Heavy metals pollution of automobile particle matter is more and more serious with the development of vehicles industry and highway construction. And the forest belts along the road have been greatly emphasized on their functions of decreasing pollution. This article summarized the ecological influence of pollution of automobile particle matter, scope of heavy metal dispersion, screen effect of highway greenbelt and the use strategy of land along the highways. Three highways (Beijing-Shijiazhuang highway, Beijing-Tianjin-Tanggu highway, Airport highway) were used to study the characteristic of heavy metal dispersion and the relationship between traffic flows and heavy metal content. And the traffic flows of three highways are respectively 100 000, 59 000 and 80 000. The contents of Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr in soil and organs of trees(Populus tomentosa)along the highway were measured. The results showed that Pb was the main source of traffic tail gas pollution and its content decreased in different soil layers and tree organs with extends of the distance away from the highway. The content of Cu was also related with the distance away from the highway, but it was greatly influenced by the characteristic of the road and vehicles. There was little correlation between the contents and distributiong of Cd、Cr and forest belt width. The range of heavy metals dispersion was mainly within 80 m apart from the highway. And the heavy metal pollution made by tail gas of vehicles on the highway (50 000<average traffic flow per day<80 000) could be effectively decreased by 40～60 m poplar forest belt (height≥10 m). In addition, the arrangement strategy and width of protective forest along the highways were also comprehensively studied in this paper. According to the pollution grades of road and spatial differentiation of land near the road, the different managing strategy with different disturbance degree were carried out for different reach of the road. And the utilization strategy should be classified and aimed at maintain zone, natural zone and buffer zone respectively with the distance away from the highway. Some scientific suggestions on highway design and construction, pattern of agricultural production along highway and highway environmental protection were also provided.

The process of rainfall interception by inhomogeneous forest canopy composed of tree crowns with some gaps among them has been considered, and the previous theoretical model of rainfall interception has been generalized from statistically homogeneous canopy to inhomogeneous canopy as well. Both the relevant partial differential equations and a formula to estimate rainfall interception were derived. Moreover, the new model is illustrated with typical values of some ecological factors, and some specific characteristics of interception process were shown.

castnea mollissima forest is an important economic forest that has been intensively managed in southern China recently. Consequently, soil quality was getting worse and worse with the intensive management. The effects of C. mollissima intensive management on soil biological properties was studied by sampling soil from C. mollissima stands with different history of intensive management in Anji City, Zhejiang Province. Three soil samples from natural shrubbery were collected. The soil microbial biomass carbon under C. mollissima stand with 5,10 and 20 year's intensive management were decreased by 15.89%,49.16% and 55.13% respectively, and the differents were significant (P<0.05). There is no significant difference between the proportions of soil microbial biomass carbon to soil total organic carbon under the C. mollissima stand during 5 years intensive management and the natural shrubbery, however, it decreased apparently until 10-year's intensive management and then kept constant afterward. Compared with shrubbery, The soil AWCD (average well color density)value under C. mollissima stand decreased by 79.26%, 63.20% and 68.50% respectively after 5, 10 and 20-year's intensive management, with significant difference(P<0.05). Indexes of Shannon and McIntosh reflecting soil microorganism diversity were lower in intensive management C. mollissima stands than that in natural shrubbery. Combining AWCD value with diversity indexes, the soil microbial functional diversity of intensive management C. mollissima stand was decreased noticeably during the first-10 year's intensive management, but no change observed afterward.

To fully understand the progress and trend of genetic improvement of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in seed orchards of different generations and types, and thus search for sustainable and efficient approaches for improving the genetic level of populations in trees, we collected seeds, grew and planted seedlings for two consecutive years in 17 clonal seed orchards in Zhejiang Province. Data on tree height, breast diameter, volume, crown diameter and lateral branch were measured twice in seed orchards of four different locations and five groups. The results showed that the average growth gain of progeny gradually improved from generation to next generation, I.e., from general unimproved seeds to seeds from orchards of the first, one and half, and second generations, however, the growth gain between different generations decreased significantly. The seeds from bi-clonal seed orchards showed the greatest growth gain, followed by those from provenance orchards. At six-year-old, compared with general unimproved seeds, the seeds from the first, one and half, and second generation orchards, provenance orchards and bi-clonal seed orchard showed height gain of 4.35%, 6.04%, 7.88%, 12.02% and 12.02%, representing genetic gain of 3.90%, 5.41%, 7.06%, 10.77% and 10.77%, respectively; breast diameter gain of 7.60%, 9.68%, 12.08%, 15.05% and 19.70%, representing genetic gain of 7.07%, 9.00%, 11.23%, 14.00% and 18.32%, respectively; and volume gain of 20.65%, 27.47%, 32.14%, 39.93% and 46.14%, representing genetic gain of 16.97%, 22.58%, 26.42%,32.82% and 37.93%, respectively. Based on these results, we suggest that the seed resources of fine provenances should be utilized to the fullest in advanced orchards in order to achieve sustainable genetic gain. We further suggest that it should be very important to build bi-clonal orchard for trees used for industrial materials while improving the genetic level of populations and maintaining genetic diversity.

