The community structure and dynamics of soil water of Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica plantation were studied in a growth season. The results showed that the soil water in 300 cm depth were almost run out, with the soil water content being only 0.82%～0.97%. Moreover, soil water content continually decreased over the whole growth season. The growth of 13-year-old P. sylvestris var.Mongolica plantation was very weak, the average tree height was only 3.59 m, and the average diameter at breast height only 5.77 cm. Growth of trees was strongly restrained by shortage of soil water. The herbaceous layer under tree layer developed well. The species richness of herbaceous layer was 7～8 species per m², and the Shannon-wiener index was 1.59～1.89, with a high coverage of 54.7%～65.4%. It is a trend that the plantation will be replaced by herb layer. Also the stability of plantation was analyzed, pointing out that, the depletion of soil water can be alleviated through density control, tree species selection, etc. Under the condition that underground water is available and can be used by plants, the stability of plantation can be maintained over one generation.

During the past decades, large scale natural forests had been converted to fast growing and high yield commercial plantations to meet the demands for timber, fuel material, and other forest products. Some silvicultural measures, such as planting pure stands, clear cutting and slash burning, were widely applied during this conversion. Yield decline and land deterioration in such disturbed ecosystems had become serious. In this context, the ecological comparisons between natural forests and plantations have special implications for sustainable management. Coarse woody debris (CWD) as an important pool of carbon and nutrients also plays a substantial role in several ecological processes in forest ecosystems. However, few studies on CWD have been conducted in natural and planted forests under same climatic and edaphic conditions in subtropical China.The standing crop and seasonal dynamics of CWD, its carbon and nutrient stocks were studied in a natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii (NF) and adjacent plantations of C. kawakamii (CK) and Chinese Fir( Cunninghamia lanceolata, CF) in Sanming, Fujian, China. CWD masses were 1.32 t·hm^-2 in the NF, 0.46 t·hm^-2 in the CK and 0.23 t·hm^-2 in the CF respectively. The standing crop of CWD in three forests showed similar seasonal trend as follows: summer > winter > autumn > spring. Carbon storage in CWD of the NF was 0.78 t·hm^-2, being 4.11 times and 7.09 times as much as that of the CK and the CF, respectively. Significant difference in C stocks of CWD was found between NF and CK (or CF) ( P<0.05). Nutrient storage in CWD ranged from 14.16 kg·hm^-2 in the NF to 0.95 kg·hm^-2 in the CF. The amounts of N, P, K, Ca and Mg storage were the highest in CWD of the NF. The results of this study demonstrate that the natural forest has a greater capability for maintaining site productivity than plantations due to higher CWD mass coupled with greater carbon and nutrient pools. Therefore, conservation of the natural forest is recommended as a practical measure in forest management to realize sustainable development of forestry in mountainous areas of southern China.

Footprint framework offers a natural capital appraisal for nations with which human demands can be compared with natures available supply for human use. The ecological footprint compares renewable natural resources consumption with natures biologically productive capacity. A countys footprint is the total area required to produced the food and fibres that county consumes, sustain its energy consumption, and give space for its infrastructure. In the case of Gonghe County of Qinhai Province, the average citizen occupies 1.662 hm² of biologically productive space, while there is 1.056 hm² available, the national ecological deficit is 0.606 hm² per person. Desertification is a double_bind of ecological deficit for both the result of footprint expansion and the lost of biologically productive capacity. Using the range of economic and regulatory instruments available, government policies can reduced the ecological deficit by addressing the four issues. Without any doubt, the calculations presented in this study are still characterized by many limitations. One is the data source. United nations statistics may not be complete and consistent among countries or over time. The accuracy of the assessment would profit from more detailed productivity assessments, particularly for animal products and forests. Methodologically, the assessments could be made more complete by including the ecological spaces used for freshwater use, the absorption of still left out waste products and contaminants.

The Vatica mangachapoi forest is discovered first time during investigating of plant resource in rural of Hainans northeast area. It is important for studying the historical characteristic of distribution of forest and restoration of degraded ecosystem in this area. We think that this forest belongs to the tropical rain forest that remain lucky in this area based on comparing studies on plant composition, flora and plant community construction among this forest and other tropical rain forests in Hainan Island, but this forest has some difference from typical tropical rain forest because it has strong secondary characteristic and obvious dominant species.

