To understand the effects of Fargesia nitida on forest cycle succession of subalpine forests in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, species diversity and tree regeneration with bamboo(B⁺) and without bamboo(B^-) condition of three regeneration stages were investigated. The results showed: The F. nitida could not change the trend of diversity dynamics but had negative effect on diversity in the process of forest cycle succession, especially on the diversity of shrub layers, and species in broadleaved forest(BF) influenced by F. nitida was more significant than those in dark coniferous forest(CF). In comparison with B^-, species richness of all layers were declined, evenness and diversity of shrub layers were sharply decreased in B⁺ of three stages. Seedlings in B^- were more abundant than in B⁺ conditions of three stands as low light and thick litters in B⁺ were disadvantage for seedlings germination and growth. The number of Betula utilis individuals was most in B^- of BF, and that of Abies faxoniana was most in B^- of CF, there were still some in B⁺ of CF. F. nitida also impeded height growth of B. utilis, but had little effect on A. faxoniana, therefore, regeneration fail of B. utilis was accelerated and regeneration process of A. faxoniana was hindered by F. nitida. In conclusion, species richness and diversity of different stages were declined and tree regeneration was restricted by occurrence of F. nitida in forest cycle succession of subalpine forest.

The research was made that the change of component of soil humic substances in larch plantations and its effects on the soil acidity at the different development stages (young stand, half-mature stand, near mature stand, mature stand and young stand in the second rotation). The differences of soil organic matter content and the characteristics of component of humic substances between the larch plantations at different development stages and natural secondary forests, young stands in the first rotation and in the second rotation were compared. The results showed that soil organic matter content, the carbon content in humic acid and the carbon content in humin in rhizosphere and non_rhizosphere soil from young stand to near mature stand increased with stand ages grew; Soil organic matter content, the carbon content in fulvic acid and the carbon content in humin in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil from near mature stand to mature stand decreased with stand ages grew; The humification degrees (the percentage of carbon content in humic acid in the total C) and the ratio of the carbon content in humic acid to the carbon content in fulvic acid in soil humic substances in the secondary forests were greater than those in the young stand and near mature stand. For the rhizosphere soil, the organic matter content, the carbon content in fulvic acid and the carbon content in humin decreased by 4.53%, 35.8% and 1.98% in young stand in the second rotation, respectively, as compared with those in young stand in the first rotation. For the non_rhizosphere soil, organic matter content, the carbon content in humic acid, the carbon content in fulvic acid and the carbon content in humin increased by 46.44%, 43.69%, 47.45% and 49.5% in young stand in the second rotation, respectively, as compared with those in young stand in the first rotation. The relationship between component of soil humic substances and soil acidity changed with stand ages changed. In rhizosphere soil, the close relationship existed among component of soil humic substances, soil active acidity (pH value), exchange acidity and hydrolytic acidity in various ages.

The functions of canopy interception on energy conversion processes in a Chinese Fir plantation ecosystem were studied with the long-term observation data in Huitong. The results showed that the solar radiation absorbed, transmitted, and reflected were 2.554 30 billion (with a absorption ratio of 0.827), 0.253 06 billion (with a transmissivity of 0.082) and 0.274 32 billion J·m ^-2 a^-1 (with a reflection ratio of 0.091) on the canopy, respectively. The conversion of net solar radiation to latent heat with the processes of evaporation from canopy interception amounts to 0.636 95 billion J·m^-2 a^-1 (accounting for 22.9% of the total ecosystem net radiation, and 30.4% of the ecosystem evapotranspiration.), which was an important part of the system energy budget. Canopy interception consumed the raindrop kinetic energy in overcoming the branches and leaves resistance, which gathered raindrops together by branches and leaves and then followed with potential energy in raindrops converted to kinetic energy with falling raindrops. In general, diameter of raindrops from the canopy is bigger than that of the raindrops above the canopy as result of gathering effect of canopy. The kinetic energy of raindrops from the canopy, therefore, was higher than that of raindrops in the atmosphere. And the drop_size distribution from the canopy was influenced by the structure of the canopy layer rather than amount of precipitation and precipitation intensity. The canopy had no significantly efficient effects on decreasing raindrop kinetic energy in the case study with branch height of 7 m and precipitation amount of over 3 mm. However, the canopy would play a key role in decreasing raindrop kinetic energy in both cases of a little amount of precipitation and heavy precipitation intensity, which the canopy could intercept most amount of precipitation in the former condition and the canopy could scatter bigger raindrops to smaller raindrops with striking to leaves in the latter.

