The effects of gap size and coverage of dwarf bamboo, Fargesia nitida, on structure and spatial pattern of the seedlings of Abies faxoniana,Betula utili and Acer caudatum var.prattii in gaps of Abies faxoniana forest were examined in Wolong Giant Panda Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province. The gaps (≤50 m²,50～150 m² and >150 m²) were selected, there are 3 F. nitida coverage(20%, 20%～50%and >50%) in each gap area type. The results showed: 1) The seedlings of the three dominant species were few in gaps with highest coverage of bamboo. After gap formed, F. nitida inhabited the most gaps, there were significant differences in number of seedlings of all and A. faxoniana among the gaps with different bamboo coverage (p<0.05); 2) The influence of bamboo coverage on seedlings density of A. faxoniana was more obvious than those of B. utilis and A. caudatum var. prattii for the reason of different ecological characters among the three species. A. faxoniana is shade-tolerant species, which firstly regenerated on the area with no or few bamboo existence; 3) The spatial analyses revealed that all seedlings in different gaps were nearly clumped at varied spatial scales, which was caused by not only the biological characters of different tree seedling but also gap environment. We concluded that the combined effect of gap size and bamboo cover would influence the density, structure and spatial pattern of the tree seedlings.

The objective of this paper was to determine the relationship s between the behaviors of stable isotope contents (δD) and the patte rns of water transportation in precipitation, spring water and soil water. Water samples were taken from 3 community types of sub-alpine dark coniferous forest in the Wolong Nature Reserve of Sichuan Province, China, during the summer of 20 03. The results showed: 1) The δD in surface soil (litter layer) water was d irectly affected by δD of precipitation because they displayed similar dynamics; 2) The distri bution pattern of δD for the soil profiles of the 3 communities reflected the change of δD for the precipitation. The δD values were low in the upper soil layer (0～5 cm), increased rapidly in the middle soil layer (30～40 cm ), and became stab le in the lower soil layer (50～60 cm); 3) Soil water δD in the surface layer seemed to be also influenced by the δD values in shallow underground water; 4) The δD value of soil water ranged between the δD v alue of precipitation and that of underground water, which indicated that both p recipitation and underground water were the sources of soil water in these sub-alpine dark coniferous forests. Within 5 days of a 14.8 mm rain event, the contr I bution of precipitation to soil water decreased with increase of soil depth: 75 .49%～99.97% in the litter layer, 66.68%～83.01% in 0～5 cm, 24.50%～8 0.57% in 30～40 cm, and 21.22%～29.17% in 50～60 cm, respectively. 5) The δD value of shallow underground water changed little and was not signif icantly affected by the δD of precipitation. The constant val ue of δD may suggest that shallow underground water represent the average conditions of precipitation over the years.

The interception process of forest canopy is very important to water cycle of forest. Most studies have considered the relationship between the interception in one or several rainfall events and precipitation without thinking of the rainfall density and the characters of vegetation, and therefore few study results can be used in distributed rainstorm-runoff model. By taking some simulation experiments in the lab, data of interception process in unattached events with different rainfall density and leaf area index were got. Based on the data, the relationship between rainfall density and maximum interception per unit leaf area index is quantified. The changing of interception ratio with wetness degree of canopy is also identified. An interception model using rainfall density and leaf area index as parameters is constructed with the consideration of canopy wetness degree. With the validation experiment, the precision of the model is 92.7%.

In Ginkgo biloba, significant morphological variations, such as tree form, leaf shape, and leaf colour etc. Exist in current 21 germplasms from different countries. The karyotype and evolution trend of 21 G. biloba special germplams from China, USA, France, Japan and Holland were firstly studied by method of squash with the young leaves as test materials in this paper. The analysis results showed that: the karyotype of all 21 germplasms could be described as 2n=2x=24=4m+8sm+12st;the relative length formula(RLF) differs greatly among germplasms and appears a lengthening trend of chromosomes; the evolution level of G. biloba can be better reflected by the mean arm ratio(MAR),length ratio(LR) and asymmetrical karyotype coefficient(As.K.c,%), ‘Tit' cultivar was more originative, and the Chinese ‘Yez.' cultivar was more originative than ‘Oha.' cultivar from Japan; the results of cluster analysis of genetic distance(D_ij²) indicated that ‘San.', ‘Aut.', and other four cultivars were further evolved. The mean values of the absolute total length(ATL), relative total length(RTL), index of relative length(IRL), total morphological percentage(TM), MAR, LR and As.K.c of chromosomes are 7.64 μm,8.33%,1.00,28.96%,2.94,2.71 and 71.04% ,respectively. The cytogenetics and evolution of G. biloba were discussed in this paper.