Eupatorium adenophorum is a typical alien invasive species in China, however, limited message on the relations between gas exchange characteristics and invasive ability was reported. We measured the photosynthetic capacities of the adult leaves of E. adenophorum in Dechang, Liangshan Autonomous prefecture of Sichuan Province (27°28′36″N, 102°12′28″E), and comparison with other 8 local accompanying species and 12 species grown in different regions of China and Japan was also done. For finding the possible implication for its invasive ability, the stomatal regulation on gas exchange in diurnal changing microenvironment and long term acclimation to xeric and hygric habitats as well as water use efficiency were examined. Generally, net photosynthetic rate at noon was only about one third of that in the morning and with time onward in the afternoon, photosynthetic capacities partially recovered but cannot reach that in the morning. Stomatal and non stomatal regulations ware responsible for this diurnal pattern, I.e. Stomata regulated the photosynthesis by decreasing the intercellular CO₂ concentration and increasing the value of stomatal limitation, whereas biochemical regulation adjusted the photosynthetic capacity by decreasing the carboxylation efficiency and apparent quantum yield.With considering the relative importance of stomatal and non stomatal regulation, stomatal regulation control more on this diurnal pattern. This type of strategy was similar to other common species, showing limited implication on its rampancy. However, after long term acclimation in xeric and hygric habitats, stomatal regulation functioned with plasticity. Different from a wide range of 20 species, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were dramatically higher in hygric habitats than those in xeric habitats. Moreover, leaf nitrogen in hygric habitats was significant higher than that in xeric habitats although soil organic matter, soil pH value and soil available nitrogen were slightly different. Furthermore, water use efficiency increased with stomatal conductance decrease when stomatal conductance was low for the wide range of species. E. adenophorum grown in xeric habitats also showed this type strategy on water utilization. However, it increased the water use efficiency with stomatal conductance increase in hygric habitats, indicating that the water use strategy of this weed included both conservative traits and prodigal traits. This flexibility in water utilization and stomatal function with plasticity facilitates its survival even in xeric habitats and rampancy in hygric habitats, which is of importance for its colonization in new habitats.

This study selected Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Juglans mandshurica, Tilia amurensis and Pinus koraiensis trees with same age (12 years old) and seedling origin under the same site conditions, and simultaneously measured the sapflow density, water consumption, and related environmental factors using thermal dissipation method and ICT-2000TE(Transpiration Environment)automatic measuring system for tree transpiration and environmental factors. In clear days during the growing season, the sapflow density exhibited mono peak diurnal patterns, mostly peaked between 10:00 to 14:00 except for P.amurense, of which the sapflow showed two peaks during daytime for three times. The PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) and VPD(vapour pressure deficit)were the major factors influencing diurnal changes in sapflow, which explained 60%～74% variations in sapflow density for all tree species except P.amurense. Maximum sapflow densities for F.mandshurica, P.amurense, Q.mongolica, J.mandshurica, T.amurensis, and P.koraiensis were 516 36, 234 00, 625 93, 945 83, 507 93, 286 21 cm 3·cm^-2 h^-1 , occurring in July, June, September, August, August, and July, respectively. Water consumption in the whole growing season for J.mandshurica, T.amurensis, F.mandshurica, P.koraiensis, P.amurense, and Q.mongolica were 3 840, 2 820, 2 710, 2 120, 1 470, and 1 390 kg·sapling^-1 , respectively.

The effects of aluminum stress on aluminum absorption of Longan( Dimocarpus longan ) seedling were studied. The results showed that the characteristics of aluminum absorption depended on the concentration of aluminum in the medium. At the low concentration (≤0.370 mmol·L^-1 ), aluminum uptake was dominated by metabolism. When aluminum concentration was higher than 0.370 mmol·L^-1 , aluminum uptake was mainly controlled by non metabolic factors. Under aluminum stress, the aluminum was taken by Longan mainly accumulated in root. The content of aluminum in root was as 3.54～5.66 times as that in stem, and as 3.60～5.80 times as that in leaves. As the concentration of aluminum in the medium increasing, the content and accumulation of aluminum in root increased greatly, however, the part taken by root and transferred to up ground decreased. The aluminum mainly distributed in cell wall of Longan leaves. Under the aluminum stress, the content of aluminum in different parts of cell was in the order as: cell wall>cytoplasm>chloroplast>mitochondrion>nuclear protein. The content in cell wall was the highest, which reached to 86.20%～88.58% of total accumulation.

