The forest biomass provides an important information for forest carbon storage estimation and carbon source sink assessment. Based on the consecutive forest resource inventory data，the biomass carbon density (BCD) of dark coniferous forests（DCF） in the upper reaches of Minjiang River was calculated by using biomass expansion factors (BEF) method and its variation with age class，elevation and aspects were also examined. The results showed: The higher BCD was found in mature and overmature DCF and the lower BCD in young and middle aged DCF; For the same age class，the BCD values of the mature and overmature DCF were higher than those of the national average，while the BCD values of the middle age and premature DCF were lower than those of the national average，the BCD value of the young forest was similar to the national average; The annual increment rates of BCD in middleage，young and overmature DCF were 1.3%，0.8% and 0.7%，respectively; The higher BCD values occurred at the site with the elevation ranging from 3 600 to 3 800 m; The annual increment rate of BCD was found to be highest (1.03%) at the site with the elevation between 3 200 and 3 600 m; The higher BCD and its annual increment rate of BCD occurred on both north facing aspects and southwest and southeast aspects，while the lower values occurred on south facing aspects; The BCD of DCF in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River have been increasing over the past 20 years，the annual increment rate of BCD was 1.15% from 1997 to 2002, which was the highest among the five inventory periods.

The effects of the density on the storage of biomass，carbon and nutrient elements were investigated under five kinds of Fargesia denudata communities with different density in the primitive F. denudataPicea purpurea forest in May and October，2005. At the end of growing season，the total biomass，net production，average stem biomass，carbon and nutrient storage of plant and soil all increased from (80±5) trees·m^-2 to (260±9) trees·m^-2 but decreased at (310±15) trees·m^-2，showing that the suitable stem density range was from 210 to 260 trees·m^-2 for the bamboo to grow. The order of nutrient storages was K>N>Ca>P>Mg for all bamboo communities. As a whole，for the lower density communities，carbon and nutrient were allocated more to below ground for occupying belowground spatial and nutrient resource，but more to aboveground for those with higher density to occupy aboveground spatial resource，implying that the ecological adaptive strategy of F. denudata was primarily determined by the density. Furthermore，in the system of plant and soil，the carbon storage ratio of plant to soil increased with density increasing but decreased at the highest density. Though the nutrient storages of N，P，K and Mg were abundant in soil，and the storage of available N and K had no more difference，among all densities，the storage of available P decreased with density increasing，implying that the lack of available P regulated the growth of F. denudata community.

The soil conditions，biomass，productivity and the nutrient accumulation of the Morus alba and peanut intercropping ecological system of two different habitats were studied. The results showed: The physical and chemical properties of the two habitats were obviously different. The average crown width，length of branches，diameter of branches，number of branches and above ground biomass of M. alba in relevant adverse habitat only accounted for 80.00%，70.85%，76.19%，68.46%，67.75% of those in hill terrace sandlot respectively. The total aboveground biomass was 10.64 t·hm^-2 in plain sandlot and 5.65 t·hm^-2 in hill terrace. The biomass of M. alba accounted for 47.84% and peanuts for 52.16%; In hill terrace，M.albaaccounted for 5469% and peanuts for 45 .31%. The annual net productivity of the M.albaand peanut intercropping system in the plain sandlot was 11.11 t·hm^-2a^-1，which was 0.90 times more than that in hill terrace. The total accumulations of 5 elements in two habitats were significantly different，they were 281.98 and 140.80 kg·hm^-2 respectively . In plain sandlots system，M. alba accounted for 37.03% and peanuts accounted for 62.97%; In hill terrace system，M. alba accounted for 45.22% and peanut accounted for 54.78%. The total returned rate of five nutrient elements in the M.albaand peanut intercropping ecological system in hill terrace was 34.43%，which was 23.23% higher than that in plain sandlot.

The functions and values of water conservation，soil reinforcement and fertility maintenance of the urban forest in Guangzhou were assessed. The results showed that the urban forest ecosystem in Guangzhou city could store 6.429×10.8 m³ water and adjust 2.609×10.8 m³ flooding more than that of nonstocked land. The plant annual net accumulation of nutrient for N was 4.949×10.4 t，for P was 0.428×10.4 t，and for K was 4.400×10.4 t and the nutrients of annual litter fall returned back to forestland were that for N was 3.524×10.4 t，for P was 0.216×10.4 t and for K was 1.539×10.4 t; The urban forest in Guangzhou city also could reduce soil loss in the amount of 123×10.4 t，reduce organic matter loss in the amount of 3.905×10.4 t including 0.218×10.4 t N，0.066×10.4 t P and 2.368×10.4 t K; The economic function effect of the system for water storage was 1.286×10.8 yuan，for flooding prevention was 0.522×10.8 yuan，for fertilizer maintenance was 3.497×10.8 yuan，for soil reinforcement was 1.145×10.8 yuan and for soil improvement was 1.872×10.8 yuan. So that the annual urban forest economic function value in Guangzhou city in the areas of water conservation，soil reinforcement and fertilizer maintenance was 8.322×10.8 yuan.