The capability of different cytokinins (BA, kinetin, zeatin, 2iP) to stimulate the induction and development of adventitious buds was determined after single and repeated induction steps with hypocotyl explants. BA was the most effective cytokinin as far as it concerned the number of induced adventitious buds. Zeatin, although less effective for this pattern, promoted the elongation of buds even after repeated induction cycles contrary to BA. This is important to get propagating bud clusters with the ability to form elongating shoots. A five-year-old propagating clone line of adventitious bud clusters was used to study the influence of zeatin and ammonium nitrate on the shoot elongation. Three induction variants (6.84,13.68, 20.52 μmol·L^-1 zeatin, each with 0.69 μmol·L^-1 kinetin for 4 weeks) were tested. The highest zeatin concentration induced the largest number of elongating buds. The influence of one subculture step with an enhanced ammonium nitrate concentration during the growth regulator free shoot development period (4 subcultures) was tested. A subculture on a medium free of growth regulators with a low ammonium nitrate concentration (2.5 mmol·L^-1 ) followed the cytokinin containing induction medium. The next subculture medium was supplemented with 2.5, 7.5, 12.5 and 17.5 mmol·L^-1 ammonium nitrate. An 8-week period (2 subcultures) followed with 2.5 mmol·L^-1 ammonium nitrate. The treatment with 7.5 mmol·L^-1 ammonium nitrate formed the highest number of elongating buds. This was identical for all zeatin concentrations used for induction. Increased ammonium nitrate concentrations during this treatment (12.5 mmol·L^-1 and 17.5 mmol·L^-1 ) decreased the number of elongating buds.

Thirteen pairs of AFLP primers were screened out and used for the analysis of forty-seven clones, which came from nineteen species and hybrids of four sections in Populus. Thirteen pairs of AFLP primers generated 858 fragments, 771 polymorphism fragments among them. Percentage of polymorphism fragments produced by each pair of AFLP primer was 89.9% in average, and varied from 80.7% to 98.1%. All these data indicated that considerable genetic variation existed among species and clones at DNA level. Molecular genetic distances among sections, species intrasections, clones intraspecies were calculated, and the relationship among them was described quantitatively. Compared with the classical taxonomy, the result of cluster analysis among sections was consistent completely, and the results of cluster analysis among species intrasections and clones intraspecies were basically similar. Finally, the feasibility of selecting and mating parents and early selection of progenies was discussed based on the results of molecular markers.

Larix olgensis is one of the important commercial timber tree species in northeastern China, but it could not naturally regenerate in the L.olgensis forests. Furthermore, there was little study on its natural regeneration. This paper examined the natural regeneration of L.olgensis in the plantation. The natural regeneration of L.olgensis included the number, survival and growth of one-year seedling and the appearing environment of sapling. The results indicated some one-year seedlings would appear in fruiting L.olgensis plantation, and its number was correlative with seed number of seed bank, and its survival and growth (height and leaf number) was influenced by canopy openness of forest and coverage of vegetation and thickness of litter. One-year seedling of L.olgensis grew slowly in L.olgensis plantation, and its height, base diameter and leaf number was not more than 6 cm, 0.1 cm and 25, respectively. In L.olgensis plantation, seedling emergence of L.olgensis began in April, and the most number of seedling appeared in June, but almost all seedlings disappeared in September. These results confirmed the seedling of L.olgensis did not survive and grow in L.olgensis plantation, and the major factors affecting the survival and growth of L.olgensis seedling were light, herb, shrub and litter. In generally, saplings could be seen in the habitat where there were seed resource and enough light availability, little ground cover, and wet soil in the L.olgensis forests.