The present study describes the transfer of a Bacillus subtilis SacB gene, with vacuolar targeting signal sequences and driven by constitutive promoters, by Agrobacterium tumefaciens into poplar( Populus alba×P. glandulosa ). From about \{1 000\} leaf discs used for transformation,102 Km resistant plants were obtained, and 97 proved to be true transgenic plants. The transgenic nature of these plants was confirmed by PCR amplification and Southern dot hybridization. The expression of the chimeric Sac B genes in transgenic plants was confirmed by RT-PCR. The performance of some transgenic lines maintained under a normal watering regime was evaluated over 5 months in greenhouse. These plants showed no significant stable morphological differences from the untransformed plants. The growth of some plants was apparently inhibited, while most of the plants grew at least as well as the control when water is non limiting. This material may be the basis for obtaining a more drought-resistant poplar.

The effects of low temperature and PEG pretreatment on germination of Photinia seeds were investigated.During the germination of seeds pretreated with cold stress at 0～-2 ℃ for 24 h,the physiological and biochemical changes of the seeds were examined.In the PEG-pretreated seeds,the seed vigor index,the content of soluble proteins,boiling-stable proteins,as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased while the MDA content and the activity of peroxidase (POD) decreased.Meanwhile,the color of bands of polypeptides of 40.27、42.5、44.5、46.2、50.8kDwere darker in 15% PEG-pretreated seeds after 4 days germination at 21 ℃

Liquid and soil culture experiment at 3 phosphorus levels were conducted to study the acid phosphatase (Apase) and secreted Apase activity of 5 Masson Pine provenances and further illustrate their adaptive mechanisms to phosphorus deficiency and relationship with phosphorus efficiency. The results indicated that phosphate starvation would intensively stimulate the release of Apase by root of seedlings. The Apase activity secreted by root in Wuping of Fujian and Xinyi of Guangdong was found to be stronger, and that in Chunan of Zhejiang and Chongyi of Jiangxi was the weaker, which was only about half of Wuping of Fujian. Apase activity in seedling root and leaf increased obviously under low phosphorus stress during growth peak period, showing negatively related to phosphate supply. In general, the Apase activity of root system was stronger than that of leaf. The statistic analysis showed that there existed marked differences among provenances tested for Apase activity in root and leaf under phosphorus starvation. Likewise, Wuping of Fujian and Xinyi of Guangdong had stronger activity, which were thought to be excellent provenances adapted to low phosphorus environment with stronger photosynthesis and higher phosphate efficiency. Apase activity of seedling was found to decline so drastically after growth peak period that there were no obvious differences among all provenances tested.

More than 400 species of palms have been introduced and cultivated in Xiamen Botanical Garden during the past 43 years.The factors affecting palms introduction were studied in the paper,according to longitude,latitude,elevation,organism habits,suitability and planting time of 56 species,by the methods of correlation analysis,path analysis and determination coefficient analysis.The results showed that;1)Latitude,elevation and planting time were 3 key ecological factors affecting introduction of palms in Xiamen.2)The palm plants distributed between 20～44° north and south latitude,and seeds introduced from area with high elevation were easy to obtain success.3)It was good time from March to September to plant the introduced palms.4)The longitude of original habitat and the suitability to coastal or interior were the factors less affecting the result of introduction of the ornamental-palm plants in Xiamen.

The components and content percentage of volatile oils in Xinyi (flower bud) of 10 Chinese species of Yulania of Magnliaceae were analyzed by using GC/MS method, and 7 species among them were first reported, which were Yulania axilliflora(Magnolia axilliflora), Y.henanensis (M.henanensis), Y.elliptilimba (M.henanensis), Y.wugangensis (M.wugangensis), Y.dimorpha sp.nov.ined., Y.pilocarpa(M.pilocarpa) and Y.jigongshanensis(M.jigongshanensis) . The results showed that there were 84 compounds in these volatile oils, each species had 36～56 compounds, 62 compounds were identified and their total content was 98.4%. There were 17 compounds owned by all species and their total content was 72.9%. The main compounds were eucalyptol, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene and α-terpineol. The percentage of eucalyptol content usually was more than 20%, and the highest 35.5%. There were 5 compounds were first reported in the volatile oils of Yulania species, which were 1-hydroxy-1 7-dimethyl-4-isoprophy-2,7-cyclodecadiene owned by all species, α-zingiberene, germacrene B, β-sesquiphellandrene and hedycaryol non-owned-by-all. Moreover author pointed out that Y.henanensis and Y.elliptilimba are hybrid and may have the same origin. Based on myrcene and hedycaryol with their phylogenitic implication, 10 species can be divided into two groups. One group included Y.soulangiana, Y.denudata, Y.wugangensis, Y.dimorpha, Y.pilocarpa and Y.jigongshanensis, whose percentages of myrcene and hedycaryol content were more than 6% and 1% respectively. The other group included Y.biondii, Y.axilliflora, Y.henanensis and Y.elliptilimba, whose percentage of myrcene content was less than 2.0%, and didnt have hedycaryol.