The effects of forest community degradation on chemical composition of Karst shallow groundwater were studied in Guizhou Province by investigating vegetations and analyzing the samples of runoff and Karst groundwater. The results showed that the order of concentrations of anion and cation in rainfall is SO₄^2->K⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^->Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^->NO₃^-、NH₄⁺>PO³₄^-,, while the order of concentrations of anion and cation in runoff is HCO₃^->SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺、Cl^->K⁺、Na⁺、NO₃^->NH₄⁺>PO³₄^-, and that the chemical composition of Karst shallow groundwater is similar with that of the runoff, but the concentrations of HCO^-₃, Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺ and electric conductivity are higher than that of surface runoff. The results also showed that with increasing the grades of Karst forest community degradation, the percents of HCO^-₃, Ca²⁺ reduced significantly and the percent of SO^2-₄ enhanced obviously, and that the contents of HCO^-₃, Ca²⁺ , K⁺, NH⁺₄ in Karst shallow groundwater correlated significantly with the rate of forest coverage, which the content of HCO^-₃ is dominant factor to impact on electric conductivity of Karst groundwater, Ca²⁺ , K⁺ and Mg²⁺ coming next,so that electric conductivity could be used as primary indices to evaluate Karst forest community degradation impacting on ecological environment.

The seeds of Quercus acutissima are rich in polyphenols, which cause protein precipitation and coloration of extracts. Because of this precipitation, proteins in seeds of Q. acutissima cannot be extracted using common methods. Here we report an optimized method for the seed protein extraction. After being surface dried for 12 h at room temperature, seeds were sliced on ice and ground to powder in a mortar under liquid nitrogen, and then kept at -70 ℃ before use. The extraction method was studied by mono_factor experiments and orthogonal experimental design. The effects of different kinds of extraction buffers, their volumes and pH values and the amounts of PVPP (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone) were studied. The results of mono_factor experiments indicated that all these factors affect the yield of protein extracted from the seeds. Protein was extracted with 2, 5 and 10 volumes of extraction buffer respectively, and we obtained more protein when using 5 volumes of extraction buffer compared to 2 or 10 volumes. Phosphate buffers were superior to Tris_HCl buffers, and higher pH values and PVPP amounts were better than lower ones. The results of orthogonal experiments showed that the amount of PVPP had the greatest effect on protein extraction among all the factors discussed in the paper. The optimal method for protein extraction from seeds of Q. acutissima was potassium phosphate buffer (50 mmol·L^-1 , pH7.5), containing 1 mmol·L^-1 EDTA, 1 mmol·L^-1 AsA, 1 mmol·L^-1 DTT, 1 mmol·L^-1 GSH, 5 mmol·L^-1 MgCl₂, 0.05%Triton X-100 and 20% glycerol, and equal amounts of PVPP to fresh weight of the material. And furthermore the material should be ground together with PVPP, thus PVPP can adsorb and precipitate polyphenol preventing it from binding with protein as early as possible, and PVPP can also help homogenize the material thoroughly.