Acer truncatum leaves contain many bioactive substance,for example, flavonoid, chlorogenic acid, SOD enzyme, chlorophyll and MDA. The contents of bioactive substance in the two years of A. truncatum leaves under different covering treatment with variance analysis and the multi-comparison were determined.The results are as follows: The influence of the different covering treatment on the contents of bioactive substance in the leaves of A. truncatum is very obvious. The content of flavonoid treated under white plastic film is the highest, the contents of chlorogenic acid and chlorophyll treated under green plastic film are the highest. SOD activity and MDA content under red plastic film are the highest. Differences of the contents of flavonoid, chlorophyll and MDA under different covering treatment are significant at 1%; Differences of SOD activity and chlorogenic acid content are significant at 5%.

This paper summaries our studies on the “two-year seeds" of Crataegus pinnatifida, Sabina chinensis, Rosa, Sinojackia xylocarpa, Staphylea holocarpa, Symplocos tetragona, Ilex macrocarpa var. longipedunculata, Ilex latifolia, Halesia macgregorii, Cyclocarya paliurus and Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes. The methods of breaking the mechanical and physiological dormancy of those “two-year seeds" are compared and analyzed, with the procedures of use summed up and the important of controlling the duration and conditions of stratification indicated, we emphasized the studies on the characteristics of care and endangered woody plants, which showed that the delayed germination of “two-year seeds" is a genetically controlled strategy for the species to survive that under the current global environment condition endangerment of the plants. Our researches have shown that the long winter-summer-winter period normally required for “two-year seeds" to germinate can be shortened to only 4 months with treatments of acid erosion followed by cracking and winter stratification.

As one of three main types of traditional Chinese landscaping, temple landscaping is indeed important in Chinese history, especially for the reason of the arrangement of landscape plants. This article briefly introduces the history of development of Chinese temple landscaping and the basic varieties of landscape plants utilized, as well as summarizes the fundamental principles of arrangement of landscape plants in Chinese temple areas as following: using the plants preferred by Buddhists to preach Buddhist doctrine; following the principle of diversity and unity and carefully cultivating plants; mastering ecological characteristics of plants, local plants first.

The biochemical changes of suspension cell of the susceptible poplar and the resistant one through the interaction between suspension cell of poplar and the crude elicitor of Marssonina brunnea were determined. The results are as below: the production of active oxygen and the ΔpH of suspension cell of I-72 poplar were higher than Populus canadensis in whole process. There was no distinct difference on the quantity in the membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA) of suspension cell of P. canadensis and I-72, but the MDA rush hour in I-72 appeared one hour earlier than in the P. canadensis poplar. These could provide a foundation to understanding the resistant mechanism and the resistant gene of poplar.

In the natural coniferous-broad-mix forest of the Changbai Mountain and the Pinus koraiensis plantation of the Zhangguangcai Mountain range, 5 plots were set up, 331 Armillaria specimens were collected. Somatic incompatibility test showed that the density of Armillaria ostoyae genet was lower in the northeast forest of the Changbai Mountain, and it existed in rhizomorphs which was main dissmination mode. The main principle of prevention should be to stop the dissmination of the pathogeny-fungi in soil.

To understand the influence and action evaluation of the functional groups of natural enemies on jujube trees by intercropped herbage at jujube orchards, a systematic survey was made at Taigu, Shanxi Province. The systematic survey showed that there were significant difference (P<0.05) of the diversity and dominance of functional groups of natural enemies on the trees at the two types of jujube orchards. The result suggested that jujube orchard with herbage have obvious effect to the succession of functional groups of natural enemies on the trees. There were different community parameters of functional groups of natural enemies in the different developing stages of jujube trees. The jujube orchard with herbage could improve the recovering and rebuilding of the population of functional groups of natural enemies which had been severely reduced by spraying of the widespectrum insecticides. So the jujube orchard with herbage is of great benefit to the biological control of pests. The controlling effects of functional groups of natural enemies to pests were estimated according to sizes of ratio of S_n/S_p、E_I/P_I and d_s/d_m. The results from the sizes of ratio suggested that there were better controlling abilities of functional groups of natural enemies to pests in the jujube orchard with herbage than that without herbage. The result from relativity mensuration showed that the study of natural enemy community was conducted by using functional groups instead of species.