Chinese bamboo resources distribute mainly in south area of Qinling-Huaihe line. According to the study of archaeological materials and historical literatures, the bamboo distribution area in China has changed distinctly since 5 000 a B.P.. Before Tang dynasty, there distributed much bamboo in Yellow River Valley. The north boundary then was at north latitude 39-40°. But today it is at 35°N, moved back toward south for about 4～5°N. The reason is that climate has been getting colder and drier than 5 000～1 000 a B.P.. Bamboo can be used to indicate climate transition as its sensitivity. Being climate changing warm in the present age, it will be much favourable introducing bamboo to Yellow River Valley.

Multi-layer remote sensing information extraction of sandy land using multi-temporal Landsat ETM+ images was developed based on spectral characteristic analysis. Vegetation coverage was used to determine the degree of sandy land according to the land classification standard of the national desertification survey. By regression model of NDVI and vegetation coverage, the relationship was established. The degree of sandy land was divided by the threshold of NDVI, and the degree map of sandy land was derived.

The resistance of 6 cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba var. Hupingzao, Hamazao, Pozao, Mayazao, Dunzizao, Changhongzao, and a sour date Z. spinosa as well as 46 single resistant trees selected from Pozao against jujube witches-broom symptom were appraised by graft transmission using infected barks and twigs at the test site located at Tang County, Hebei Province. It was shown that both Hupingzao and Hamazao did not displayed any witches broom symptom (high resistance) after continuous graft inoculation six times from 1996 to 2002, while cultivars, Changhongzao, Mayazao, sour date, Pozao and Dunzizao demonstrated different susceptibility in order of 66.6%, 78.6%, 80.0%, 100% and 100%, respectively. The selected 46 resistant single trees of Pozao were with average disease incidence of 81 1% and with distinct resistance diversity among them, 4 trees did not show any symptom in the course of all graft inoculation, indicating they possessed relative high and stable resistance. Further detection by means of DAPI fluorescence microscopy and polymerase chain reaction(PCR), specially PCR, it could be found phytoplasmas usually from most resistant clones without symptom after graft inoculation, indicating that which had already carried low number of phytoplasmas and suggesting possible inhibition of those materials to the phytoplasma propagation. It was found that a different specific light blue spot in the resistant and susceptible clones by thin layer chromatography in two system, more unique golden spots were found by means of auto fluorescence microscopy spreading in the areas of phloem and parenchyma related to two Pozao and one Hupingzao in bark section.

The number of larval instars and stage duration of each instar of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) were determined by sampling periodically in forests. Six variables including the body length, body width, width of the prothoracic plate, width of the peristoma, length of the urogomphus, and anteriormost width of the urogomphus were examined under binocular microscope with an eyepiece micrometer for choosing the optimal morphological characters or index for the separation of larval instars. Results showed that the larvae of EAB have 4 instars. The urogomphus and its length were the best characteristic and variable for the separation of larval instars, and the width of peristoma was the second best according to the overlapping degree of variable. Body length, body width, width of the prothoracic plate, and anteriormost width of the urogomphus were not reliable due to high variation. Morphological characters on the inner side of larval urogomphus are also helped to separate the instars tersely and conveniently. The average stadia based on the median value of samples was as follows: 18.1d for the 1^st instar, 11.2d for the 2^nd instar, 10.7d for the 3^rd instar, and 261.2d for the 4^th instar. The total larval stage duration was 301.3d naturally.