The leaf eco-anatomical characteristics of eight tree species were studied from the shrub and mixed forest in Xiangshan mountain, Huaibei, Anhui Province. The results showed that the dominant species had more anatomic plasticity than subdominant species. The characters such as thickness of leaves, thickness of bundle, thickness of spongy tissue, stoma density, thickness ratio of xylem to phloem, thickness of palisade tissue, and thickness ratio of spongy to palisade tissue (S/P), were called the key anatomical characters in that they had great variation among species and habitats. Compared to the shrub community in which trees had sun leaves, the trees in mixed forest had shade-enduring leaves characterized as thinner leaf blade, thinner epidermis and cuticle, undeveloped palisade tissue, larger S/P, and thinner mid-rib as well. According to principle component analysis ordination on leaf anatomical characteristics, the 8 species from Xiangshan were divided into three groups: sun xerophyte, sun mesophyte, and shade-enduring mesophyte. This indicated that these trees had diversity ways in leaf structure to adapt the environment, and most of the dominant species in early successional stage were sun plants.

A full-length Cdna of cab gene was cloned from the first strand of bamboo(Bambusa oldhamii) cDNA through RT-PCR and RACE methods, named as cab-BO1 (cab gene from B. oldhamii). The length of cab-BO1(GenBank accession number:EF061137) is 1 102 bp,which contains an open reading frame encoding 265 amino acids from 64 th to 861 th position. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that the protein encoded by cab-BO1 has a chlorophyll a/b binding domain(64^th～²³²th position),a protein kinase C phosphorylation site (9^th～11^th position), a ubiquitin domain signature (27^th～52^th position),and a casein kinase II phosphorylation site(55^th～58 th position). The DNA sequence and encoding amino acid sequence of cab-BO1 showed high similarity with the cab genes of Triticum aestivum,Musa acuminata,Zea mays and Oryza sativa, more than 85% and 89% repectively. The result indicates a clue that cDNA of cab family genes are conserved.

A cellulose synthase gene(PtoCesA1), isolated from Populus tomentosa, was 3 215 bp long with an opening reading frame of 2 937 bp extending from nucleotides 52～2 988. Comprison of the nucleotide sequence of PtoCesA1 with PtrcesA1 from Populus tomentosa showed 97% identity. The full length PtoCesA1 cDNA was subcloned into pBI121 and identified by digestion, then transformed into Nicotiana tabacum by leaf disc. The transgenic plants with PtoCesA1 had small leaves, and “dwarf” phenotype,consistent with a loss of xylem and fiber cell wall thickness。

Using plantlet shoot sections near the shoot tip as explants, after studying the six factors to affect transformation, we have preliminarily determined an effective system for genetic transformation. The protocol was: 1～3 days for pre-culture, OD_{600 nm} =0.1～0.4, 10～15 minutes for infection, 3～5 days for co-culture, and acetosyringone (AS) 80 μmol·L^-1 as co-culture medium, and then lasting 3 days before selecting. And then 186 regenerated kanamycin(Km)-resistant buds were obtained from the first selection medium. 39 Km-resistant buds were obtained from the second selection medium. PCR analysis on 39 regenerated Km-resistant buds showed that 2 buds were PCR positive. The result indicated that gastrodia antifungal protein (GAFP) gene was integrated into the genome of the two Km-resistant buds.