With much higher spectral resolution, hyperspectral remote sensing data has higher potential capability to identify land cover types than traditional multispectral data. But under limited training sample size, increased dimension of remote sensing data means decreased samples/dimension ratio, which can lead to low classification accuracy if common statistic based pattern classification methods were used. One scene of EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral data was acquired for the test site in north-east of China. In order to aid for ground true information collection, 2.5 m SPOT-5 PAN image was segmented into self-closure polygons. Detailed ground true data was surveyed according to the boundary of each polygon. Based on these ground true data, the hyperspectral data was used to validate the forest types identification accuracy of several advanced statistic classification methods. Finally, one classification scheme being able to effectively solve the small train sample problems for forest type classification using hyperspectral data was suggested. It was shown that forest type classification accuracy can be improved if advanced feature extraction method, much more effective second order statistic parameter estimation method, and context-sensitive samples classifier such as ECHO was applied.

Using the panchromatic wave band of high spatial resolution remote sensing image——QuickBird as the data source, the crown of pure Populus simonii×P.nigra plantation with different densities in the Farm of Xuejiazhuang Village in Datong, Shanxi, China, was estimated by applying the semivariogram theory of spatial statistics. The estimated results indicated that applying the semivariogram method of spatial statistics to analyze the high spatial resolution remote sensing image might relatively accurately realize the estimation for the crown of pure forest stand with relative high stand density. As the stand density decreased, the estimated error increased proportionally. It is inferred that this study will provide a new method and reference for solving the problem of automated estimation of forest stand crown.

This paper gave a systematic analysis on the theory of eco-economic compensation system, the main problem about implementing policy including cost structure and governmental subsidies. As for setting up the compensation system for conversion of cropland to forest project (CCFP), the paper put forwards the alternative measures from the views of subject,object,quantitative standard, deadline,distribution and so on. A practical proposal was finally brought out for establishing the law system for CCFP.

According to the data from the northwest loess plateau group of the scientific comprehensive inspection of ecological safety and water and soil erosion in China, the achievement attained, the problem existed, and strategy and measurement of vegetation restoration in the future have been comprehensively analyzed. Since the policies of the conversion of cropland to forest and the close grazing were carried out,the vegetation quality and coverage rate have been increased all over in Loess Plateau area, the ecological conserving consciousness of ordinary people were strengthened, the environment harness measurements have been optimized, the multiform investments of ecological construction and the urbanization development make vegetation restoration have good future. However, there have been some problems existed such as, the shortage of investment, the government policy instability, the extravagant economic benefit expected, the larger rate of plantation, no enough technological measurements for supporting vegetation restoration and many key theory practice problems that are urgent to be solved, etc. In the future,the goal of near, middle, longterm in the future for vegetation restoration should be clear, the achievement should be expanded, the natural restoration area rate should be increased. The benefit for the household contracted with management should be protected. The investment for research work and inventing ability should be increased.

A method for adventitious shoot regeneration from mature cotyledons and leaves of seed-derived Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica cv. ‘Dahongpao') in vitro has been developed. The results showed that: 1) GA pre-treatments could shorten the time of seed germination. 2) Shoots regeneration occurred when mature cotyledons were cultured on MS supplemented with TDZ and GA. The highest adventitious shoot frequency from mature cotyledons was 83.3%. The regeneration was changed when mature cotyledons were wounded by a razor blade and the best results were obtained from the single mature cotyledons with plantule. Shoots could regenerate from mature cotyledons with plantule, but could not get any regeneration of adventitious shoot from the mature cotyledons without plantule. 3) Different part of leaf had different potential of regeneration. Adventitious shoots regenerated from the part which near the leaf-petiole through callus, but the other parts of leaf only got callus. The highest adventitious shoot frequency from the part of leaf-petiole was 65.0%.

Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker disease, causes several serious diseases of pines. The pathogen infects a variety of vegetative and reproductive pine structures at different stages of maturity and produces a diversity of symptoms. Long distance spread of the disease occurs when materials infected with the pitch canker fungus are transported to pest free-area. Preventing disease spread is important because once pitch canker becomes established in area there is no way to stop it from infecting and killing trees. The objectives of our study was to establish a fast and reliable diagnostic test for the presence of F. circinatum. The oligonucleotide primers G1/G2 (5′-GCGGTGTCGGTGTGCTTGTA-3′/5′-ACTCACGGCCACCAAACCAC-3′), derived from the differentiation of intergenic spacer (IGS) regions within fungi, amplified a single 873 bp product from Fusarium spp The IGS DNA sequences of Fusarium spp. Were gained from GenBank. Oligonucleotide primers S1/S2 (5′-CTTACCTTGGCTCGAGAAGG-3′/5′-CCTACCCTACACCTCTCACT-3′), derived from IGS DNA, amplified a product of 364 bp which was unique to F. circinatum. The nested-PCR using primers G1/G2 and S1/S2 identified F. circinatum from other Fusarium spp This PCR assay was proved to be highly sensitive with the detection limit of 5×10^-3 pg·μL^-1 genomic DNA or 10 spores·(100 μL)^-1 H₂O. The result indicates that the nested-PCR could successfully used to detect the presence of F. circinatum directly from infected plant tissue.

The paper report the results of study on the resistance of transgenic tree Betula platyphlla with BtC peptide and spider insecticide peptide gene to the defoliator Lymantria dispar, the result showed that the transgenic B. platyphylla could prolong the duration of L. dispar larvae obviously. The Developmental Relative Value of larvae of L. dispar from 1 ^st instar to 3^rd instar feeding on birch positive to GUS or that negative to GUS were 66.8, 72.5%;90.5, 96.4%;81.6, 92.5%, respectively. Larvae in the control could finish development normally but treated larvae didn't develop to 5^th instar. The transgenic tree could repressed the pest larvae mass obviously. The mean body mass of the larvae after 40 d's feeding on non-transgenic birch were 6.75 and 7.43 times of those feeding on two type of transgenic birch, respectively. The exuviations index of the larvae after 30 d's feeding on two type of transgenic birch were 2.933 and 3.038 respectively, both lower than that of control of 3.323, indicating transgenic birch could restrain the exuviations of the larvae of gypsy moth to some extent. The feeding capacity of the larvae after 30 d's feeding on non-transgenic birch were 0.641 0 g·head^-1 and 0.529 1 g·head^-1 more than those feeding on two type of transgenic birch, respectively. Meanwhile, the corrective mortality of the larvae feeding on two types of transgenic birch were 94.64% and 72.70%, respectively, indicating that transgenic birch had the high lethal effect on gypsy moth larvae.

Study on the basic anatomical characteristics of rattan canes will give great guidance to their classification, exploitation, utilization, processing and improvement. The basic anatomical characteristics and their variation in cane of three commercial rattans in South China, I.e. Calamus simplicifolius, Calamus tetradactylus and Daemonorops margaritae were investigated. Results show that: 1) The variation at the height of rattan canes is small, while the variation along the radius direction of rattan canes is significant. 2) The fiber length, fiber ratio and distributing density of vascular bundle in the cross section decrease from cortex to core, while the fiber width, vessel element length and width, parenchyma ratio, vessel ratio, vascular bundle size, metaxylem vessel diameter and fiber microfibrillar angle in the cross section increase from cortex to core. The cellulose crystallinity of stem core is bigger than that of the cortex. 3) All these three rattan possess the cane structure characteristics of good commercial rattan cane. As for the anatomical structure, C. simplicifolius is the best and C. tetradactylus is better than D. margaritae. 4) According to the anatomic study, the penetration approach of rattan cane is mainly the longitudinal axial passage around the core; it is an important research direction to improve the penetrability of rattan cane.