Nonlinear models were established for two species of poplar (Populus simonii and P.×beijingensis ) with the wood properties indices \[vessel element length (VEL) or wood fiber length (FL) or vessel lumen diameter (VLD)] as the dependent variables and the ring number from pith to bark as independent variable. Based on this, the mature wood age and the distribution of juvenile wood in tree stems were discussed. The models that predict the maturation age according to vessel length, fiber length or the diameter of the vessel lumen were established using the segmented regression analysis which begins with a quadratic part and then reaches a plateau. The square of the correlation coefficient ( r²) of nonlinear regression ranged from 0.857 to 0.991 and correlated significantly at 0.1% level in all cases. Using the fiber length as the wood property index, the models showed that variance of maturation age and the radius of juvenile wood existed between different species and different site conditions: for P.×beijingensis without irrigation, the maturation age and the radius of juvenile wood was about 6～10 a and 52 mm, while that for P. simonii without and with irrigation was 24～29 a and 90 mm, 13～15 a and 85 mm respectively.

The acting mechanism of polymers on stabilizing sandy soil was investigated respectively on three aspects namely intermolecular action, polymer properties and interface action. It was proposed that, in dry status sand grains were linked by anionic groups through chemical bond, which was stronger than hydrogen bond that linked non_ionic groups to sand grains. But too many ionic groups on polymer structure would reduce the water_stability of sandy soil treated by polymers. The proper polymer materials for stabilizing sandy soil should have good water dispersibility, high average molecular weight, proper content of both anionic and non_ionic groups, and extended molecular conformation. It was also proposed that, in dry status, there was adhesive action between polymers and sand grains, and relations between polymers’ properties and their performance on stabilizing sandy soil could also be explained with adhesion principles.

The paper studied the reaction mechanism of isocyanate with cellulose containing different moisture content (MC) by DSC analysis of isothermal scanning and temperature_increased scanning. The isothermal DSC analysis showed that the Ruleless Coring Mechanism, Diffusion Mechanism and Phase Interface Mechanism would control the reaction of isocyanate and cellulose with different MC. The key effects of complicated mechanism rest with water transference and fast reaction of isocyanate and water. A mechanism function that will describe ideally the temperature_increased reaction of isocyanate and cellulose with different MC was brought forward.

The live plant fine roots image monitor analysis system based on linear CCD was exploited, which eliminated the area CCD doliform aberration of the image, and realized unbroken analyzing the form of fine roots. Combining circle fine roots scan with portrait depth displacement, the system realized fine roots panorama image scan inside the minirhizotron. By the computer fine roots image procession system based on the fractal theory, the collected image was analyzed. The fine roots key growth parameters and the dynamic growth traits can be automatically calculated out quantitatively by the system based on pixel level. The system can be used in the fields of nursery planting and the crop growing module research in agriculture and forestry.

The chemical background of the shell of Yangbi walnut ( Juglans sigillata ) shell for wood adhesive as a raw material was approached in this paper. Results from the chemistry analysis showed, the walnut shell was composed with 33.25% cellulose (by nitric acid), 26.72% pentosan, 60.94% lignin and 1.19% ashes. By means of spectrum analysis of ¹H-NMR, IR and UV, it was recognized that guai_and syrin_were the main chemical elements of walnut lignin, which belonged to GS lignin, was which G lignin is more than S one. Making use of the chemical properties of G lignin, the walnut shell lignin could be co polymerized with phenol and formaldehyde for wood adhesive whose bonding capability was similar with that of common phenol formaldehyde resin.

Lidar (light detection and ranging) remote sensing is a breakthrough of active remote sensing technology in recent years. It has shown enormous potential for forest parameters retrieval. Lidar remote sensing has the unique advantage of providing horizontal and vertical information at high accuracies. Especially it can be used to measure forest height directly with unprecedented accuracy. This article introduces the basic principle of lidar remote sensing and the lidar systems of large footprint and small footprint. The status of the technology, the retrieval methods of forest parameters such as tree height, biomass, canopy vertical structure and crown closure, and the prospect of the application of lidar technology in forestry have been reviewed in detail in this paper.

A novel selective system ideal for plant transformation was introduced. The system uses Escherichia coli phosphomannose isomerase(PMI) gene as the selectable marker gene and mannose as the selective agent.PMI is an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of mannose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate;the latter can be further metabolized in glycolysis.Transformed cells can grow normally utilizing mannose as carbon source,while non-transformed cells cannot because of non_metabolizable nature of mannose-6-phosphate.The transformation frequency was affected by genotypes,sugars other than mannose,concentrations of phosphate and culture conditions.The system has been evaluated in woody plants,sweet orange and grape,as well as in annual crops and is regarded to be an ideal replacement for traditional antibiotic or herbicide selective systems.Besides general methods for detecting transgenic plants,plants transformed with PMI gene can be assayed by enzyme activity analyses. Especially,the chlorophenol red (CPR) method for PMI activity analysis is simple,reliable,and need no expensive reagents.The plants transformed with PMI gene were demonstrated to be safe to human health and environment.All the results indicate that PMI is an effective selective marker for plant transformation.