Based on theory and methodology of landscape ecology, the landscape configuration of the Maanshan was analyzed by using the technique of RS, GPS and GIS, the study area covered whole downtown with 63.8 km²; meanwhile, a sample transect (covered 63% of the study area) was made along the long axle of the city from its south edge to the north, and total 6 sample plots were analyzed using overlapping moving windows, The results showed that there were 5 major landscape elements, I.e. building and hard pavement surface, urban forest, agricultural field, waters and general greens space, and occupied area 67.25%, 16.47%, 11.9%, 3.99%, 0.39% respectively in order. The landscape diversity 1.071 28, the dominants for landscape elements were put in order as the following: building and pavement surface 0.573,urban forest 0.472,agricutural field 0.122,water 0.114,general green space 0.029. According to land use categories and its function, the urban forest could be classified as the following 6 types, landscape forest, yard woods, recreation woods, road side forest, nersery, ecological and shelter forest; they occupied 40.8%,23.9%,21.5%, 7%,3.6%,3.2% of whole urban forest land separately; Among of them the landscape forest area was the largest but with less patch numbers, and yard woods has most patch numbers and distributed separately more in city area and made more effects on city environment improvement. The numbers of urban forest patch reached to 2 464, the area of the largest one reached up to 185.1 hm² and the average area 0.43 hm², the larger patches distributed major in the western side of the city; Both of the urban forest density of landscape and its nearest neighbor index showed that urban forest patch had higher aggregative situation; the investigation from the transect showed that urban forest distribution varied from center of downtown to suburb, its area occupation and patch density was all higher in downtown compared to that in suburb, this result was opposite to that from most cities in North America countries. The some suggestions on urban forest development in future were advised in the paper as well.

The writer made field investigation for some rare and precious wild flowers resources in Inner Mongolia desert region,then elaborated with emphasis 40 species of rare wild flowers which can be introduced in the morphological characteristics,ornamental characteristics and natural distribution area, analyazed their application forms and utilization prospect in landscape gardening; And for endangered species, their introduction,domestication and reasonable utilization based on protection were put forward.

During the transferring-damaging period of the overwinter larvae of Dioryctria pryeri, the terpene volatiles, the polyphenol oxidase (PPO), α-chymotrypsin inhibitor (ChymPI), and the free amino acid content, the crude fat and water content of Chinese Pine cones and (or) conelets induced by methyl jasmonate (MJA) and damaged by Gravitarmata margarotana larvae were examined. The results showed that the kinds of the monoterpene volatiles of the conelets and cones could not vary after damaged by the larvae of G. margarotana, but the content of the 6 monoterpene compounds in the infested cone and conelet obviously changed comparing with that in the uninfested cones, and the total content obviously increased. After the 2-year-old cone was damaged, the content of α-pinene, camphene, β-phellandrene and β-pinene decreases, while the content of β-myrcene and D-limonene increased, these changes of the cone volatiles could attract parasite wasps of G. maigarotana and D. pryeri larvae. After exogenous MJA treatment, the variation of the terpene volatiles in the conelet and cone were the same as the infested conelets and cones, but the varying extents were not very high. Meanwhile their PPO and ChymPI activity increased systemically after the conelet and cone was treated by exogenous MJA and damaged by G. maigarotana larvae, and the respone of the conelet to MJA treatment and insect-damage was more sensitive than that of the cone. 17 kinds of the free amino acid content changed, the water content decreased, the crude fat content increased after the cone was damaged. These results showed that the enzyme activity of resistance to nutrition and digestion in the infested cone increased, the nutritive quality decreased.

Based on the survey and the data from 64 vegetation quadrat,characteristics of species diversity of plant communities in the Giant Panda habitat of Wolong Natural Reserve were discussed in this paper.The results showed that the variation trends of species diversity indices and evenness indices along the different vegetation types were almost the same: evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest>temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest>deciduous broad-leaved forest>temperate coniferous forest>subalpine coniferous forest,but the species richness indices varied as follows: temperate coniferous forest>deciduous broad-leaved forest>evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest>subalpine coniferous forest>temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest.The species diversity of different plant communities varied with different status of geography,slope,soil,water and caloric,but the variation trends of species diversity indices and evenness indices were consistent except species richness indices.The species richness indices, species diversity indices and evenness indices of plant communities in the Giant Panda habitat increased first with altitudinal increase,and then decreased, finally got stable.Slope is not the key influencing factor to species diversity in the Giant Panda habitat.The species richness varied with aspects of slope as follows:west>north>east>south, and the species diversity indices varied with aspects of slope like this:west>south>north>east,but the evenness indices varied with aspects of slope as follows:south>west>east>north.The study detected that the species richness indices in different plant communities varied as follows: shrub layer>tree layer>herb layer; the species richness of tree layer of 42.9% of the communities were more than that of shrub layer,and the species richness of tree layer of 64.3% of the communities were more than that of herb layer,and the species richness of shrub layer of 92.9% of the communities were more than that of herb layer; the species richness of tree layer were less than that of shrub layer or herb layer in deciduous conifer forests,but the species richness of shrub layer were more than that of herb layer.The species diversity and species evenness of different or same plant growth form varied with different communities generally consistently.