In Yangou watershed of the loess region in northern of Shaanxi Province，based on outdoor experimental data of 42 rainfalls in Black Locust woodlands，adjunctive interception was calculated by PenmanMonteith equation and the formula to calculate adjunctive interception quantity was established，which is adapted to the hilly and gully region of northern of Shaanxi Province. Cui Qiwu and Wang Yanhui models were revised so as to improve markedly their precision and reflect better the practical situation of rain interception by canopy. 

Sap flow of 13 trees of Larix principisrupprechtii was measured with the thermal dissipation probe between June and October in 2005. Those trees were randomly selected from a 20 m×20 m plot, wihch is located on a slope with a gradient of 45° in the Xixia forestry station along the south side of Liupan Mountains, Ningxia. There was a large variation in daily sap flow among the individual trees ranged from 11.27 kg·d^－1 to 24.46 kg·d , with a variation coefficient of 0.298 from June to July (n=5); and ranged from 5.01 kg·d^－1 to 22.25 kg·d^－1, with a variation coefficient of 0.454 from August to October (n=13). Analysis of variation indicated that diameter at breast height (DBH) and sap flux density (SFD) were two main factors that significantly affected the variation of daily sap flow. DBH and SFD were able to respectively explain 56.9% and 34.7% of the total variation of daily sap flow. The relation between sap flow and DBH may be well interpreted by the close relationship between DBH and sapwood area. Regression analysis showed that SFD was not correlated with DBH, tree height, crown area and sapwood area, however it was significantly and negatively correlated with the canopy overlapping(r=-0.668). This result suggested that SFD was strongly influenced by the spatial position of trees and their shading condition by surrounding trees. At last, a new method used for estimating the stand transpiration was proposed based on the relationship between SFD and the canopy overlapping which is characterized by the spatial position difference of individual trees. The change pattern of the daily stand transpiration estimated by the method was basically similar to that estimated by the traditional method of sapwood area. The new method produced an estimation of stand transpiration of 1.15 mm·d^－1, which was 13.13% lower than the value of 1.32 mm·d^－1estimated by the traditional method. It was concluded that the stand transpiration could be overestimated without considering the difference of spatial characters of individual trees.

Stem sap flow of Robinia pseudoacacia was continuously detected with the thermal dissipation probe (TDP) from April to August in 2006 Results showed that the diurnal variation of sap flow displayed a widepeaked curve. The sap flow started to increase about at 6:50, and reached to the peak about at 13:00, then declined quickly about at 19:30 There was no obvious stopping sign of the sap flow even over night. In summer, the starting time of increase in diurnal sap flow was about 10 minutes earlier than that in spring, and the peak was reached about an hour earlier than that in spring, and the rapidfalling time was about an hour later than that in spring. The duration of the peak lasted longer in summer than that in spring, however the peak height, the sap flow and daily average sap flow were lower than those in spring. There was no significant correlation between the stem sap flow and the stem diameter, whereas there existed significant correlations between the daily water consumption and the stem diameter (r=0.983)，and the sapwood area (r=0.999).

Sap flow density (SFD) of 6 tress of Pinus elliottii in a plantation was continuously measured with Granier's thermal dissipation probe. In the meantime, several meteorological and soil factors were monitored and measured. In early growth stage, the whole xylem could be taken as sapwood. A significant correlation between sapwood area (SWA) and diameter at breast height (DBH) was found and was well fitted with quadratic model. SFD was well correlated with DBH (r²>0.99). Patterns of diurnal variation of the sap flow in sunny days were similar during rapid growth season, except that there was difference in the timing of initiating and reaching peaks as well as the intervals of ascending and descending. The daily average SFD tended to decline with time and it was highest in June, followed by July and then by August. SFD was linearly correlated with canopy temperature (CT), canopy relative humidity (CRH) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the stand. The strength of correlation with SFD was as follows: CRH＞PAR＞CT. Multivariant linear model between SFD and the integrated three factors was also established. All equations and correlation parameters were significant at the level of 001.