Ralstonia solanacearum caused bacterial wilt on a variety of plants and trees. The pathogenic bacteria first invaded roots of hosts, aggregated in the intercellular spaces of cortex tissues, and then ingressed into vascular bundles and spread in xylem vessels to induce the wilt symptom. The rapid dispersal and extensive colonization of plant water conducting element which lead to the occlusion and rupture of the vessels, were the main reasons of wilting of plants. Extrapolysaccharide (EPSI), cell wall degrading enzymes such as pectinolytic and cellalolytic enzymes, products of type hrp III section system and the mobility of bacteria constituted the major factors for the pathogenicity. Among these, EPSI was particularly important. It acted to protect the bacteria from host defense reaction, facilitate the movement and colonization of bacteria, occlude and break xylem vessels of hosts. The coordinated functioning of these pathogenic factors was controlled by a sophisticated auto-regulation system initiated by 3-OH palmitic acid methyl ester whose concentration varies according to the density of bacteria. The system used PhcA concentration as a core to regulate the expression of pathogenic factors, and thus the growth state of bacteria.

Plant protease inhibitors as a resisting pest resource was more studied besides Bt gene, the distribution is widely, especially in the leguminosae, solanaceae, gramineae, cucurbitaceae and cruciferae plants. Plant protease inhibitors resisting gene was mainly acquired by two methods and had been transferred in some plants, and obtained the resisting pest genetic engineering plants. Plant protease inhibitors was preliminary applied in the forest trees resisting pest genetic engineering. In this paper, based on the control status of forest trees pest in China, application prospects of plant protease inhibitors in control pest were systematically discussed, meanwhile, the existing problem and solving methods of plant protease inhibitors were also put forward in control of forest tree pest.

It’s very important to clarify the relationship of the change of combination form between molecules in wood cell wall and the chemical rheology behavior during various chemical reagents treating, for it will be helpful to develop new wood modification technologies and to enrich the theory of wood chemical rheology. This paper introduced previous researches on the change of combination forms between molecules during chemical treatment, and meanwhile proposed some research ideas.

Scale is an important paradigm in ecology as well as in sustainable forest management (SFM). In this paper, the basic scale, including space and time dimensions, and its selection,limitations of the sustained working applied in traditional forestry is expounded. The author points out that basic selection of the spatia-temporal scales for traditional forest management unit was wood-production-orientated, having intrinsic deficiency in adjusting to SFM. According to the characteristic and goal of SFM, a broader view in term of scale selection and reorientation should be introduced and applied. In SFM, more profound considerations including how to make a fundamental contribution to regional and global sustainability, how to maintain dynamic mosaic stability at landscape or watershed level, and how to integrate biodiversity protection, landscape planning, sustainable land utilization and other eco-environmental concerns into forest management practice should be taken into full account. Based on a rough illustration about the relationship between landscape management and sustainable development, the article then gives a deep analysis of the unique value of landscape scale as a basic spatial management unit for SFM. And, accordingly, the temporal scale, traditionally embodied in various rotation periods to manage forest production should also be adjusted and expanded in accordance with forest eco-system’s biological and ecological rhythm. And, a preliminary discussion about the application of watershed scale and ecological cycle in SFM are also held. China is now conducting forestry classified management reform, after which much more forestry land will be demarcated as non commercial forest zone (NCFZ). The suggestions put forward in this study will be more constructive to future NCFZ, on which ecological use instead of timber use will be dominated.

The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in different organs of Phyllostachys pubescens with in sequence of age and the amount of soil nutrients were analyzed. The results showed that the content of four nutrition elements(N, P, Ca, Mg) in different organs were in the order as: leaf > branch > stem; while for K: leaf >stem >branch. The abundance of different elements in leaf, in branch and in stem respectively ranged as: N>K>Mg>P>Ca, K>N>Mg>P>Ca and K>N>Mg>Ca>P. The nutrition elements in various organs of P. pubescens were interrelated one another at some extent, significant(P<0.05) or great significant correlation (P<0.01)existed between eleven pairs nutrient elements contents out of total thirty pairs of nutrient elements. The productivity of the woods in on-year was much higher than that in off-year, while the content of N, P and K in leaf was much higher in off-year. The nutrition in bamboo were generally correlated to nutrients of soils, eg, nitrogen content in leaf had a significant relationship with organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium in soil, phosphorus content in leaf had a strong relationship with organic matter and available nitrogen in soil, however, only good relationships in stem were found between nitrogen content and organic matter, available potassium in soil. Potassium content in branch were negatively correlated to organic matter, total nitrogen and available nitrogen in soil.