According to growth period of forest stand and management pattern, the paper advances the dynamic model to estimate the loss of ecological benefits after the estimating indices have been ascertained to estimate the loss of ecological benefits after forest fire. For 30-year-old Pinus massoniana stand, which has been man-regenerated 45 years after fire, its ecological benefits are simulated, the result show that the optimal decision of forest conservation can bring maximal ecological benefits and only the 30-year-man-forestation stand after fire can get the ecological benefits of non-stricken stand and the total loss of ecological benefits is 25.92 times as much as that counted by traditional method. On the other hand, if the alternating lumber mode about 30-year-felling-cycle is taken, at the 19^th year the ecological benefits is comparative that of man-forestation stand, henceforth the latter can be much more provided with the ecological benefits, and at the 17^th year, the total ecological benefits coming from man-forestation stand is equivalent to the steady comparatively value produced by alternating lumber stand which has been over one rotation. The total benefits of alternate cutting mode will be more than the total ecological benefits of forest reservation in the early six years; but this situation will be changed after the seventh year.

Conditioning of 25 mm thickness dried Eucalyptus camaldulensis lumber (EL) was carried out in small capacity laboratory batch kiln, and rheology behavior including elastic strain and mechano-sorptive strain was analyzed by slicing method. Main results are as follows: mean moisture content(MC) of lumber rises 2.5%～3.0%, while MC of surface rises 5% because surface is the main moisture gained zone. Compressive EL strain decreases significantly until duration of conditioning is up to 3 h, while the tensile EL strain doesn't have significant change during the whole conditioning. The compressive EL strain of sub-surface is larger than that of surface during middle and later of conditioning, so reverse stress gradient is formed. The surface casehardening zone is softened by moisture gained and complementary shrinkage makes elastic strain and MS strain decrease, but due to the effect of drying history, the change of MS strain lags to that of MC.

The latex of Euphorbia tirucalli from Xishuangbanna and Hainan Island were analysed by agilent gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.52 peaks (42 peaks,E.tirucalli from Hainan) were seperated and 33 peaks were identified, the latex contains as hydrocarbons normal and isomeric alkanes with carbon numbers from 9～36, eg, 2,6-dimethyl-nonane,3,7-dimethyl-decane, hexatriacontane, pentadecane, dodecane, heptadecane, eicosane, tricosane,heneicosane, triacontane, docosane, N-eicosane,caryophyllene, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,ester and sulfur etc, except main constitutents “fingerprint" Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol.The alkanes represent 14.57% of the total content.The components of latex not exist in significant differences between two E. tirucalli from Xishuangbannan and Hainan Island.The main components of younger tree from Hainan also contain as hydrocarbons normal and isomeric alkanes with carbon numbers from 9～36,eg,eicosane,2,4-dimethyl-,octadecane,cyclohexasiloxane,dodecamethyl,nonadecane,pentaco-sane,heneicosane,eicosane, hexadecane, heptadecane, docosane, N-eicosane,beta-cubebene, caryophyllene, germacrene-D, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,ester and sulfur compound etc, but the content of Lanosta-8,24-dien-3β-ol(17.40%) reprsents higher than the content of adult tree(10.91%)from Xishuangbanna, lower than adult tree on alkanes, the alkanes of younger tree represent 4.86%, adult tree represent 14.57% of the total content.

The pretreatment condition and the influence of elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching of xylanase to bamboo kraft pulp(KP) has been carried out. The results indicate that the best pretreatment condition of enzyme Unikfect 100 is: the consistency is 4%, pH 9.0,temperature 65 ℃,time 20 min, enzyme dosage 15.0×10^-7 mol·s^-1g^-1 thick liquid. The influence of ECF bleaching is that the effect of O-X-D₁-E _OP-D₂ is better than O-D/C-E_OP-D₂. At the similar brightness, the former pulp has higher viscosity and intensity.

It's in line with the national development strategy in forest resource and ecological environment protection to introduce straw resource into panel industry. This paper studies the difficulties in the industrialization of straw-based panel, analyses the relationship between technical innovation and industrial development, and discusses the industrialization of straw-based panel mainly in the aspects of financial policy, develop the result of technology exchange system and pay more attention to intellectual property rights protection.

The design of hoisting cableway in Wudang Mountain Xuan Regnal Palace according to the characteristic and requirements of cableway design in the view and in line with the principle of advanced technology,reasonable economy,safety and appliance,includes the general arrangement of cableways,calculation of skyline and wookline, checking computation of the support and the anchorage,productivity calculation.The result shows that under the specific topography condition,layout effective and reasonable,choose the main technical parameter properly and check out calculation,the hoisting cableway is suitable in the request of hoisting working productivity and high strength workload.