Photosynthetic characteristics of two wild roses (Rosa rugosa, from Hunchun, Jilin Province and Muping, Shandong Province) and two rose cultivars (R. rugosa ‘Purple Branch' from Pingyin, Shandong Province and R. sertata×R. rugosa from Kushui, Gansu Province) were studied comparatively with CIRAS-2 portable photosynthetic instrument and FMS-2 fluorometer. The results showed that the curve of the diurnal change in the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of ‘Hunchun' wild rose showed only one peak, but that of ‘Muping' wild rose and R. rugosa ‘Purple Branch' were all inapparent bimodal curves, and for R. sertata× R. rugosa, it was a typical bimodal curve. The maximal P_n values of the wild roses were significantly higher than those of the two cultivars, especially from 6:30 to 14:30, and the wild roses showed the characteristic of high photosynthetic efficiency. ‘Midday depression' phenomenon of photosynthesis occurred in ‘Hunchun' wild rose, R. rugosa ‘Purple Branch' and R. sertata×R. rugosa, nor ‘Muping' wild rose. The depression of P_n in R. rugosa ‘Purple Branch' was mainly induced by non-stomatal factors, but for ‘Hunchun' wild rose, ‘Muping' wild rose and R. sertata×R. rugosa, it was jointly affected by stomatal factors and non-stomatal factors. The diurnal changes of the chlorophyll fluorescent parameters showed that photoinhibition occurred in all roses, but the wild roses were more sensible to strong light and showed a more serious photoinhibition than the rose cultivars at noon; they could use the light to carrying out photosynthesis more efficiently than the rose cultivars in the morning, but the rose cultivars could use the light more efficiently than the wild roses in the afternoon. The reversible inactivations of PSⅡ reaction centers and the course of dissipating excess energy efficiently through non_photochemical quenching (NPQ) were the main mechanism of protecting PSⅡ reaction centers of rose leaves from damaging by strong light.

In this paper, the effects of different concentrations (100, 500, 1 000 mg·L^-1 ) of sodium hypochlorite solution water-curing treatment on physiological changes of chestnut (Castanea mollissima cv. Yanchang)were studied during postharvest MA storage. The results were as follows: 1) NaClO water-curing treatment could decrease respiratory intensity and amylase activity, but increase ADH activity of chestnut; 2) NaClO water-curing treatment could inhibit intra-PPO activity, extra-PPO activity was related with concentrations of NaClO solution. The extra-PPO activity of chestnut treated with 1 000 mg·L^-1 NaClO solution was higher than that of CK at all times. However, 100 mg·L^-1 or 500 mg·L^-1 NaClO solution water-curing treatment made extra-PPO activity lower than CK. 3) NaClO water-curing treatment could restrain intra-POD activity, extra-POD activity was related with concentrations of NaClO solution. Extra-POD activity of chestnut treated with 1 000 mg·L^-1 NaClO solution was higher than that of CK. However, extra-POD activity was lower in the early storage and higher in the later treated with 100 mg·L^-1 or 500 mg·L^-1 NaClO solution. 4) SOD activities were higher than CK by 100 mg·L^-1 NaClO or 500 mg·L^-1 NaClO solution treatment, but SOD activity was lower than CK by 1 000 mg·L^-1 NaClO solution treatment. 5) There were no differences between NaClO water-curing treatments and CK on the changing trends of CAT activities, but CAT activity was improved by NaClO water-curing treatment.

In this study, the wood properties of 92 one-year-old and 65 four-year-old Populus nigra clones were measured. QTLs analysis was combined with the measured result with 171 SSR marker loci, and the research showed that the wood basic density (WBD) of one-year-old and four-year-old was 0.308 8 g·cm^-3 and 0.355 2 g·cm^-3 , the fibre length(FL) was 601.3 μm and 649.4 μm, the fibre width(FW) was 21.81 μm and 23.11 μm and the microfibre angle(MFA) was 26.5° and 26.1° respectively. The contents of benzene-alcohol extraction, holocellulose, α-cellulose and lignin of four-year-old P. nigra were 2.32%, 78.62%, 41.48% and 20.93% respectively. SSR marker loci correlated with WBD, MFA, FL and FW of one-year-old P. nigra were identified to be 3,5,2 and 4 respectively, and their contributions ranged from 6.43% to 23.18%. In four-year-old P. nigra, SSR marker loci correlated with WBD, FL, MFA, holocellulose, α-cellulose and lignin were identified to be 1, 1, 2, 2, 2 and 1 respectively, and the contributions ranged from 7.41% to 28.56%. These markers might be useful for wood property improvement if using them correctly in breeding program.

The genetic relationship of thirteen species and hybrids of Taxodium was analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD). Thirteen better primers were selected from one hundred arbitrary 10 bp primers. Total 92 bands were produced, with which 72 were polymorphic. According to the cluster analysis, the results showed that the genetic relationship of first crossed generation (F₁) Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha 302'(T.distichum×T.mucronatum)was closer to the female parent T. distichum. Among the hybrids of first backcrossed generations(BCF₁), the genetic similarity coefficients of RAPD between BCF₁118 and BCF₁140 was the highest, and BCF₁1 was closer to the female parent Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha 302’, while BCF₁118 was closer to the male parent T. mucronatum.