Xingyuangtong handhold forest inventory instrument is a microcomputer-based Hi-tech product integrating remote sensing、mobile GIS and GPS, which is developed by 3S research center of Shenzhen Polytechnic. It can be used in forest resource inventory, area calculation on map, area survey on the spot, compartment and sub-compartment mapping and editing based on remote sensing images or scanned relief maps, interactive query and amendment between graphics and its attributes, etc. On the basis of theory analysis of area survey principle, the practical area survey precision of nine different-sized plots in different period of time and under different interfered conditions is analyzed in order to study the possible precision of area survey on the spot by using this product. It is demonstrated that Xinyuantong handhold forest resource inventory instrument can meet the precision needs of returning the grain plots to forestry, acceptance check of forestation land, area survey of compartment and sub-compartment, etc. This product can be widely used in forest resource inventory.

In order to improve the resistance of Euonymus japonicus, its ability of adventitious shoots regenerating from inter-node stem-segment were researched on MS medium in vitro. The effect of both plant growth regulators and carbon resources in media on adventitious shoots differentiating was studied. Regenerating system of E. japonicus was established successfully. Adventitious shoots were highly obtained from inter-node explants inoculated on MS media supplemented with 6-BA 1.7 mg·L^-1+IBA 0.005 mg·L^{-1 or 6-BA 1.9 mg·L-1 + IBA 0.03 mg·L -1. The regenerating ratio reached to 52.4% and 46.7% respectively. Media for inducing adventitious roots were 1/2MS+ IAA 0.5mg·L-1. Adventitious shoots originated from surface tissue of inter-node stem-segment.}

Harvested Prunus persica fruits cv. Dajiubao and cv. Bayuecui were immersed in 0, 0.1 or 0.3 g·L^-1 salicylic acid (SA) solutions for 15 minutes,then stored at room temperatures (22～25 ℃) for 14 days or low temperatures (0～2 ℃) for 30 days. The results showed that after SA treatment,the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) was inhibited significantly,contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the fruits also decreased.The immersion of fruit in the solutions of SA was helpful for maintaining the flesh firmness.The cell membrane electrolyte leakages of SA treated fruits,compared with control,were high during early days and low at the subsequent days.

Based on the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis of phenological observation data from 70 meteorological observation stations for 8 years (1994—2002), which were located in all the distribution regions of Melia azedarach in China, the distribution regions of Melia azedarach in Chinese were divided into 11 phenological areas. It will provide a scientific basis for seedling rational allocation and germplasm resources conversation for Melia azedarach; and the phonological isophene map will be a guidance for agriculture and forestry production in the most parts of southern China.

In this article, the growth dynamics of Davidia involucrata population was studied in Sanjiang, Wolong Natural Reserve. The seed dispersal range was limited in a circle of 0～10 meters away from the mother tree, which changed with the terrain where the trees grow. The survival percent of seedlings germinated from seeds was very low, and few seeds germinated in 2002. About 3 percent of seeds germinated in 2001 grew up and became seedlings. Considering the various diameter classes of Davidia involucrata forests, only a small part of trees was germinated from seeds, most of trees were sprouted from the base of the fall trees. In natural, the regeneration of Davidia involucrata population was difficult and had difficulty to spread. The seedlings and juvenile trees were so lack that the Davidia involucrata population has been declining. We should devote major efforts to protecting them.

Centred around 371 indexes including natural environment,human activities,condition of society,economic situation,forest resources,forestry organizations,technology,management and administration,we have investigated 105 counties(cities,districts) in Hunan Province. Eighty three counties out of them were designated for our research objects. For each county,we selected 28 indexes which had directly bearing on our social forestry project such as natural environment,social economy,forest resources.Then through Cluster Analysis and Factor Analysis,we used a social science statistical analysis software(SPSS) to analyze the impact of natural,environmental,social,economical and forest resources’ factors on community forestry activities.Based on such work,we have established a set of indexes system for Hunan provincial social forestry project’s regional evaluation.According to the cluster analysis results and the current situation of the project implementation,Hunan provincial social forestry project could be divided into five types,the results will provide a scientific basis for Hunan provincial social forestry project’s implementation.