In the northeastern Ulanbuh Desert, a water gradient experiment was conducted with seedlings of five provenances of Nitraria tangutorum according to the average annual precipitation, including extreme drought, drought, slight drought and normal precipitation. The physiological indices and growth indices of the five provenances were measured in response to the four water status. The results showed that net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and stomatal limitation value were significantly affected by the different water status. There was significant differences in only net photosynthetic rate among the five provenances. There were difference in the water use efficiency, apparent light use efficiency and apparent CO₂ use efficiency, and seedling height and maximum new branch length existed among the water gradient or different provenances. Both of water gradient and different provenances had no remarkable influence upon the ground diameter of seedlings. In comparison with Linhe provenance (LH) and Urad houqi provenance (WH), Dengkou provenance (DK), Alxa League provenance (AM) and Minqin provenance (MQ) all showed the distinct differences in transpiration rate and resource use efficiency among the water gradients and had higher resource use efficiency. The differences in growth and gas exchange and resource use efficiency in responses to the water gradient among different provenances reflected the response difference of Nitraria tangutorum provenances.

In this study we investigated the response of leaf gas exchange to the initial salt stress in a saltresistant woody species, Populus euphratica. Endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and calmodulin (CaM) in P. euphratica leaves significantly increased after the onset of NaCl treatment (50 mmol·L^－1 NaCl, 4 h), and stomatal conductance (G_s), unit transpiration rate (EVAP) and net photosynthetic rate（P_n） markedly declined correspondingly. Those changes suggested that the increased concentrations of ABA and CaM both were involved in the saltcaused stomatal closure. G_s, EVAP and P_n in control plants were not changed after plants were subjected to 5 mmol·L^－1tungstate (sodium form) (ABA synthesis inhibitor), 10 mmol·L^－1 EGTA (extracellular calcium chelator) or 5 mmol·L^－1 LaCl₃ (calcium channel inhibitor) treatment, but leaf gas exchange of NaClstressed plants (50 mmol·L^－1 NaCl, 4 h) increased significantly. Tungstate (sodium form) application decreased ABA synthesis, however increased CaM levels in the saltstressed plants, in contrast, EGTA or LaCl₃ treatment decreased CaM levels but increased ABA synthesis in stressed P. euphratica. Extraneous ABA was applied via xylem feeding to mimic the saltinduced elevation of ABA in P. euphratica leaves. ABA and CaM in P. euphratica leaves significantly increased after ABA application (10 μmol·L^－1), and G_s, EVAP and P_n correspondingly declined. The introduction of 5 mmol·L^－1 EGTA or 5 mmol·L^－1 LaCl₃ prior to ABAfeeding decreased CaM levels and the inhibitory effect of ABA on leaf gas exchange significantly although ABA levels were increased. In general, application of tungstate (sodium form), EGTA or LaCl₃ exhibited an inhibitory effect on saltinduced stomatal closure. The results suggest that both ABA and CaM participate in the process of saltcaused stomatal closure and hence reduce the roottoshoot salt transport via transpiration stream probably by inducing the increase of cytosol Ca²⁺ concentration and activating the outward K⁺ and Cl^－ channels.

The aromatic substances in fruit, pericarp, and pulp of pomegranate were extracted with headspace solid phase micro extraction and determined by GC-MS. The main aromatic substances in the fruit were aldehydes and alcohols, and their contents were respectively 78.32% and 14.52% in the entire fruit, 89.88% and 4.70% in the pericarp, and 82.15% and 9.78% in the pulp. Seventyseven kinds of the aromatic substances were determined in pomegranate fruit, among which 42, 39, and 43 kinds of substances were respectively found in the entire fruit, pericarp and pulp. There were 18 aromatic substances shared with all the three parts of the fruit and the substances were respectively 94.62%, 95.59% and 93.76% of the total aromatic substabces in the entire fruit, the pericarp and the pulp. The main aromatic substances of pomegranate were 2Hexenal, Hexanal, 3Hexenal, and (E, E)2, 4Hexadienal and their relative contents were 78.27%, 89.78%, 81.79% in the entire fruit, pericarp and the pulp, respectively. The results indicated that the main aromatic substances in the pomegranate fruit were aldehydes and alcohols which have 6 C. The various fragrances in different parts of the fruit were determined by the composition of the 6 C aldehydes and alcohols.