Based on investigation for seven years,the vascular plant resource in Changbai Mountains are studied in the present paper. 47 forms, 190 varieties, 1 800 species belong to 629 genera and 143 families, which accounted for 5.80%,18.46% and 47.67% of the respective species, genera and families of total vascular plants in China. There are 25 rare and endangered species plants,which accounted for 1.39% in Changbai Mountains. 1 251 species of perennial herbs account for 69.5% of the vascular plants in Changbai Mountain. In this area, 51.56% of plant total can be used for medicines; 44.78% for ornamentals; 33.67% are for feed. 87.28% of species are distributed in Red Pine broadleaved-coniferous mixed forests zone at the altitude 450～1 000 m. The concrete suggestions of protection and exploitation are given.

After producing mouse anti-cellulase BXC60 polyclonal antibody (anti-BXC60), the specificity of Anti-BXC60 was verified by SDS-PAGE, cellulase staining, western blot and ELISA method. Further, we established a double staining method with rabbit anti-Bursaphelenchus xylophilus serum (Anti-BX) and Anti-BXC60, which could be used for analyzing secretory proteins on PVDF membrane. The result of double staining assay showed that the pine wood nematodes secreted some solute proteins through secretion pore, and cellulase was secreted from stylet that was the same as other plant nematodes.

Several kinds of important enzyme systems in Tetranychus viennensis treated with chloroform extract of Kochia scoparia were tested. The results indicated that the extracts of K. scoparia had strongly acaricidal activities against T. viennensis. The activities of glutathione-S-transferase and carboxylesterase in T. viennensis, which are all very important enzyme systems and participate in metabolizing and detoxification for inter-origin and foreign-origin poison especially pesticide in mite, were strongly induced. This result indicated that there are some effective components against T. viennensis in extract of K.scoparia which could arouse detoxification of enzyme system. But the activities of monoamine oxidase and Ca²⁺ -ATPs were restrained. Been restrained of Ca²⁺ -ATPs could destroy the balance of Ca²⁺ which exist both in and out of the cell and influence the transmit and excitement of neurone. Been restrained of monoamine oxidase could result in accumulating of neural amic and cause the transmit block of nerve in mites. The result from the experiment also indicated that the discovery open up a good developing prospect for making full use of K. scoparia as new resources of botanical acaricide.

A primary study on effects of benzoic acid (BA) on pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWN) was carried out in the laboratory. Twigs of Pinus massoniana were cultured in different concentration of BA solution. It is showed that lower concentration of BA solution extended survival time of twigs significantly. Although brown stain appeared on some leaves of twigs cultured in higher concentration, these twigs survived as long as the control. Symptom caused by BA was different from that of pine wilt disease. Pine twigs inoculated with PWN were cultured in 1.0 mmol·L^-1 BA solution and tap water, respectively. The results showed that both transpiration intensity and survival time of twigs cultured in BA solution were significantly more than those of twigs cultured in tap water, and development of wilt of these twigs was significantly slower, although PWN in twigs cultured in BA solution increased as normally as nematodes in twigs cultured in tap water. It was suggested that BA in diseased trees had inhibitive effects on this disease by inhibiting pathogenic microbes which was involving in this disease or improving vitality and anti-disease ability of pine tree.

