density, ground vegetation coverage respectively reached 5.2 cm, 6.1 m, 0.7 and 100 percent for 3 years and after converting hillside fields to forest. 2) With vegetation restoring, community gradually developed mosaic spatial pattern and vertical stratification, simultaneously distribution of plant population changed from regular to clumped, and spatial heterogeneity of community increased. 3) Community biodiversity remarkably increased in the process of vegetation restoration in hillside fields. During the period, species richness of both commnuities changed from 20 to 39, Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 4.205 and 5.021 respectively, while Pielou equitability index dropped little. 4) Plant species frequently and dramatically altered, which mainly showed that therophytes declined rapidly from 16 to 10, while perennial ones dramatically increased from 2 to 26, and 8 of them are phanerophytes. 5) The pathway of community development approximately was from annual herbs to shrubs + perennial herbs to trees + shrubs and herbs + perennial herbs, finally to natural mixed forests, such driving force was mainly from interspecific competition.

The reproduction characteristics of Aprostocetus prolixus, which is a new parasitioid on Apriona germarii, were studied. It demonstrated that the female adult can generate offspring by either sex reproduction or parthenogenesis, but all the offspring were male if they were from the mode of parthenogenesis. The sex ratio, with investigating in nature, was 2.38∶1. The environmental conditions had notable influence on sex ratio, survival ratio and fecundity. Its sex ratio increased to 3.48∶1 by feeding complementary nutrition that adding with 20% honey. The temperature has great effect on Aprostocetus prolixus in terms of system research, of which adult longevity decreased with temperature from 17.5 ℃ to 35 ℃ and its ability of reproduction increased between 25 ℃ and 30 ℃ but the acme at 27.5 ℃. Without the feeding complementary nutrition, on the other hand, the female adult will both lose the ability of fecundity at the temperature below 17.5 ℃ and over 35 ℃. With humidity increasing from 40% to 80%, its fecundity increased significantly. It also showed that there was no significant influence of temperature on fecundity between the 4 ℃ to 8 ℃ when cold storage( I.e. the matured larvae for 90 d, the adults for 10 d and the host egg for 40 d).

The termite baits were maded by the handmade molding instrument,and the crackle degree of termite baits was regarded as the evaluation index. The shaping craft of the termite bait was studied by orthogonal method.The results of the experiment showed that the best shaping craft of the termite bait of the cane powder was:the thin cane powder,10% adhesive, 5 s of crush time and 200% water;while the best shaping craft of the termite bait of the pine fritter was:the thin pine fritter,10% adhesive,5 s of crush time and 100% water.

Soil animal communities of Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest were studied.The purpose was to discuss the dynamic characteristic of soil animals and relationship with environmental factors.The ecosystem geography distribution law of soil animals, soil animals’role and function in ecological system were revealed.In June,August,October each year,three plots were selected. In each plot, four layers were sampled(litter layer,0～10 cm,10～20 cm & 20～30 cm),adding up to 72 soil sample.The area for large_sized soil animals was 50 cm×50 cm,and the area for middle_small_sized soil animals was 10 cm × 10 cm.Separated soil animals through adopting hand_picking method and Tullgren method respectively.Sampled the soil animals in two continuing years.Shannon_Wiener index was adopted to analyze the diversity of soil animals.Monad liner regression was used to search the relationship between soil animals and environmental factors.The dominant groups were Oribatida, Isotomidae.There were relatively great changes in groups and individual numbers of dominant groups and rare groups when the reason changed.The individual numbers of dominant groups and the groups of rare groups changed.The number of individual and group was the most in August.Obviously it correlated with climatic factors in middle temperate zone.The evenness was low and dominance was high. The diversity index was not most.Among the annual fluctuating there was a increasing trend. The evenness was low and dominance was high.The diversity index was low.It conformed with the law of reason change.The correlation between soil animals and atmospheric temperature,rainfall,ground temperature and sunlight showed the correlation with rainfall and soil temperature was the most significant.

In this paper, CIRAD-Foret method and strain gauge method were used to measure the longitudinal surface growth strains released from fallen woods. Comparison was also done between two methods for measurements at the same point (sawing grooves inside the position pins)and at two points. Results showed that the values obtained from the CIRAD-Foret method were bigger than those from strain gauge method. The former was 1.3 times as high as the latter for the measurement at two points, and it was 2.0 times as high as the latter for the measurement at the same point. There was no distinct difference in the longitudinal surface growth strains from strain gauge method with measuring way at the same point and two points. However, the differences were obvious for the strains from CIRAD-Foret method with two measuring ways. They indicated that there was little effect on the values from strain gauge method with measuring way at the same point or at two points, and that the measuring way would influence measured result when CIRAD-Foret method was applied. In general, in comparison with CIRAD-Foret method, strain gauge method was more stable.