Progenies of two test materials grown in Chun'an county of Zhejiang Province derived from different Pinus massonianatester strains were used for genetic analysis of growth traits. The 11year old progeny of test materialⅠwas derived from randomly selected parents and the 10 year old progeny of test materialⅡwas derived from superior parents. Results showed that general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of the two materials were significant effective in tree height, DBH and stem volume. For test material Ⅰ, growth traits of test material Ⅰ were controlled mainly by additive gene effects and secondly by the dominant gene effects. To the contrast, growth traits of test material Ⅱ were controlled mainly by the dominant gene effects and secondly by the additive gene effects. Based on the GCA value of stem volume, 4 superior female parents and 2 superior male parents were selected for the two test materials respectively. Based on total combining ability(TCA) value of stem volume for different crosses, 10 superior combinations were selected for the two test materials respectively, and their average gains of stem volume were 32.20% and 33.90% respectively compared with the test material mean, 52.44% and 103.69% respectively compared with local commercial variety. For the two test materials, fullsib family heritability for height, DBH and volume was 0.881 9, 0.917 3 and 0.920 4, and 0.561 4, 0.664 3 and 0.676 9 respectively, indicating that these growth traits were under strong genetic control.

Threeyears phenological variation after afforestation and annual growth of 7 larch (Larix) species, 7 hybrid (intraspecies or interspecies) families were observed and measured in Dagujia forestry station in Qingyuan County, Liaoning Province. Variance analysis, principal components analysis and canonical correlation analysis were respectively used for analyzing phenological variation, phonological type classification and relationship of growth and phenology. The results showed that all the phonological characters (excluding branch bud bursting phase) were significantly different among species and families, as well as among individuals within families, which suggested that there was great variation either for individual tree selection or family selection. Larix gmeliniileafed and sprouted earliest in spring, and had earliest cessation of shoot elongation in late summer among all species and hybrids, followed by L.olgensis, L.sibiricaand L.principis rupprechtii.The top bud formation of L.olgensis var. koreanaand L.deciduawas 15 days later than L.olgensis. Among all the species and hybrids, L.kaempferi had latest timing of the bud bursting and leafing as well as top bud formation. All the interspecies hybrids possessed stronger diseaseresistance than their male parent species did and better cold acclimation than their female parent species did, while their phenology behaved matroclinous inheritance. Fourteen genetic materials were divided into four phenological types according to the result of PCA. Except branch leafing and leader sprouting, all phonological characters were significantly correlated with the growth and were reliable traits for predicting their performance. L.kaempferi, as one of successful exotic species in northern China, grew fastest, followed by L.olgensisand L.olgensis var. koreana. Interspecific hybrids between L.kaempferiand L.olgensis, L.gmeliniiand L.principisrupprechtii expressed heterosis on growth. Therefore, the hybrids may be suitable materials for afforestion in the north eastern region.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to study the classification and identification of 23 olive (Olea europaea) cultivars. Eleven 10 bp primers selected from eighty arbitrary primers were applied for amplifying the olive DNA. Total 127 bands were produced, among which 78 bands (61.4%) were polymorphic. The average numbers of polymorphic DNA bands amplified by each primer were 7.09 There were specific bands in four cultivars which can be used in olive germplasm identification. A dendrogram showing genetic relationships was constructed through an unweighted pairgroup method （UPGMA） based on the DNA polymorphism and the 23 cultivars were clustered into 2 main groups.

In present, while many studies focused on the shipping flood control and electricity generation in drainage basin comprehensive development, few ones did on synthetic study of tourism resources. Tourism integration has become a tourism development trends in the world. It becomes recognized by many countries' scholars to establish the idea of Macrotourism, and to realize the objective of resources complementary, market shared, marketing interaction and both benefit in the cooperation. Although the tourist resources are extremely rich in the Jialing River basin, the proportion of agricultural economy is excessively high, and interaction between the regions is absent, which have been affecting the exploitation of tourism resources. In the comprehensive analysis of the Jialing River basin resources types and the market demand structure, the author suggest that the ecotourism resources should first coordinately developed on the main stream of the Jialing River, and provide some measures on coordinate development of this area.

Based on the topographical characteristics, we employed the viewshed analysis in GIS to analyze the viewshed of the sight points(accessible and inaccessible) and tourist roads in Houshi National Forest Park in Liaoning. The results shows that all kinds of accessible points are distributed appropriately in which the viewshed area from accessible points on the higher hillslope far away from the road is almost more than 100 hm², while the viewshed area from accessible sight points close to the road is 40～70 hm² The visibility of the inaccessible sight points is satisfactory, and the viewshed area of 75% of them is larger than 100 hm² The tourist roads spread reasonably. When going through the whole road, the tourists can overlook 41.71% of the entire forest park area, which equals roughly to the the mean viewshed area of (61.96±23.52) hm², with three obvious fluctuations. Meanwhile, there is a relative big relief in each viewshed area from the road points, so that the tourists can experience the changing views when they walk along the road. This study focuses on the viewshed area characteristics from sight points and tourist roads, and provides a quantitative method to design the sight points and roads. It is also with a complement to current landscape visual assessment for planning and managing forest parks or other tourism areas.