93 15-year-old trees from the 31 provenances trial stand in Nanyu Forest Farm of Fujian Province were collected to deal with variations in bending properties of wood (modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture) for exotic Loblolly Pine (Pinus teada) and their relationships to trees age, latewood percent and wood density in this paper. The range of rings for all test samples in radial direction within trees were marked. MOE for these provenances was from 5 042.5 to 8 610.2 Mpa and their average value was 6 702.6 Mpa. And MOR was 77.32 to 119.79 Mpa and 99.11 Mpa in order. It was found that MOE and MOR varied markedly among 31 Loblolly Pine provenances. Their broad sense heritabilities were greater than 0.441 and 0.422 respectively according to variance analyses. And genetic factor accounted of 43.07%～60.79% in different periods of tree growth and environment factor 39.21%～ 56.93%. Consequently,apart from a medium level of genetic control,MOE and MOR were also affected by growing environment. Variation coefficients of MOE and MOR within a given provenance were greater than those among provenances. This indicated that single tree selection within a provenance on the basis of selection among provenances is beneficial to wood quality. MOE and MOR were significant positively related to tree age, latewood percent and wood density. Wood density could be a best factor used for predicting MOE and MOR in wood improvement. Values of MOE and MOR for Loblolly Pine provenance were distinct related to its culturing environment. In this trial stand, MOE and MOR for Loblolly Pine provenance were not related to altitude of its provenances in its indigenous districts in USA and were markedly affected by their latitude. Among eight factors of latitude,longitude,the lowest temperature of January,annual mean temperature,total summer rainfall from June to September,annual rainfall,the proportion of total summer rainfall to annual rainfall and frostfree season of local geography and meteorology in USA,longitude is the most important factor in effecting bending properties of wood (MOE and MOR). Next is the proportion of total summer rainfall to annual rainfall. Other factors had no any effects on MOE and MOR.

Based on analysis of the concept of workflow and workflow reference model, this article not only introduced the implementation of workflow technology ground on Domino, particularly introduced the problem when design application, but also presented full code of application. For the more, the article put forward the higher standard about security, achieve the function of disabling editing document in workflow, ensure the veracity and security of workflow.

The heat-conducting property of the wheat straw-based sandwich wallboard was evaluated with finite difference method and intergal transformation method and compared with the traditional construction brick wall in this paper. The results indicated that the wheat straw-based sandwich wallboard had better property of withstanding the difference of the outdoor environment than the brick wall, which was about 8～10 times of brick wall. In addition, the heat conductance of the wheat straw-based sandwich wallboard can meet the national demand of 50% energy saving of new building materials. It has good heat insulation and can be used either in interior or exterior for buildings and will have a bright future in China.

There is a 4CL gene family in most vascular plants. The different 4CL members which expressed differentially in plants participated in the different phenylpropanoid metabolism. The express of 4CL was mainly regulated by development stage, and it also was activated by many environmental factors such as damages, pathogenic intrusion and ultraviolet radiation. 4CL exists distinct substrate preference and specificities. The spatial restrictions of the binding groove rather than specific interactions between the substrate and amino acid residues of the polypeptide chain may be decisive in determining the substrate specificity of distinct 4CL isoenzymes. The two conserved peptide motifs in 4CL amino acid sequences observed by computer assisted sequence alignments were the Box Ⅰ motif, SSGTTGLPKGV, and the Box Ⅱ motif, GEICIRG. Antisense techniques of 4CL gene has been successfully applied to regulate the biosynthesis of the lignin in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and woody plant such as Populus tremuloides,Populus tomentosa. The future researches of 4CL should be emphasized particularly on the following aspects. More 4CL genes of woody plants should be separated and characterized by more advanced techniques. The research on the improvement of lignin content of woody plants is expected especially. The crystallization system of the 4CL protein should be established and the structure of 4CL protein should be illuminated from atom scale so that the relation of the 4CL structure and function would be elucidated.

Heat treatment of wood is subjected to temperatures close to or above 200 ℃ for several hours in steam, nitrogen atmosphere with low oxygen content, water or oils. Several kinds of oversea methods for heat_treated wood are reviewed from processing procedures, treatment parameters, properties and application of final products respectively. Compared with the chemical modified wood heat-treated wood is much more environmentalfriendly. Thermal modification not only improves the dimensional stability, weathering resistance and biological resistance of plantation forest without any chemicals/biocides into the wood but also extends the applicative fields of plantation forest. Heat treatment of wood will play a very important role in Chinese wood industry in the future.