To provide potential implications of species selection for carbon plantation, differences in carbon sequestration pattern and net ecosystem production (NEP) were determined between two 36-year-old plantations of broadleaved species, Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata, in Sanming, Fujian. Annual net carbon sequestration was 13.639 and 6.599 t C·hm^-2a^-1, respectively, in the C. kawakamii and the C. lanceolata, among which the annual biomass increment and the litterfall production was evenly distributed. To the annual net carbon sequestration, the contribution of stem (wood plus bark) increment was much lower, and that of branch increment was much higher in the C. kawakamii than in the C. lanceolata (26.6% versus 40.3%, and 11.5% versus 0.3%). In both plantation, the above and belowground litterfall accounted 60% and 40% respectively for the annual litterfall production, which was estimated 7.183 t C·hm^-2a^-1 in the C. kawakamii and 3.554 t C·hm^-2a^-1 in the C. lanceolata. Annual soil heterotrophic respiration was responsible for a C loss of 5.983 and 2.984 t·hm^-2a^-1 from soil to atmosphere in the C. kawakamii and the C. lanceolata, respectively. Carbon balance analysis showed there were a positive net ecosystem production (C sink), 7.656 and 3.615 t C·hm^-2a^-1 , for the C. kawakamii and the C. lanceolata, respectively. For the purpose of carbon management, C. kawakamii might be a more suitable species than C. lanceolata in local region.

This paper examed the output of four niche models: niche preemption model, broken stick model, overlapping niche model, logarithmic series distribution, in application to three kind of communities of artificial vegetation in Antaibao open mine. The results showed that overlapping niche model could well fit to the species abundance distribution of forest community, while broken stick model could well fit to the thicket and meadow communities. Forest community was more adaptable for the special inhabitation than the thicket community and the meadow community. The regression between the parameters of logarithmic series distribution α and the classical community diversity index-Shannon-Winner index was liner. While there were the same ecological significance between the species-abundance diagram of models and the niche overlapping values of community.

On the basis of investigating the current situation of the urban greenland system in Zhuzhou by utilizing 3S technology,author analyzed the landscape structural characteristics of the urban greenland system in Zhuzhou. The results showed the degree of fragmentation of landscape in Hetang District was the highest and the area of the biggest patch in Tianyuan District was smaller. The interior ratio in Central Square was the best, and the isolation in Yandi Square, Changjiang Square and Xiangshi Square were good. The connectivity of urban green system in Zhuzhou was relatively poor. The diversity index, evenness index and superiority were respectively 1.47, 0.57, 1.11 in Zhuzhou. Lusong District had the lowest diversity index, evenness index and the highest dominance. Some advices against above-mentioned problems were put foreward.

Alpha proteobacteria of the genus Wolbachia are a widespread group of maternally inherited endosymbionts of arthropod and nematode hosts. Wolbachia infection induces a range of host phenotypes, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, male killing, feminization and thelytoky induction. Heterogony (cyclical parthenogenesis) is a remarkable characteristic of oak gall wasps, Cynipini, which is the largest tribe in Cynipidae. A few species of Cynipini are exceptionally,which are univoltine and exhibit thelytokous parthenogenesis, probably due to deletion of the arrhenotokous generation from their heterogonic ancestor species with Wolbachia infection. In this study, the presence of Wolbachia was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for the wsp genes in a thelytokous species (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) of the Cynipini. The wsp characteristic 617 bp product was obtained after amplification of extracts from Zhuzhou population. The sequence clearly conformed to Wolbachia group A and was nearly identical to that of Plagiotrochus quercusilicis. The possible implications of Wolbachia infection in the gallwasp are discussed.

The effects of different concentrations of 5-fluorouracil, rifampicin and tetracycline on the phytoplasmas in the Paulownia tomentosa×Paulownia fortunei seedling and the pathogenic protein related to the witches' broom symptom were studied with PCR based on 16S rRNA gene of the phytoplasmas and 2-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. The results indicated that the plantlets in vitro culture treated with 0.5～300 mg·L^-1 5-fluorouracil had little effect on the symptom remission, but those plantlets treated with 100 and 150 mg·L^-1 rifampicin for 30 d showed obvious effect on the symptom remission respectively, and the phytoplasmas in the plantlets treated with 150 mg·L^-1 rifampicin could not be detected with PCR of 16S rDNA of the phytoplasmas. Moreover, the protein (pI6.8,m 24 ku) which appeared in both the healthy seedling and diseases ones treated with 150 mg·L^-1 rifampicin disappeared in the infected seedling and the those without the symptom after treating with rifampicin and tetracycline, and in which existed with phytoplasma through PCR detection.