We reported in this paper the results of our test of four insecticides used through cover spray for controlling the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.). The four insecticides were ASTRO (A. I. 36.8% permethrin) by FMC Corp., AllPro DURSBAN 4E (A. I. 44.9% chlorpyrifos) by Sureco Inc., ORTHENE 75 S (A.I.75% acephate) by VALENT USA Corp., and SEVINXLR PLUS (A. I.44.1% carbaryl) by Rhone_Poulenc AG Co. (now part of Bayer CropScience). The insecticides were sprayed onto 1.5 years old poplar (Populus sp.) trees until insecticide run-off from twigs. Twigs were collected from treated trees once every 3 d until the 21^st day after insecticide application to feed caged adult beetles. Adult mortality was recorded once every day for 3 d. Leaf and twig samples of treated poplar were collected from each treatment 3, 6, 9, 20, 40 d after spray to determine the levels of insecticides in these parts of trees. Although all insecticides showed promise for short term efficacy (>95% 3 d mortality for adults feed on twigs collected 1 after application), permethrin (concentration 920 mg·kg^-1) was the best among the 4 tested insecticides for longer residual activity with 3 d cumulative mortality>95% for adults feed on twigs collected within 15 days after application. Chlorpyrifos (2 245 mg·kg^-1) was the least effective with 3 d cumulative mortality around 60% for adults feed on twigs collected within 6 d after application, while the mortality was around 90% and 75% for acephate (7 500 mg·kg^-1) and carbaryl (17 640 mg·kg^-1), respectively. However, high concentrations of acephate and carbaryl are not feasible for controlling adult beetles, especially in urban areas. In general, levels of insecticides were higher in leaves than in twigs for the 4 insecticide. Levels in leaf 3～9 d after application was 0.9～4.1 mg·kg^-1 for permethrin,2.5～1.6mg·kg^-1 for chlorpyrifos,2.6～2.3 mg·kg^-1 for acephate, and 35.2 ～49.6mg·kg^-1 for carbaryl. Residual levels 20～40 d after application were 2.8～1.9 mg·kg^-1 ,1.4～1.2 mg·kg^-1 , 1.9～1.4 mg·kg^-1 and 40.9～39.7 mg·kg^-1 for permethrin, chlorprrifos, acephate, and carbaryl. Based on the relationship of the mortality of adult beetles and residual levels of insecticides, mortality may reach 95% when the level of permethrin reaches 4 mg·kg^-1 in leaf, 1.4mg·kg^-1 in twig. For acephate, a level of 2.5 mg·kg^-1 in leaves or 2.1mg·kg^-1 in twigs will achieve 90% mortality of adult beetles.

The ultra_morphology and chemical composition of waxes secreted by the scale insect Physokermes shanxiensis (Homoptera: Coccidae) was researched with the techniques of scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared absorption spectra (IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The result indicated that the scale insect secreted wet wax in its nymph stage. The wet wax coagulated into translucent wax covering on the body surface. However, the female adult secreted its wax secretion with white color and long thread form. According to the infrared absorption spectra characteristic of the waxes, it can be known that the both waxes either from male nymph or female adult were composed by a series of saturated and unsaturated long carbon chain compounds. But the two waxes have different in the chemical functional groups kind and numbers that composed the compounds, because of the differences in absorption peaks numbers and forms which appeared in the two infrared spectra from the wave number 1 800cm^-1 to 1 000 cm^-1. Through detected with GC/MS, 14 compounds with carbon atom number form C₁₃ to C₁₃ were obtained form the wax of the male scale insect. These compounds included 5 saturated higher fatty acids, 1 unsaturated higher fatty acid, 1 saturated higher fatty alcohol, 1 unsaturated higher fatty alcohol, 1 unsaturated ester, 1 saturated aldehyde, and 4 saturated alkane compounds.

Under the microwave,the activated carbon from bamboo shavings was prepared with the phosphoric acid according to orthogonal tests.The optimum conditions were obtained.The results of the experiment showed that the bamboo shavings could be producted good activated carbon by the method of microwave-phosphoric acid.The iodine number reached 836 mg·g^-1 The decolorizing capacity of metylene blue reached 13 mL·(0.1g)^-1 The decolorizing capacity of caramel adsorption reached 113%.The addition of sulfuric acid or hydrogen peroxide could also significantly improve its adsorb function.