In order to study the presenility pathogenesis of walnut leaves, changes of main mineral elements contents in presenility leaves at different stages and healthy leaves at the same stages were measured. The results showed that N contents in healthy leaves at different stages were 23.4,21.4,22.9,19.8 g·kg^-1 respectively, but in presenility leaves were 22.3,18.2,18.6,17.6 g·kg^-1 respectively. N contents in healthy leaves were higher than that of presenility leaves except at the initial stage of the disease. P contents in healthy leaves at different stages were 1.3,1.5,1.5,1.4 g·kg^-1 respectively, but in presenility leaves were 1.1,1.4,0.6,0.6 g·kg^-1 respectively, P contents in healthy leaves were significant higher than that of presenility leaves, in the later stage of the disease P content in healthy leaves was very significant higher than that of presenility leaves. Mn contents in healthy leaves were very significant higher than that of presenility leaves after middle stage of the disease. Ca contents in healthy leaves at different stages were 34.7,30.9,34.1,35.5 g·kg^-1 respectively, but in presenility leaves were 33.3,34.3,37.9,43.3 g·kg^-1 respectively, Ca content in presenility leaves was very significantly higher than that of healthy leaves in the later stage of the disease. Fe contents in healthy leaves were very significant higher than that of presenility leaves in the middle and later stage of the diseases. There exited significant negative correlations between Mn contents and disease process, the correlation coefficient was -0.975 0. There exited significant positive correlation between Ca contents and disease process, the correlation coefficient was 0.952 6. There exited very significant negative correlations between the ratios of Mn/Ca and Mn/Fe, the correlation coefficients were -0.993 4 and -0.991 4. The path coefficients showed that the direct path coefficient of Ca was -3.921,and it was the largest; next was Mn, that was -2.959; total N was the lowest, only -0.249.

In order to reveal the physiological reaction and adaptability of natural Sabina vulgaris community to sandy environment in different successional stages, we determined physiological index of drought-resistance of S.vulgaris under different successional stages by colorimetry in TuKe of Mu Us Sandland. The results showed that with the process of the succession, PRO and MDA contents increase first, and then decrease during the process of the succession. The variance analysis showed that the difference of the PRO contents among stages is more significant. The difference of the SOD and POD activity is more significant among stages, but the CAT activity has no significant change. In the fourth successional stage, the contents of MDA and PRO increase, the activity of SOD and POD increase. All of them show the physiological characters of damaged plant under the environment hardness. The correlation analysis between PRO、MDA and protective enzymes activity showed: the positive correlation of the change of SOD、POD activity with the change of MDA contents is significant. The decrease of MDA will increase protective enzymes activity which in the leaf. The response of the physiological index to the environment hardness in different successional stage is not similar. First, some damaged characters appeared in the fourth stage; second, some index are stable in the third stage. It indicated that the third stage is a stable period.

Bacillus firmus, an antagonistic bacterium isolated from the soil by three-layer agar method,strongly inhibited the growth of three kinds of pathogenetic fungi causing seedling damping-off. By enclosed chamber test,the inhibitory rates of volatilizable metabolites from B. firmus were 8.43%,9.98%,5.59% against Rhizoctonia solani,Fusarium solani,Pythium sp.;Antagonistic substance which was strongly antagonistic to plant pathology fungi can be produced by B. firmus after cultured for 3 or 2 days,for example,the inhibitory rates of the nonvolatilizable metabolites from B. firmus were 64.04%,29.59%,99.99% against R. solani,F. solani,Pythium sp. After cultured for 64 h. The scanning electronic microscope revealed that the growth of R. solani was inhibited by non-volatilizable metabolites from B. firmus, their cells of hyphae were expanded to ellipsoid or globular structure in the top or middle cell of hyphae, some hyphae were broken off, and the cytoplasm oozed out of the cells so that most of hyphae became crinkle and shriveled.

Using EOS/MODIS data obtained from 15 to 18 April in 2003 in Diebu fatal forest fire,the drought before fire,the fire region among fire and the fire area after fire are analyzed roundly. The result shows that EOS/MODIS telemetry can improve ability to inspect forest fire and drought, and sustain forest fireproofing technically. The brightness temperature in day and night and NDVI obtained from 31 channel of EOS/MODIS can reflect the soil humidity and the vegetation, and can be used to forecast forest fire and estimate fire danger. The drought is reflected by EOS/MODIS telemetry in the first and second ten days of April 2003, and advantage Diebu fatal forest fire. EOS/MODIS can inspect forest fire continuously, and offer the fire region, fire area and temperature and so on. The fire area can be estimated by using the change of vegetation index in the fire.